Proteomics analyses of acute kidney injury biomarkers in a rat exertional heat stroke model.

The frequency of exertional heat stroke (EHS) increases with the gradual elevation of global temperatures during summer. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of EHS, and its occurrence often indicates the worsening of a patient's condition or a poor prognosis. In this study, a rat model of AKI caused by EHS was established, and the reliability of the model was evaluated by HE staining and biochemical assays. The expression of kidney tissue proteins in the EHS rats was analyzed using label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 3,129 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained, and 10 key proteins were finally identified, which included three upregulated proteins (Ahsg, Bpgm, and Litaf) and seven downregulated proteins (medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2 (Acsm2), Hadha, Keg1, Sh3glb1, Eif3d, Ambp, and Ddah2). The qPCR technique was used to validate these 10 potential biomarkers in rat kidney and urine. In addition, Acsm2 and Ahsg were double-validated by Western blotting. Overall, this study identified 10 reliable biomarkers that may provide potential targets for the treatment of AKI caused by EHS.

Global research trends of immunotherapy and biotherapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a bibliometric analysis from 2002 to 2021.

BACKGROUND: It is known that inflammatory bowel disease is the result of a defective immune system, and immunotherapy and biological therapy have gradually become important means to treat it. This paper focused on the bibliometric statistical analysis of the current research progress to summarize the research status of this field and analyze the research trends in recent years. METHODS: Two visualization tools, CiteSpace and VOSviewer, were used to explore the data of journals, institutions, countries/regions, authors, references, and keywords for the literature included in the Web of Science Core Collection from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2021. RESULTS: A total of 312 papers were published in 120 journals by 603 institutions from 40 countries/regions, with 9463 co-cited references. The United States has the most publications with the highest total citations in the world. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases published the maximum number of papers, and Gastroenterology devoted the most co-citations to immunotherapy and biological therapy for IBD. In addition, we found that the studies before 2009 mostly focused on clinical trials while researchers have paid more attention to clinical management in therapy for IBD since 2009. Combination therapy and management of the treatment for the disease have become research hotspots. CONCLUSION: The focus of immunotherapy and biotherapy for IBD has shifted from clinical trials to the management of the risks and benefits of immunotherapy.

Combined Microbiome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals a Novel Interplay Between Intestinal Flora and Serum Metabolites in Lung Cancer.

As the leading cause of cancer death, lung cancer seriously endangers human health and quality of life. Although many studies have reported the intestinal microbial composition of lung cancer, little is known about the interplay between intestinal microbiome and metabolites and how they affect the development of lung cancer. Herein, we combined 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology to analyze intestinal microbiota composition and serum metabolism profile in a cohort of 30 lung cancer patients with different stages and 15 healthy individuals. Compared with healthy people, we found that the structure of intestinal microbiota in lung cancer patients had changed significantly (Adonis, p = 0.021). In order to determine how intestinal flora affects the occurrence and development of lung cancer, the Spearman rank correlation test was used to find the connection between differential microorganisms and differential metabolites. It was found that as thez disease progressed, L-valine decreased. Correspondingly, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006, the genus with the strongest association with L-valine, also decreased in lung cancer groups. Correlation analysis showed that the gut microbiome and serum metabolic profile had a strong synergy, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 was closely related to L-valine. In summary, this study described the characteristics of intestinal flora and serum metabolic profiles of lung cancer patients with different stages. It revealed that lung cancer may be the result of the mutual regulation of L-valine and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 through the aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway, and proposed that L-valine may be a potential marker for the diagnosis of lung cancer.

Erratum: Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits leukemia cell growth and migration via blocking AKT/mTOR/STAT3 signaling.

[This corrects the article on p. 5175 in vol. 8, PMID: 26191214.].

ROS Promote Ox-LDL-Induced Platelet Activation by Up-Regulating Autophagy Through the Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) promotes unregulated platelet activation in patients with dyslipidemic disorders. Although oxLDL stimulates activating signaling, researchers have not clearly determined how these events drive accelerated thrombosis. Here, we describe the mechanism by which ROS regulate autophagy during ox-LDL-induced platelet activation by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. METHODS: For in vitro experiments, ox-LDL, the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC), the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA were used alone or in combination with other compounds to treat platelets. Then, platelet aggregation was evaluated on an aggregometer and platelet adhesion was measured under shear stress. The levels of a platelet activation marker (CD62p) were measured by flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were then quantified by measuring DCFH-DA fluorescence intensity via flow cytometry. Nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2·-) levels were determined by the nitric acid deoxidize enzyme method and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL), respectively. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the autophagosome formation, immunofluorescence staining was employed to detect LC3 expression and western blotting was used to measure the levels of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway- and autophagy-related proteins. RESULTS: Ox-LDL-induced platelets showed a significant increase in platelet aggregation and adhesion, CD62p expression, ROS level and O2·- content, with an elevated LC3II/LC3I ratio and Beclin1 expression, but a dramatic reduction in the levels of p62 and pathway-related proteins (all P < 0.05). However, platelet activation and autophagy were aggravated by the Rapamycin treatment, and decreased following treatment with NAC, 3-MA, or NAC and 3-MA, together with increased activity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Additionally, decreased platelet activation and autophagy were observed in platelets treated with NAC and Rapamycin or Rapamycin and 3-MA compared with platelets treated with Rapamycin alone, suggesting that both NAC and 3-MA reversed the effects of Rapamycin. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of ROS production may reduce autophagy to suppress ox-LDL-induced platelet activation by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

The inhibition of UBC13 expression and blockage of the DNMT1-CHFR-Aurora A pathway contribute to paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer.

Paclitaxel is widely used as a first-line chemotherapeutic drug for patients with ovarian cancer and other solid cancers, but drug resistance occurs frequently, resulting in ovarian cancer still presenting as the highest lethality among all gynecological tumors. Here, using DIGE quantitative proteomics, we identified UBC13 as down-regulated in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells, and it was further revealed by immunohistochemical staining that UBC13 low-expression was associated with poorer prognosis and shorter survival of the patients. Through gene function experiments, we found that paclitaxel exposure induced UBC13 down-regulation, and the enforced change in UBC13 expression altered the sensitivity to paclitaxel. Meanwhile, the reduction of UBC13 increased DNMT1 levels by attenuating its ubiquitination, and the up-regulated DNMT1 enhanced the CHFR promoter DNA methylation levels, leading to a reduction of CHFR expression, and an increased in the levels of Aurora A. Our findings revealed a novel function for UBC13 in regulating paclitaxel sensitivity through a DNMT1-CHFR-Aurora A pathway in ovarian cancer cells. UBC13 could potentially be employed as a therapeutic molecular drug for reversing paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer patients.

The lncRNA PDIA3P Interacts with miR-185-5p to Modulate Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression by Targeting Cyclin D2.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators during tumorigenesis by serving as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). In this study, the qRT-PCR results indicated that the lncRNA protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3 pseudogene 1 (PDIA3P) was overexpressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and decreased the survival rate of OSCC patients. CCK-8 and clonal colony formation assays were used to detect the effects of PDIA3P on proliferation. Results revealed that silencing PDIA3P by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited OSCC cell proliferation and repressed tumor growth and reduced the expression of proliferation antigen Ki-67 in vivo. Furthermore, the interaction between PDIA3P and miRNAs was then analyzed by qRT-PCR and luciferase reporter gene assay. We found that PDIA3P negatively regulated miR-185-5p in OSCC cells. Simultaneously, we found that silencing PDIA3P by siRNA suppressed proliferation via miR-185-5p in OSCC cells. Moreover, silencing PDIA3P by siRNA inhibited CCND2 protein (no influence on mRNA levels) expression via miR-185-5p in OSCC cells, and CCND2 facilitated cell proliferation of SCC4 and SCC15 cells induced by sh-PDIA3P#1. Therefore, our study demonstrated that PDIA3P may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of OSCC.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces autophagy and apoptosis while inhibiting proliferation and drug resistance in multiple myeloma through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

We investigated the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) on autophagy, proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance in multiple myeloma (MM). MM patients enrolled in our study (n = 268) were classified into sensitive and resistant groups based on chemotherapy efficacy, and their serum levels of ß2-MG, albumin (ALB), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), Ca2+ and hemoglobin were determined. In addition, human MM U266 and MOLP-2/R cells were divided into blank, tunicamycin (TM), TM + insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and TM + rapamycin groups, and measured expression of ERS-related, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related, and autophagy-related mRNA and proteins. Serum levels of ß2-MG, LDH and Ca2+, and expression of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR were higher in the resistant than sensitive group. Serum levels of ALB and hemoglobin, and expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), GRP94, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), and Beclin1, were lower in the resistant than sensitive group. In U266 cells treated with TM and IGF-1 or rapamycin, ERS promoted autophagy and apoptosis while inhibiting proliferation through inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. ERS also reversed drug resistance in MOLP-2/R cells via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These data suggest that ERS activation could be exploited for therapeutic benefits in the treatment of MM.

Celecoxib-erlotinib combination delays growth and inhibits angiogenesis in EGFR-mutated lung cancer.

Combination treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is becoming more popular due to the anticipation that it may be more effective than single drug treatment. In addition, there are efforts to genetically screen patients for specific mutations in light of attempting to administer specific anticancer agents that are most effective. In this study, we evaluate the anticancer and anti-angiogenic effects of low dose celecoxib-erlotinib combination in NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. In NSCLC cells harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, combination celecoxib-erlotinib treatment led to synergistic cell death, but there was minimal efficacy in NSCLC cells with wild-type EGFR. In xenograft models, combination treatment also demonstrated greater inhibition of tumor growth compared to individual treatment. The anti-tumor effect observed was secondary to the targeting of angiogenesis, evidenced by decreased vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) levels and decreased levels of CD31 and microvessel density. Combination treatment targets angiogenesis through the modulation of of the PI3K/AKT and ERK/Raf1-1 pathway in NSCLC with EGFR exon 19 deletions. These findings may have significant clinical implications in patients with tumors harboring EGFR exon 19 deletions as they may be particularly sensitive to this regimen.

Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits leukemia cell growth and migration via blocking AKT/mTOR/STAT3 signaling.

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is the bioactive compound of licorice and has been used as an herbal medicine because of its anti-viral, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was designed to investigate the effects of GA on leukemia cells growth, migration, and the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer activities of GA. MTT test was used to detect the effect of GA on TF-1 leukemia cell growth. Wound closure assay and Transwell were adopted to assess the effect of GA on TF-1 migration and invasion. Migration and invasion related proteins including AKT and mTOR were detected by western blot assay. We further used western blot and immunofluorescence assay to evaluate the effect of GA on STAT3 phosphorylation in vitro. We also evaluated the anti-tumor effect of GA in TF-1 tumor bearing BALB/c mice model. The present study showed GA significant inhibit of TF-1 proliferation in a dose and time-dependent manner. GA could remarkably inhibit TF-1 cell migration and invasion; meanwhile effectively suppress AKT, mTOR, and STAT3 phosphorylation in TF-1 cells. GA in 100 mg/kg/ could inhibit the tumor growth in vivo and down-regulated AKT, mTOR, and STAT3 phosphorylation in TF-1 tumor tissues. Our findings suggest that GA is a promising therapeutic agent for leukemia that targets the AKT/mTOR/STAT3 pathway.

TXNDC17 promotes paclitaxel resistance via inducing autophagy in ovarian cancer.

Paclitaxel is recommended as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent against ovarian cancer, but drug resistance becomes a major limitation of its success clinically. The key molecule or mechanism associated with paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer still remains unclear. Here, we showed that TXNDC17 screened from 356 differentially expressed proteins by LC-MS/MS label-free quantitative proteomics was more highly expressed in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells and tissues, and the high expression of TXNDC17 was associated with poorer prognostic factors and exhibited shortened survival in 157 ovarian cancer patients. Moreover, paclitaxel exposure induced upregulation of TXNDC17 and BECN1 expression, increase of autophagosome formation, and autophagic flux that conferred cytoprotection for ovarian cancer cells from paclitaxel. TXNDC17 inhibition by siRNA or enforced overexpression by a pcDNA3.1(+)-TXNDC17 plasmid correspondingly decreased or increased the autophagy response and paclitaxel resistance. Additionally, the downregulation of BECN1 by siRNA attenuated the activation of autophagy and cytoprotection from paclitaxel induced by TXNDC17 overexpression in ovarian cancer cells. Thus, our findings suggest that TXNDC17, through participation of BECN1, induces autophagy and consequently results in paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer. TXNDC17 may be a potential predictor or target in ovarian cancer therapeutics.

Silencing of CCR7 inhibits the growth, invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells induced by VEGFC.

Early in prostate cancer development, tumor cells express vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), a secreted molecule that is important in angiogenesis progression. CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), another protein involved in angiogenesis, is strongly expressed in most human cancers, where it activated promotes tumor growth as well as favoring tumor cell invasion and migration. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of down-regulating CCR7 expression on the growth of human prostate cancer cells stimulated by VEGFC. The CCR7-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) plasmid vector was constructed and then transfected into prostate cancer cells. The expression of CCR7 mRNA and protein was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution and cell migration were assessed following knockdown of CCR7 by RNA interference (RNAi). Western blot analysis was used to identify differentially expressed angiogenesis- and cell cycle-associated proteins in cells with silenced CCR7. The expression levels of CCR7 in prostate cancer cells transfected with siRNA were decreased, leading to a significant inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion induced by VEGFC. Western blot analysis revealed that silencing of CCR7 may inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 protein expression. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that RNAi can effectively silence CCR7 gene expression and inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells, which indicates that there is a potential of targeting CCR7 as a novel gene therapy approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.

[Risk factors of predicting residual disease in women with stage I a1 squamous cervical carcinoma after conization].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and influencing factors of residual disease in women with stage I a1 squamous cervical carcinoma after conization. METHODS: The medical records and histopathologic slides of 83 women diagnosed with stage I a1 squamous cervical carcinoma after cervical conization undergoing subsequent hysterectomy at our hospital between January 2003 and December 2007 were reviewed. The correlations between the presence of residual lesions and clinicopathological features were analyzed. RESULTS: Among them, 31 (37.3%) had residual disease in hysterectomy specimens, including CIN1 (n = 5), CIN2-3 (n = 10), microinvasive carcinoma (n = 11) and invasive carcinoma (n = 5). In univariate analysis, menopause, procedure of conization, and status of cone margins were associated with the prevalence of residual disease in stage I a1 cervical carcinoma after conization. However, Logistic regression analysis revealed status of cone margins as an independent risk factor for residual disease in stage I a1 cervical carcinoma after conization. CONCLUSION: Status of cone margins is an independent risk factor for residual disease in stage I a1 cervical carcinoma after conization. Further treatment should be performed in patients with positive or nearing cone margins.

[Effects of curcumin on ischemia/reperfusion induced apoptosis of H9c2 myocardial cells and the expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and its phosphorylation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of curcumin on the apoptosis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced H9c2 myocardial cells and the expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and its phosphorylation state. METHODS: I/R of H9c2 cells in vitro was simulated by an ischemic Tyrode solution. Cells were randomly divided into 3 groups, i.e., the model group (exposed to ischemic solution for 90 min followed by 30 min reperfusion with the normal Tyrode solution), the curcumin group (7.5 micromol/L curcumin added at the onset of reperfusion for 30 min), and the control group (exposed to normal Tyrode solution for 120 min). Then, the cell apoptosis was detected in 3 groups by flow cytometry. The expression levels of GSK-3, phosphotyrosine-GSK-3 (pTyr-GSK-3), and phosphoserine-GSK-3 (pSer-GSK-3) were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the control group,the apoptosis rate was obviously enhanced in the model group (t = 10.439, P = 0.000). And the relative expression levels of both pTyr-GSK-3 and pSer-GSK-3 significantly increased in the model group (t = 5.208, P = 0.006; t = 5.854, P = 0.004, respectively). Compared with the model group, the apoptosis rate and the expression of pTyr-GSK-3 significantly decreased in the curcumin group (t = -8.325, P = 0.001; t = -3.607, P = 0.023). Compared with the model group, the rate of viable cells and the expression of pSer-GSK-3 were significantly enhanced in the curcumin group (t = 9.165, P = 0.001; t = 3.747, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Both pTyr-GSK-3 and pSer-GSK-3 might participate in the IR injured myocardial cells. Curcumin could reduce apoptosis of I/R injured myocardial cells, which might be correlated with GSK-3 inhibition by decreasing tyrosine phosphorylation and increasing serine phosphorylation.

[Reversing paclitaxel-resistance of SKOV3-TR30 cell line by curcumin].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of curcumin on paclitaxel resistance reversal of SKOV3-TR30 cell line and its mechanism. METHODS: The (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) MTT assay was performed to determine the sensitivity of curcumin-treated SKOV3-TR30 cells to paclitaxel. The cell cycle distribution of SKOV3-TR30 was analyzed by flow cytometry. And the expression level of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) protein was detected by Western blot. RESULTS: IC(50) of paclitaxel in SKOV3-TR30 decreased with a treatment of curcumin. And the reversal times was 3.0. Flow cytometric analysis of curcumin-treated SKOV3-TR30 cells demonstrated a distinct G(2)-M phase block (78.5 ± 6.4)% after a 12-hour treatment of paclitaxel versus SKOV3-TR30 cells without curcumin. There was a lack of G(2)-M phase arrest (only 27.0% ± 2.9%). The expression of GSK-3 protein in SKOV3-TR30 cells decreased with the 12 and 24-hour treatments of curcumin. CONCLUSION: Curcumin can partially reverse the paclitaxel-resistance of SKOV3-TR30 cells through a down-regulation of GSK-3.

COX-2 inhibitors ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through modulating IFN-gamma and IL-10 production by inhibiting T-bet expression.

The COX-2 inhibitors Rofecoxib (Rof) and Lumiracoxib (Lum) were evaluated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Administration of Rof and Lum significantly reduced the incidence and severity of EAE, which was associated with the inhibition of MOG 35-55 lymphocyte recall response, anti-MOG 35-55 T cell responses, and modulation of cytokines production. In vitro Rof and Lum inhibited primary T cells proliferation and modulated cytokine production. These findings highlight the fact that Rof and Lum likely prevents EAE by modulating Th1/Th2 response, and suggest its utility in the treatment of MS and other autoimmune diseases.

A reversible S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitor ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting T cell activation.

The reversible S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitor DZ2002 [methyl 4-(adenin-9-yl)-2-hydroxybutanoate] suppresses antigen-induced-specific immune responses, particularly type 1 helper T cell (Th1)-type responses. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is thought to be a Th1 cell-mediated inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease model of human multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we examined the effects of DZ2002 on active EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 in female C57BL/6 mice. Administration of DZ2002 (50 mg/kg/day i.p.) significantly reduced the incidence and severity of EAE, which was associated with the inhibition of MOG35-55-specific T cell proliferation and Th1-type cytokine production. In vitro studies also demonstrated that DZ2002 inhibited anti-CD3/28-induced naive T cell activation concomitant with the down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4, CDK6, cyclin D3, and the up-regulation or protection of the CDK inhibitor p27. These findings highlight the fact that DZ2002 likely prevents EAE by suppressing T cell activation and suggest its utility in the treatment of MS and other Th1-mediated inflammatory diseases.

Periplocoside E inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by suppressing interleukin 12-dependent CCR5 expression and interferon-gamma-dependent CXCR3 expression in T lymphocytes.

Periplocoside E (PSE) was found to inhibit primary T-cell activation in our previous study. Now we examined the effect and mechanisms of PSE on the central nervous system (CNS) demyelination in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). C57BL/6 mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glyco-protein (MOG) were treated with PSE following immunization and continued throughout the study. The effect on the progression of EAE and other relevant parameters were assessed. PSE reduced the incidence and severity of EAE. Spinal cord histopathology analysis showed that the therapeutic effect of PSE was associated with reduced mononuclear cell infiltration and CNS inflammation. As reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed, PSE decreased the CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD11b(+) cell infiltration. T cells from lymph nodes of MOG-immunized mice expressed enhanced levels of CCR5 and CXCR3 mRNA compared with T cells from normal mice. However, CCR5 and CXCR3 expressions were suppressed in T cells from PSE-treated mice. In vitro study also showed PSE inhibited interferon (IFN)-gamma-dependent CXCR3 expression in T cells through suppressing T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation-induced IFN-gamma production, whereas it inhibited interleukin (IL)-12-dependent CCR5 expression through suppressing IL-12 reactivity in TCR-triggered T cells. As a result, the initial influx of T cells into CNS was inhibited in PSE-treated mice. The consequent activation of macrophages/microglia cells was inhibited in spinal cord from PSE-treated mice as determination of chemokine expressions (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10). Consistently, the secondary influx of CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD11b(+) cells was decreased in spinal cords from PSE-treated mice. These findings suggest the potential therapeutic effect of PSE on multiple sclerosis.

(5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8), a novel triptolide derivative, prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via inhibiting T cell activation.

A novel triptolide derivative (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) has been shown to have potent immunosuppressive activities. Here LLDT-8 was evaluated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the model of multiple sclerosis (MS). LLDT-8 reduced the incidence and severity of EAE, which was associated with the inhibition of the MOG 35-55 lymphocyte recall response, anti-MOG 35-55 T cell responses, interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma production. In vitro, LLDT-8 inhibited primary T cells proliferation, division, IL-2 and IFN-gamma production stimulated with anti-CD3/28. These findings highlight the fact that LLDT-8 prevents EAE by suppressing T cell proliferation and activation, with a potential for treatment of MS.

(5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide attenuated collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice via suppressing interferon-gamma production and its related signaling.

(5R)-5-Hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) displays strong immunosuppressive activities both in vitro and in vivo in our previous studies. This study aims to investigate whether LLDT-8 has antiarthritic potential in a murine model of type II bovine collagen (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) and to show the mechanism(s) of LLDT-8 action. DBA/1 mice were immunized with CII to induce arthritis and administered with LLDT-8. The severity of arthritis was evaluated according to the clinical score and joint damage. The effects of LLDT-8 on immune responses were determined by measurement of serum antibody levels, lymphocyte proliferation assay, cytokine assay, nitric oxide (NO) production, arginase activity assays, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of splenic Mac-1+ cells, as well as polymerase chain reaction analysis for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-related gene expression. We showed that LLDT-8 treatment significantly reduced the incidence and severity of CIA. The preventive and therapeutic effects of LLDT-8 are associated with 1) reduction of serum anti-CII immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgG2a, and IgG1 levels; 2) inhibition of CII-specific lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-gamma and interleukin-2 production; 3) blockade of gene expressions in IFN-gamma signaling, including IFN-gamma production pathways [signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1, T-box transcription factor, interleukin 12Rbeta2, and STAT4] and IFN-gamma-induced chemokine transcription [macrophage inflammatory protein (Mip)-1alpha, Mip-1beta, regulated on activation normally T cell expressed and secreted, and inducible protein 10]; and 4) retardation of the abnormal increase of NO via IFN-gamma/STAT1/interferon regulatory factor 1/inducible nitric-oxide synthase pathway and arginase activity. Moreover, the mRNA transcription of chemokine receptors was also suppressed [including C-C chemokine receptor (CCR) 1, CCR5, and C-X-C chemokine receptor 3]. In conclusion, our data suggest that the antiarthritic effect of LLDT-8 is closely related to the blockade of IFN-gamma signaling. LLDT-8 may have a therapeutic value in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.