Optimal plastic recycling system and technology development could accelerate decarbonization: A case study from Japan.

This study provided a geographic and technical matching approach supporting low-carbon style recycling systems, demonstrated using polyvinyl chloride waste (PVCW) generated in 2018 in Mie Prefecture, Japan. From a carbon dioxide (CO2) emission basis, mechanical/material recycling (MR) and energy recovery facilities were all allocated full capacity; however, parts of chemical recycling facilities were excluded in the optimal solutions. From the spatial distribution of the allocated result, we confirmed a trend that to achieve the minimum total emissions, the matchings from pretreatment to recycling facilities were done based on a nearby priority rule. From an emission reduction basis, MR accounted for the major proportion of total reductions which was similar to that accessed from an emission basis. Thus, the promotion of MR should be prioritized at the current technical level when optimizing emissions of the whole lifecycle. The number of facilities allocated were substantially reduced; meanwhile, the averaged emission reductions per ton of PVCW disposed were increased from the current level (2.93) to the near-future level (4.99 t-CO2 t-1). Thus, we concluded that this optimization under a higher technical level was effective to make the current recycling system with more emission reductions (low-carbon environmental effect) and require fewer disposal facilities (cost-saving economic effect). Meanwhile, certain long-distance routes found in solutions implied that technical parameters were more important than geolocation parameters to achieve maximum emission reductions.

Pharmacokinetic study of adenosine diphosphate-encapsulated liposomes coated with fibrinogen γ-chain dodecapeptide as a synthetic platelet substitute in an anticancer drug-induced thrombocytopenia rat model.

A fibrinogen γ-chain (dodecapeptide HHLGGAKQAGDV, H12)-coated, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-encapsulated liposome [H12-(ADP)-liposome] was designed to achieve optimal performance as a homeostatic agent and expected as a synthetic platelet alternative. For the purpose of efficient function as platelet substitute, H12-(ADP)-liposomes should potentially have both acceptable pharmacokinetic and biodegradable properties under conditions of an adaptation disease including thrombocytopenia induced by anticancer drugs. The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of H12-(ADP)-liposomes in busulphan-induced thrombocytopenic rats using (14) C, (3) H double radiolabeled H12-(ADP)-liposomes, in which the encapsulated ADP and liposomal membrane (cholesterol) were labeled with (14) C and (3) H, respectively. After the administration of H12-(ADP)-liposomes, they were determined to be mainly distributed to the liver and spleen and disappeared from organs within 7 days after injection. The encapsulated ADP was mainly eliminated in the urine, whereas the outer membrane (cholesterol) was mainly eliminated in feces. The successive dispositions of the H12-(ADP)-liposomes were similar in both normal and thrombocytopenic rats. However, the kinetics of H12-(ADP)-liposomes in thrombocytopenic rats was more rapid, compared with the corresponding values for normal rats. These findings, which well reflect the clinical features of patients with anticancer drug-induced thrombocytopenia, provide useful information for the development of the H12-(ADP)-liposomes for future clinical use.

Pharmacokinetic study of the structural components of adenosine diphosphate-encapsulated liposomes coated with fibrinogen γ-chain dodecapeptide as a synthetic platelet substitute.

Fibrinogen γ-chain (dodecapeptide HHLGGAKQAGDV, H12)-coated, ADP-encapsulated liposomes [H12-(ADP)-liposomes] were developed as a synthetic platelet alternative that specifically accumulates at bleeding sites as the result of interactions with activated platelets via glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and augments platelet aggregation by releasing ADP. The aim of this study is to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties of H12-(ADP)-liposomes and structural components in rats, and to predict the blood retention of H12-(ADP)-liposomes in humans. With use of H12-(ADP)-liposomes in which the encapsulated ADP and liposomal membrane cholesterol were radiolabeled with (14)C and (3)H, respectively, it was found that the time courses for the plasma concentration curves of (14)C and (3)H radioactivity showed that the H12-(ADP)-liposomes remained intact in the blood circulation for up to 24 hours after injection, and were mainly distributed to the liver and spleen. However, the (14)C and (3)H radioactivity of H12-(ADP)-liposomes disappeared from organs within 7 days after injection. The encapsulated ADP was metabolized to allantoin, which is the final metabolite of ADP in rodents, and was mainly eliminated in the urine, whereas the cholesterol was mainly eliminated in feces. In addition, the half-life of the H12-(ADP)-liposomes in humans was predicted to be approximately 96 hours from pharmacokinetic data obtained for mice, rats, and rabbits using an allometric equation. These results suggest that the H12-(ADP)-liposome has potential with proper pharmacokinetic and acceptable biodegradable properties as a synthetic platelet substitute.