Test-Retest of the Spot Vision Screener among Children with Ophthalmological Diseases including Strabismus.

Background: The spot vision screener (SVS) has been widely used for eye health examinations of infants and young children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of two SVS measurements in children with ophthalmological diseases. Methods: 29 patients aged 15 years or younger who visited our hospital for refraction examinations with SVS before and at least 60 minutes after administration of 2 drops of 1% cyclopentolate ophthalmic solution (before and after cycloplegia) were included in this study. Two SVS measurements were made before and after cycloplegia, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman analysis for spherical, spherical equivalent (SE), cylindrical, J0, and J45 values before and after cycloplegia were analyzed. Results: The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of the 29 patients was 7.6 ± 2.4 years. There were 11 males and 18 females. The mean spherical values based on the SVS before and after cycloplegia were 0.42 ± 1.67 diopter (D), and 1.47 ± 2.23 D for the first measurement and 0.60 ± 1.74 D, and 1.42 ± 2.27 D for the second measurement, respectively. The mean cylindrical values based on SVS before and after cycloplegia were -1.45 ± 0.96 D and -1.65 ± 0.89 D for the first measurement and -1.58 ± 1.13 D and -1.66 ± 0.91 D for the second measurement, respectively. The ICCs for the first and second spherical, SE, cylindrical, J0, and J45 values before cycloplegia were 0.95, 0.98, 0.83, 0.86, and 0.86, respectively. The ICCs for the first and second spherical, SE, cylindrical, J0, and J45 values after cycloplegia were 0.99, 0.99, 0,87, 0.73, and 0.80, respectively. The Bland-Altman analysis of the first and second spherical and SE values before cycloplegia showed fan-shaped variation as hyperopia increased. Conclusions: Two consecutive SVS refraction measurements have a high degree of reproducibility for spherical and SE values but a low degree for cylindrical, J0, and J45 values. From these results, multiple measurements are required to obtain reliable results for cylindrical values.

Intrascleral intraocular lens fixation with ab interno trabeculotomy in patients with exfoliation glaucoma with lens subluxation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the surgical outcomes of intrascleral intraocular lens (IOL) fixation using ab interno trabeculotomy (LOT) in patients with exfoliation glaucoma with lens subluxation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: Twenty eyes of 18 patients with exfoliation glaucoma and lens or IOL subluxations were included. Three success criteria were based on postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) (A, ≤15 mmHg; B, ≤18 mmHg; C, ≤21 mmHg). The IOP, number of glaucoma medications, and visual acuity were compared before and after surgery. Success probability was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Cox proportional hazards' regression models were used to examine prognostic factors for surgical failure. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 23.4 ± 7.8 months. The mean IOP significantly decreased from 23.2 ± 6.8 mmHg preoperatively to 14.0 ± 4.4 mmHg at 1 year postoperative (P<0.001). Postoperative hyphema and vitreous hemorrhage were observed in seven and 15 eyes, respectively, and washout in the anterior chamber or vitreous cavity was performed in four eyes. Postoperative IOP spikes and hypotony were observed in four eyes each. Glaucoma reoperation was performed in two eyes. The success rates at 12 months were 65%, 85%, and 90% using criteria A, B, and C, respectively. The IOP at 1 month after surgery was a significant prognostic factor for surgical failure according to criterion A (hazard ratio: 1.08; P=0.034). CONCLUSION: Intrascleral IOL fixation combined with microhook LOT is a promising option in cases of exfoliation glaucoma with subluxated lens/IOL; however, the high rate of postoperative hyphema and vitreous hemorrhage should be noted.

Relationship between long-term visual function and the ratio of foveal avascular zone area in eyes with macular hole and healthy fellow eyes.

PURPOSE: This study is to investigate the relationship between long-term changes in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and visual function of eyes with macular hole (MH) and compare the relationship between the FAZ of MH eyes and fellow eyes. METHODS: This study included 31 patients with unilateral MH who underwent vitrectomy and their fellow eyes. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and metamorphopsia were measured preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. We evaluated retinal parameters using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the superficial FAZ using OCT angiography. The FAZ ratio was defined as follows: (preoperative FAZ area of the MH eye)/(FAZ area of the fellow eye). RESULTS: The preoperative FAZ area of MH eyes was 0.42 ± 0.08 mm2, which decreased to 0.24 ± 0.07 mm2 1 month postoperatively (p < 0.001) and slightly increased to 0.25 ± 0.06 mm2 12 months postoperatively (p = 1.000). The FAZ area did not differ significantly from that of fellow eyes (0.39 ± 0.06 mm2, p = 0.281). The FAZ area of MH eyes was not associated with visual function at any time point. The FAZ ratio showed a correlation with the preoperative, 6-month, and 12-month BCVA (r = 0.604, p < 0.001; r = 0.510, p = 0.003; and r = 0.475, p = 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A larger FAZ in the MH eye than that in the fellow eye is associated with poorer long-term visual acuity. The preoperative comparison of the FAZ of the MH eye with that of the fellow eye may be a biomarker for predicting long-term visual acuity.

A novel bleb revision technique: lining with tenon's patch graft for treatment of large, ischemic, leaking blebs with severe conjunctival scarring after trabeculectomy.

PURPOSE: We report a new bleb lining technique with Tenon's patch graft for late-onset leakage from large ischemic bleb with severe conjunctival scarring and impractical conjunctival mobilization after trabeculectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: This study includes six cases with late-onset leakage from large ischemic blebs. Small Tenon's tissue is dissected from the incisional site or a previously made inferior incision for Tenon's anesthesia. A passage is created from the small incision to the leaking area of the bleb using a bleb knife or micro scissors. The Tenon's tissue, stained with indocyanine green, is inserted under the ischemic bleb's conjunctiva. A transconjunctival compression suture is placed across the leaking point to fix the Tenon patch graft positionally. RESULTS: In all cases, bleb leakage was completely sealed immediately after surgery. In 4 cases, the closure of the bleb leakage was maintained after surgery during the follow-up period (6-17 months). In two cases, bleb leakage recurred from different leaking points 7 or 9.5 months after the surgery; however, repeated tenon's patch lining revisions successfully closed these leakages. The intraocular pressure at the final visit was 5-13 mmHg (median, 10 mmHg) without glaucoma medication or additional glaucoma surgery. CONCLUSION: Tenon's patch-lining technique is a promising method for bleb leakage with large ischemic bleb and impractical conjunctival mobilization.

Parapapillary choroidal microvasculature dropout in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how various parameters are related to microvasculature dropout (MvD) area measured using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). We measured the area of MvD in 55 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Using OCTA, MvD area and peripapillary choroidal atrophy (PPA) area were assessed in a 4.5 mm × 4.5 mm region. The following were examined: circumpapillary nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness, optic disc area, optic disc cupping area, optic disc rim area, Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) 24/10-2 mean deviation (MD), and pattern standard deviation (PSD). The relationship between MvD area and each parameter was evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis. Mean MvD area and PPA area were 0.18 ± 0.17 mm2 and 1.13 ± 0.72 mm2, respectively. MvD area was significantly correlated with optic disc rim area (p = 0.0017), cpRNFL (p = 0.0027), HFA 24/10-2 MD, and PSD (p < 0.001). In eyes with POAG, MvD area indicates the severity of glaucoma, which might be associated with structural changes in the peripapillary vasculature around the optic disc.

Cataract Surgery and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Hospital-based Prospective Cohort Study.

Objective Cataract and chronic kidney disease (CKD) occur with increasing frequency with age and share common risk factors including smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. We evaluated the risk of incident cataract surgery in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD and dialysis-dependent CKD compared to non-CKD patients, while taking into account the competing risk of death. Methods The participants included 1,839 patients from Sado General Hospital enrolled in the Project in Sado for Total Health (PROST) between June 2008 and December 2016 (54% men; mean age, 69 years). Among these patients, 50%, 44%, and 6% had non-CKD, non-dialysis-dependent CKD, and dialysis-dependent CKD, respectively. Results During a median follow-up of 5.6 years (interquartile range, 4.7-7.1), 193 participants underwent cataract surgery [18.7 (95% confidence interval (CI), 16.2 - 21.5)/1,000 person-years] and 425 participants died without undergoing cataract surgery [41.0 (95% CI, 37.4 - 45.2)/1,000 person-years]. The cumulative incidence of cataract surgery was the highest in the dialysis-dependent CKD group, followed by the non-dialysis-dependent CKD and non-CKD groups (log-rank p=0.002). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the dialysis-dependent CKD group (hazard ratio (HR) 2.48; 95% CI 1.43-4.31), but not the non-dialysis-dependent CKD group (HR, 1.01; 95% CI 0.74-1.38), had a higher risk of cataract surgery than the non-CKD group. However, this association was no longer significant according to a competing risk analysis (sub-hazard ratio, 1.67; 95% CI 0.93-3.03). Conclusion Dialysis-dependent CKD patients were found to have an increased risk of cataract surgery; however, the association was attenuated and no longer significant when death was considered a competing risk.

Relationship between Inter-Eye Asymmetries in Corneal Hysteresis and Visual Field Severity in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

This study investigated the influence of asymmetric corneal hysteresis (CH) on asymmetric visual field impairment between right and left eyes in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) without a history of intraocular surgery. CH, corneal resistance factor (CRF), and corneal compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc) were measured using the Ocular Response Analyzer. Differences between the eyes (right eye-left eye: DIFRL) and CH-based and in target parameters (higher CH eye-lower CH eye: DIFCH) were calculated in the same patient. In 242 phakic eyes of 121 patients, older age (p < 0.001), lower CH (p = 0.001), and lower CRF (p = 0.007) were significantly associated with worse standard automated perimetry (SAP) 24-2 mean deviation (MD). The DIFsRL in axial length (p = 0.003), IOPcc (p = 0.028), and CH (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with the DIFRL in SAP24-2 MD, but not in central corneal thickness (CCT), Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) measurement, and CRF. When dividing the patients into two groups based on the median of the CH DIFsCH (0.46), the DIFsCH in CRF (p < 0.001), IOPcc (p < 0.001), CCT (p = 0.004), SAP24-2 MD (p < 0.001), and SAP10-2 MD (p = 0.010) were significantly different between the groups. Large inter-eye asymmetry in CH is an important explanatory factor for disease worsening in patients with POAG.

CHOROIDAL VASCULAR DENSITY IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY ASSESSED WITH SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY.

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess choroidal vascularity by diabetic retinopathy (DR) stage using the choroidal vascular density (CVD) obtained from swept-source optical coherence tomography en-face images. METHODS: This prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study included patients from Niigata City General Hospital and Saiseikai Niigata Hospital between October 2016 and October 2017. Choroidal vascular density was obtained by binarizing swept-source optical coherence tomography en-face images of patients with diabetes and those with DR, patients without DR, and healthy age-matched volunteers. RESULTS: Patients were allocated to the healthy control (n = 28), no DR (n = 23), nonproliferative DR (NPDR) without diabetic macular edema (DME) (n = 50), NPDR + DME (n = 38), and proliferative DR (PDR) or any previous treatment with panretinal photocoagulation (n = 26) groups. Investigation of the choriocapillaris slab level indicated that the no DR group had significantly high CVD values ( P < 0.05), and the PDR groups had significantly low CVD values ( P < 0.01). Investigation of the large choroidal vessel level indicated that the NPDR + DME and PDR groups had significantly lower CVD values than the control group ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: We found that at the choriocapillaris slab level, the no DR group had a higher CVD and the NPDR with DME and PDR groups had a lower CVD than the control group. At the level of the large choroidal vessels, the NPDR with DME and PDR groups had a lower CVD than the control group. There were significant differences in choroidal vasculature found using CVD obtained from swept-source optical coherence tomography en-face images of patients with diabetes and DR.

One-year recurrence rate of Graves ophthalmopathy presenting as diplopia in the primary position after varied doses of intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisolone with dosing based on the magnetic resonance imaging findings.

PURPOSE: To reveal the recurrence rate of Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) presenting as diplopia in the primary position for 1 year after varied doses of intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) followed by oral prednisolone, with dosing based on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: We analyzed the medical charts of 25 patients who were diagnosed with new-onset GO and who received treatment for diplopia in the primary position at our hospital. Treatment consisted of MRI-determined varied doses of IVMP followed by oral prednisolone. If the MRI findings showed deterioration or were unchanged after 6 g of IVMP, 3 g of IVMP was added for further treatment. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to reveal the associations between the independent variables and the dependent variable, defined as recurrence. RESULTS: The mean patient age (± standard deviation) was 61.3 ± 11.3 years. The female to male ratio was 15:10. Twenty-one of the 25 patients received a total of 6 g of IVMP, whilst the remaining 4 patients received a total of 9 g of IVMP. In 5 patients (20%), the GO recurred within 1 year of IVMP administration. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses showed that the MRI findings after 6 g of IVMP affected recurrence (P < .05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that in 20% of patients, GO recurred within 1 year of administration of varied doses of IVMP, with the dosing based on the MRI findings. Furthermore, assessment of inflammation by use of MRI after 6 g of IVMP has a potential role in predicting recurrence.

A case of bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation with secondary angle closure caused by ciliary body thickening.

Purpose: To describe a case of bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP) with secondary angle closure caused by ciliary body thickening accompanied by intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after mydriasis. Observations: A 55-year-old woman with a history of ovarian cancer had blurred vision in both eyes. Fundus examination revealed multiple patchy lesions in both eyes and a nevus-like elevated lesion in the right eye. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) demonstrated angle closure resulting from ciliary body thickening. After mydriasis, the IOP was elevated in both eyes. Instillation of a miotic drug successfully reversed the IOP to normal levels. Conclusions and Importance: BDUMP caused secondary angle closure in both eyes, presumably due to thickening of the entire ciliary body. AS-OCT and UBM were advantageous for analyzing the morphology of the anterior eye segment in BDUMP. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of angle closure during the management of patients with BDUMP.

Posterior microphthalmos with achievement of good visual acuity and disappearance of papillomacular retinal folds: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Posterior microphthalmos (PM) is a rare condition with poor visual prognosis even after amblyopia treatment. We report a case of PM with achievement of good visual acuity and disappearance of papillomacular retinal folds (PFs) over a period of 7 years. CASE PRESENTATION: A girl aged 3 years and 5 months was referred to our hospital, after poor visual acuity was identified at a medical checkup for 3-year-olds. She had severe spherical hyperopia: + 17.25 D in the right eye (RE) and + 18 D in the left eye (LE). Her corrected visual acuity was 20/200 in the RE and 20/250 in the LE. PFs were observed in both eyes on optical coherence tomography (OCT), and the diagnosis of PM was made based on the normal corneal diameter and anterior chamber depth. During the course of the disease, a gradual decrease in the height of the PFs was observed on OCT. The corrected visual acuity at age 10 years was 20/20 in the RE and 20/25 in the LE. CONCLUSIONS: The visual prognosis of PM is poor, and only one case with good visual acuity has been reported in the literature. The patient in the present case not only developed good visual acuity, but also showed improvement in macular morphology, which was not noted in previous reports. Early diagnosis of PM and early amblyopia treatment is important for the visual development in PM.

Genetic characterization of 1210 Japanese pedigrees with inherited retinal diseases by whole-exome sequencing.

Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) comprise a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous group of ocular disorders that cause visual loss via progressive retinal degeneration. Here, we report the genetic characterization of 1210 IRD pedigrees enrolled through the Japan Eye Genetic Consortium and analyzed by whole exome sequencing. The most common phenotype was retinitis pigmentosa (RP, 43%), followed by macular dystrophy/cone- or cone-rod dystrophy (MD/CORD, 13%). In total, 67 causal genes were identified in 37% (448/1210) of the pedigrees. The first and second most frequently mutated genes were EYS and RP1, associated primarily with autosomal recessive (ar) RP, and RP and arMD/CORD, respectively. Examinations of variant frequency in total and by phenotype showed high accountability of a frequent EYS missense variant (c.2528G>A). In addition to the two known EYS founder mutations (c.4957dupA and c.8805C>G) of arRP, we observed a frequent RP1 variant (c.5797C>T) in patients with arMD/CORD.

Evaluation of the postoperative course of East Asian eyelid reconstruction with free tarsoconjunctival graft transplantation: A Japanese single-centre retrospective study.

Although eyelid reconstruction by transplanting an autologous free tarsoconjunctival graft (FTG) is a well-established technique, few studies have examined the postoperative course of FTG transplantation for East Asian eyelids, including those of Japanese patients. Therefore, this study investigated complication and reoperation rates after FTG transplantation in the reconstruction of East Asian (Japanese) eyelids. This study included 42 eyelids wherein posterior lobe reconstruction after resection of a malignant tumour of the eyelid was performed by FTG transplantation between 2007 and 2019 at Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital. We investigated complications and need for revision surgery during the patients' postoperative courses. The relationship between postoperative complications, tumour diameter, and eyelid defect width was statistically examined. Of 42 cases reconstructed with FTG, the upper eyelid was reconstructed in 23. Postoperative complications were observed in 12 cases (52%): entropion in eight and corneal epithelial disorder in four. Revision surgery was required in three of those cases (13%). There were 19 cases of lower eyelid reconstruction. Postoperative complications were observed in seven cases (32%): ectropion in three and corneal epithelial disorder in two and one lower eyelid ptosis. Two of these cases (11%) required revision surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in tumour diameter between cases with and without postoperative complications. There was also no significant association between the width of the eyelid defect and the presence/absence of complications. Entropion and ectropion were more likely to occur in the upper and lower eyelids, respectively. For Japanese eyelids, complication rates after FTG transplantation were approximately 50% and 30% for the upper and lower eyelids, respectively. The revision surgery rate was approximately 10% for both upper and lower eyelids. As these revision surgery rates are low, FTG transplantation may be an option for the reconstruction of Japanese eyelids.

Hyperopic anisometropia with a shorter axial length ipsilateral to the ptotic eye in children with congenital ptosis.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the clinical characteristics of children with congenital ptosis, with particular attention given to the incidence of anisometropia, and the difference in axial length (AL) between the right and left eyes. METHODS: The medical charts of 55 patients with congenital ptosis at Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical characteristics, including age, cycloplegic refraction, AL, and the presence of amblyopia and its causes were analyzed. RESULTS: Age at the initial visit was 16 ± 20 (mean ± standard deviation, the same applies below) months. Of the 49 patients whose cycloplegic refraction was measured, hyperopic anisometropia, defined as ≥ one-diopter difference in spherical equivalent (SE), was observed in 1/11, 9/27 and 5/11 patients with bilateral, right, and left ptosis, respectively. Among 14/38 patients with hyperopic anisometropia involving unilateral ptosis, 13 demonstrated a larger SE in the ptotic eye than in the non-ptotic eye. The inter-eye difference in AL (AL of the ptotic eye minus that of the non-ptotic eye) in six patients with unilateral ptosis and hyperopic anisometropia ipsilateral to the ptotic eye (-0.29 ± 0.40 mm) was significantly smaller than that in three patients with unilateral ptosis and no hyperopic anisometropia (0.38 ± 0.29 mm). CONCLUSIONS: At our institute, children with congenital ptosis had a high incidence of hyperopic anisometropia ipsilateral to the ptotic eye. Furthermore, this condition was associated with a shorter axial length. These results indicate that refractive correction for hyperopic anisometropia is important for proper visual development in children with congenital ptosis.

The Prevalence of Brain Abnormalities in Japanese Patients with Optic Nerve Hypoplasia.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of Japanese patients with optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), with particular attention to the prevalence of brain abnormalities. We retrospectively analysed the medical charts of 16 patients who were diagnosed with ONH and who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital. We recorded the age, sex, laterality, initial eye and visual symptoms, best-corrected visual acuity, and brain abnormalities on MRI (excluding ONH). The median age at the first visit to the Ophthalmology Clinic was 2.4 years old. Four patients were male and 12 were female. ONH was bilateral in 11 patients and unilateral in five. Best-corrected visual acuity ranged from no light perception to 20/20. Seven patients (43.8%) had brain abnormalities including agenesis of the septum pellucidum, pituitary gland hypofunction, cerebral dysplasia, and West syndrome. Five of these seven patients had general manifestations since the neonatal or infantile period. Our study revealed the prevalence of brain abnormalities associated with optic nerve hypoplasia in Japanese patients at a single institute. Because two of 11 patients had no general manifestations since the neonatal or infantile period but demonstrated brain abnormalities, MRI should be performed to investigate all patients with ONH.

Visual outcome of aquaporin-4 antibody-positive optic neuritis with maintenance therapy.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of maintenance therapy on visual outcomes in preventing recurrences one year after first onset in patients with aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4Ab)-positive optic neuritis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: The medical charts of 56 patients with optic neuritis (22 with AQP4Ab-positive and 34 with AQP4Ab-negative) at Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical characteristics, including visual acuity and number of recurrences one year after first onset, were compared among patients who were AQP4Ab-positivie with and those without maintenance therapy such as oral prednisolone and azathioprine, as well as those who were AQP4Ab-negative. RESULTS: The mean ages were 49.3 and 45.2 years in the AQP4Ab-positive and the AQP4Ab-negative groups. The female to male ratio was 21:1 and 18:16 in the two groups, respectively. Multiple between-group comparison showed a statistically significant difference in visual acuity one year after first onset between the AQP4Ab-positive without maintenance therapy group and the AQP4Ab-negative group (0.05 (median, same applies below) vs. 1.0, p < 0.01). There was also a statistically significant difference in the number of recurrences in the year after first onset between the AQP4Ab-positive with and without maintenance therapy groups (1 vs. 0, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that patients with AQP4Ab-positive optic neuritis without maintenance therapy had the poorest visual acuity and the most recurrences one year after first onset. These results indicate that reducing the number of recurrences with maintenance therapy could improve the visual outcomes in patients with AQP4Ab-positive optic neuritis.

Evaluation of postoperative visual function based on the preoperative inner layer structure in the epiretinal membrane.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the postoperative visual function using a preoperative epiretinal membrane (ERM) classification based on the status of the inner layer structure. METHODS: We assessed 62 eyes, one from each patient undergoing vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for unilateral ERM. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the presence of idiopathic ERM based on optical coherence tomography and a healthy contralateral eye, (2) successful surgery after 25- or 27-gauge transconjunctival 3-port pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling, and (3) a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. We included patients with preoperative ERM morphology with no disruption of the inner retinal layer in group A (37 eyes) and those with disruption in group B (25 eyes) and compared the visual acuity, central visual-field sensitivity (CVFS) measured using the Humphrey field analyzer 10-2 program, and detection rate of micro-scotoma (< 10 dB) at baseline and 12 months postoperatively between the groups. RESULTS: Visual acuity at 12 months showed greater improvement in group A than in group B (P = .03). There was no significant difference in CVFS at baseline; however, that of the nasal area was substantially lower after surgery in group B than in group A (P = .02). The 12-month postoperative detection rate of micro-scotoma was significantly higher in group B than in group A (P = .002). CONCLUSION: ERM that has preoperatively disrupted the inner layer poses the risks of CVFS reduction and micro-scotoma formation after vitrectomy. Evaluating the inner layer could be an important prognostic factor in determining retinal function in ERM.

Iridocorneal contact as a potential cause of corneal decompensation following laser peripheral iridotomy.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between corneal decompensation following laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) and iridocorneal endothelial contact. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational case series. METHODS: Specular microscopy images of LPI recipients with narrow angles were taken at the central cornea and the 8 midperipheral corneal regions at approximately 3 mm from the center. Eleven eyes of 11 patients had a minimum of ≤ 1600 cells/mm2 among 8 midperipheral corneal endothelial cell densities (ECDs). Radial scans of the angles in the 8 directions were taken with ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in the supine and face-down positions. The minimum and maximum angle opening distance at 750 µm from the scleral spur of the 8 directions were defined as the narrowest and widest angles, respectively. The ECD of the narrowest angle direction was compared with the ECD of the widest angle direction. RESULTS: When UBM was performed with the subject in the supine position, the iris and cornea at the narrowest angle were in contact in only 4 of 11 eyes, while in the face-down position, the iris and the cornea at the narrowest angle were in contact in 10 of the 11 eyes. In the face-down UBM, the midperipheral ECD of the narrowest angle direction was significantly smaller than the midperipheral ECD of the widest angle direction (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The ECD of the narrow angle direction can decrease after LPI. This suggests that corneal endothelial cell damage following LPI may be due to mechanical damage from iridocorneal endothelial contact.

Optical coherence tomography angiography and Humphrey field analyser for macular capillary non-perfusion evaluation in branch retinal vein occlusion.

We non-invasively evaluated macular non-perfused areas (m-NPAs) of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography and the Humphrey visual field analyser 10-2 programme (HFA 10-2). We enrolled 30 patients (30 eyes) with macular oedema secondary to BRVO. OCT angiography was used to photograph the macula at 6 × 6-mm; sizes of m-NPAs in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were measured in four areas. For HFA 10-2, we divided the actual measurement threshold of 68 points into four areas and calculated the mean central visual field sensitivity (CVFS). The correlation between the mean m-NPA and mean CVFS (dB) in each area was examined. There was a strong correlation between the m-NPA of each region detected in SCP and DCP, and the mean CVFS of each corresponding area (SCP: r = - 0.83, r = - 0.64, r = - 0.73, and r = - 0.79; DCP: r = - 0.82, r = - 0.71, r = - 0.71, and r = - 0.70), p values were < 0.001 for all. m-NPAs were associated with decreased visual field sensitivity in BRVO. Non-invasive m-NPA evaluation was possible using OCT angiography and HFA 10-2.