Efficacy of long-term low carbohydrate diets for patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Efficacy of long-term low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) to improve glycemic management for type 2 diabetes remains controversial. Thus, we investigated the association between long-term LCD and glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Database for articles published up to June 2023, and included randomized controlled trials conducted on LCD interventions for >12 months in adults with type 2 diabetes. Primary outcome was the difference in glycated hemoglobin between long-term LCD and control groups. Additionally, we evaluated the differences in changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and weight between long-term LCD and control groups. RESULTS: Six studies were identified and met the inclusion criteria. This study did not show significant differences in changes in glycated hemoglobin between long-term LCD and control diets (standardized mean difference -0.11, 95% confidence interval -0.33 to 0.11, P = 0.32). As with glycemic control, there were no significant differences in the changes in weight loss, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol between long-term LCD and control diets. However, long-term LCD were associated with greater elevation in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (standardized mean difference 0.22, 95% confidence interval 0.04-0.41; P = 0.02) and decrease in triglyceride (standardized mean difference -0.19; 95% confidence interval -0.37 to 0.02; P = 0.03) than that in control diets. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest efficacy of long-term LCD in treating dyslipidemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes, but do not recommend long-term LCD for glycemic control in the individuals.

A multi-omics approach to overeating and inactivity-induced muscle atrophy in db/db mice.

BACKGROUND: Overeating and inactivity are associated with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate its pathological basis using integrated omics and db/db/mice, a model representing this condition. METHODS: The study involved housing 8-week-old db/m and db/db mice for 8 weeks. Various analyses were conducted, including gene expression in skeletal muscle and small intestine using next-generation sequencing; cytokine arrays of serum; assessment of metabolites in skeletal muscle, stool, and serum; and analysis of the gut microbiota. Histone modifications in small intestinal epithelial cells were profiled using CUT&Tag. RESULTS: Compared with db/m mice, db/db mice had 22.4% lower grip strength and approximately five times the visceral fat weight (P < 0.0001). Serum cytokine arrays showed a 2.8-fold relative concentration of VEGF-A in db/db mice (P < 0.0001) and lower concentrations of several other cytokines. mRNA sequencing revealed downregulation of Myh expression in skeletal muscle, upregulation of lipid and glucose transporters, and downregulation of amino acid transporters in the small intestine of db/db/mice. The concentrations of saturated fatty acids in skeletal muscle were significantly higher, and the levels of essential amino acids were lower in db/db mice. Analysis of the gut microbiota, 16S rRNA sequencing, revealed lower levels of the phylum Bacteroidetes (59.7% vs. 44.9%) and higher levels of the phylum Firmicutes (20.9% vs. 31.4%) in db/db mice (P = 0.003). The integrated signal of histone modifications of lipid and glucose transporters was higher, while the integrated signal of histone modifications of amino acid transporters was lower in the db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS: The multi-omics approach provided insights into the epigenomic alterations in the small intestine, suggesting their involvement in the pathogenesis of inactivity-induced muscle atrophy in obese mice.

Super paramagnetic iron oxide contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was useful in differentiating an insulinoma from an accessory spleen: a case report with review of literature.

When a neuroendocrine tumor with abundant blood flow is located in the pancreatic tail, it is difficult to distinguish it from accessory spleen. The patient was a 71-year-old woman who was admitted with impaired consciousness and hypoglycemia, raising suspicion of insulinoma. The selective arterial calcium injection test suggested a lesion in the pancreatic tail. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a mass in the splenic hilum; however, its continuity with the pancreas was unclear. Contrast-enhanced MRI using super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) showed no SPIO uptake in the splenic hilar mass. SPIO contrast-enhanced MRI is considered useful for differentiating pancreatic endocrine tumors from paraspleen tumors.

IL-33 Reduces Saturated Fatty Acid Accumulation in Mouse Atherosclerotic Foci.

The cellular and molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis are still unclear. Type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2) exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and protect against atherosclerosis. This study aimed to elucidate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis development using atherosclerosis model mice (ApoE KO mice) and mice deficient in IL-33 receptor ST2 (ApoEST2 DKO mice). Sixteen-week-old male ApoE KO and ApoEST2 DKO mice were subjected to an 8-week regimen of a high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Atherosclerotic foci were assessed histologically at the aortic valve ring. Chronic inflammation was assessed using flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid) and IL-33 were administered to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) to assess fatty acid metabolism. ApoEST2 DKO mice with attenuated ILC2 had significantly worse atherosclerosis than ApoE KO mice. The levels of saturated fatty acids, including palmitic acid, were significantly elevated in the arteries and serum of ApoEST2 DKO mice. Furthermore, on treating HAECs with saturated fatty acids with or without IL-33, the Oil Red O staining area significantly decreased in the IL-33-treated group compared to that in the non-treated group. IL-33 potentially prevented the accumulation of saturated fatty acids within atherosclerotic foci.

Eating behaviors and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Japanese people: The population-based Panasonic cohort study 15.

AIM/INTRODUCTION: This historical cohort study sought to research the relationship between eating behaviors and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a large, long-term cohort of Japanese subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Panasonic Corporation employees who had no history of diabetes and attended yearly health surveys between 2008 and 2018 were included in this study. The main outcome measure was diabetes onset. RESULTS: This study included 128,594 participants and 6,729 participants who developed type 2 diabetes in the study period. Skipping breakfast, fast eating, snacking after dinner, and eating meals before sleeping were linked with the risk of the incidence of type 2 diabetes. In individuals with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, fast eating (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-1.90), and eating meals before sleeping (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17) were likewise associated with an increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, fast eating (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.89-1.30) and meals before sleeping (HR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.88-1.01) were not related to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes in individuals with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (P value for interaction = 0.0007 [fast eating] and 0.007 [meals before sleeping], respectively). No significant interaction effect between sex and eating behavior was found. CONCLUSIONS: With respect to Japanese people, especially in people with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, eating behaviors may be a risk factor for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes.

Association between variation in hemoglobin A1c levels and diabetes therapy-related quality of life in patients with diabetes.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: We aimed to investigate the association between glycemic variability and quality of life (QOL) in patients with diabetes, which has not been studied previously. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who were undergoing treatment at the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Hospital and Kameoka City Hospital participated in the KAMOGAWA-DM study, and completed the diabetes therapy-related (DTR)-QOL questionnaire from January 2016 to July 2020 were included in this study. We used linear regression analyses to compare the association between DTR-QOL scores and glycemic variability. RESULTS: We included a total of 635 patients in this analysis. The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of these patients were measured at least four times during the 9-month period, before and after answering the questionnaire. Results showed that HbA1c variability, HbA1c mean and duration of diabetes were negatively associated with the total DTR-QOL score. Conversely, the body mass index and total DTR-QOL score were positively associated with HbA1c variability. CONCLUSIONS: A small variation in HbA1c level was associated with higher total DTR-QOL scores and the scores for each factor. Reducing blood glucose variability is significant when we treat diabetes.

Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on medical practice in endocrine and metabolic diseases in Japan: a nationwide surveillance study conducted by the Japan Endocrine Society.

We investigated the impact of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the management of endocrine and metabolic disorders in Japan. We conducted a cross-sectional nationwide questionnaire survey targeting board-certified endocrinologists under the auspices of the Japan Endocrine Society. The questionnaire consisted of multiple-choice questions and open-ended responses. Out of approximately 2,700 specialists, 528 (19.5%) opted to participate, suggesting a high level of interest in COVID-19 management among endocrinologists. The study found that almost half of participants had encountered cases of endocrine and metabolic disorders following COVID-19 infection or vaccination. Conditions related to thyroid diseases, glucose metabolism disorders/diabetes, and hypothalamic-pituitary disorders were particularly prevalent. Diabetes and obesity were identified as having high rates of severe cases or fatalities due to COVID-19. The study also highlighted challenges in routine diagnosis and treatment, emphasizing the potential benefits of combining remote consultations with in-person visits to optimize the frequency of examinations and check-ups during infectious disease outbreak which disrupts access to healthcare providers. The insights obtained from this survey are expected to contribute to ensuring appropriate healthcare provision for patients with endocrine and metabolic disorders by using flexible consultation formats, particularly even in the conditions where medical access may be limited due to future outbreaks of emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases.

Relationship between diabetes diet-related quality of life and dietary fiber intake among people with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.

Diet therapy is one of the most important treatments for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, dietary restrictions due to diet therapy may reduce quality of life (QOL). This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between diabetes diet-related QOL and dietary fiber intake in 238 people with T2D. The Diabetes Diet-related Quality of Life-Revised version (DDRQOL-9-R) and the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire were used to evaluate diabetes diet-related QOL and nutritional intake, respectively. Higher scores of each DDRQOL-9-R subscale means greater satisfaction with diet, perceived merits of diet therapy, and lower burden of diet therapy, which indicates good QOL. The median scores for perceived merits of diet therapy, satisfaction with diet, and burden of diet therapy were 58.3 [41.7-75.0], 75.0 [66.7-91.7], and 66.7 [50.0-75.0] points, respectively. HbA1c levels in people with high perceived merits of diet therapy (7.3 [6.7-7.8] vs. 7.5 [7.1-8.2] %, p = 0.007) and people with high satisfaction with diet (7.3 [6.8-7.8] vs. 7.5 [7.1-8.4] %, p = 0.010) were lower than those without. Dietary fiber intake was higher in people with high perceived merits of diet therapy (11.6 [8.8-16.7] vs. 10.0 [7.9-13.8] g/day, p = 0.010), high satisfaction with diet (11.4 [8.8-16.1] vs. 9.7 [7.8-13.2] g/day, p = 0.007), and low burden of diet therapy (11.8 [8.7-16.5] vs. 9.7 [7.8-12.6] g/day, p = 0.004) than in those without. Dietary fiber intake was related to perceived merits of diet therapy (Odds ratio [OR]1.07 [95%CI: 1.00-1.15], p = 0.049), burden of diet therapy (OR 0.90 [95%CI: 0.82-0.98], p = 0.022), and satisfaction with diet (OR 1.18 [95%CI: 1.09-1.27], p < 0.001) after adjusting for covariates. Dietary fiber intake is associated with diabetes diet-related QOL in people with T2D.

Association between gastrointestinal symptoms and insomnia in patients with type 2 diabetes: The KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal disturbances and insomnia affect the quality of life of patients with diabetes. However, the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and insomnia in patients with diabetes has rarely been analyzed. Thus, aim of this study was to investigate the association between gastrointestinal symptoms and insomnia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes was carried out from January 2014 to April 2022 using the database of the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study. Patient data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, and the Izumo Scale and the Athens Insomnia Scale were used to assess gastrointestinal symptoms and insomnia, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the association between gastrointestinal symptoms and insomnia. RESULTS: A total of 175 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this study. Patients with insomnia had higher Izumo scores than those without insomnia (P < 0.0001). Izumo scale score was significantly associated with insomnia in patients with type 2 diabetes, even after adjustment for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin level, neuropathy, insulin therapy and nocturia (odds ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.16). Each gastrointestinal symptom assessed using the Izumo scale was associated with insomnia. The odds ratios of heartburn, stomach pain, lethargy, constipation and diarrhea for insomnia were 1.32 (95% CI 1.13-1.55), 1.38 (95% CI 1.16-1.63), 1.33 (95% CI 1.13-1.56), 1.21 (95% CI 1.08-1.36) and 1.29 (95% CI 1.12-1.47), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Gastrointestinal symptoms are strongly associated with sleep disturbances in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The transition of metabolic phenotypes and cardiovascular events: Panasonic cohort study 16.

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to investigate whether changes in metabolic phenotype affect the risk of cardiovascular events. METHODS: All 117,589 participants were included in this retrospective cohort study. The metabolic phenotypes of the participants were assessed at two points (the second evaluation was set 2 years after the first evaluation), and the incidence rate of cardiovascular events was observed for 11 years. The main outcome was 3-point major adverse cardiac events (MACE), which comprises cardiovascular death, nonfatal coronary artery disease, and nonfatal stroke incidence. RESULTS: Of the participants, 2748 (2.3%) cases of 3-point MACE were identified during follow-up. The stable metabolically healthy obesity group had a higher risk of 3-point MACE than those with stable metabolically healthy nonobesity (MHNO). Additionally, the change from metabolically healthy obesity to MHNO for 2 years decreased the risk of 3-point MACE (hazard ratio [HR], 1.12: 95% CI: 0.84-1.47) to the same level as stable MHNO. However, the change from metabolically abnormal nonobesity and metabolically abnormal obesity to MHNO for 2 years maintained a higher risk of 3-point MACE (HR, 1.66 [95% CI: 1.36-2.01]; HR, 1.91 [95% CI: 1.22-2.81]) than those with stable MHNO. CONCLUSIONS: Change in metabolic phenotype is associated with incident 3-point MACE.

Postoperative Insulin Dose for Cardiac Artery Bypass Graft and Other Cardiac Surgeries in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Study.

Purpose: Recommendations on perioperative glycemic control in cardiac surgery are based on coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), though coronary artery disease and valvular disease are pathologically distinct. We aimed to compare the postoperative insulin requirement between CABG and other cardiac surgeries in type 2 diabetic patients and identify predictive factors for the maximum postoperative insulin dose. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively included 60 Japanese patients with diabetes/glucose intolerance (HbA1c > 37 mmol/mol [5.6%]) who were hospitalized for cardiovascular surgery between April 2017 and March 2019. We categorized the subjects into the CABG and non-CABG groups, and performed subgroup analysis on patients who received postoperative insulin therapy. Results: The CABG group required a significantly higher insulin dose on postoperative days 2, 5, 6, and 7, and a significantly higher maximum postoperative insulin dose (24.6 U vs 9.7 U, P < 0.001) than the non-CABG group. Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that the independent determinants of the maximum postoperative insulin dose were HbA1c and duration of diabetes in the non-CABG group, and HbA1c in the CABG group. Conclusion: CABG had a higher postoperative insulin requirement than other cardiovascular surgeries; early aggressive insulin therapy is indicated, especially for patients with higher HbA1c levels/longer duration of diabetes.

Impact of an online nutrition management application service on glycaemic management in individuals with diabetes: A propensity-score-matched retrospective cohort study.

AIMS: To assess the impact of 'Oishi Kenko', a nutrition management application (app), on glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A propensity-score-matched retrospective cohort study was performed using data from the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study conducted between January and June 2022 in Japan. We analysed data from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, comparing users who used the Oishi Kenko app (app group) with non-users (control group) over 3 months. RESULTS: Among the 50 participants who actively used it, 47 participants in both the app and control cohorts were selected from the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort according to propensity-score matching. Within the app group, the median glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level was 51 mmol/mol (6.9%) at baseline, which slightly decreased to 50 mmol/mol (6.8%) at the 3-month mark (median change 0.0%). Conversely, in the control group, the baseline HbA1c level of 51 mmol/mol (6.9%) exhibited a marginal increase of 52 mmol/mol (7.0%) after 3 months (median change 0.20%). The median HbA1c level change between the groups was statistically significant, with the app group showing a significant positive change compared with the control group (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: The Oishi Kenko app effectively improved glycaemic control in patients with diabetes; hence, it may be a promising tool for patient-driven dietary management.

Associations between thyroid hormones and appendicular skeletal muscle index, and hand grip strength in people with diabetes: The KAMOGAWA-A study.

AIM: To assess the effects of thyroid hormones on appendicular skeletal muscle index (SMI) and hand grip strength (HGS) in people with diabetes. METHODS: This cross-sectional cohort included 1,135 participants with diabetes admitted to 3 hospitals in Japan. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the associations among thyroid hormone levels, SMI, and HGS. RESULTS: Of the 1,135 participants, 480 were female. Their median (interquartile range) age, body mass index, durations of diabetes, and glycated haemoglobin levels were 68 years, 24.3 kg/m2, 10 years, and 7.6 %, respectively. The median (interquartile range) SMI (kg/m2) and hand grip strength of the cohort were 7.1 kg/m2 and 28.2 kg, respectively. Positive correlations between FT3 and the FT3/FT4 ratio with SMI and HGS was observed after adjusting for covariates in males. A negative correlation was found between the FT3/FT4 ratio and sarcopenia as a result of low SMI and low HGS in the male participants but not in females (p for interaction = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: FT3/FT4 ratios may impact skeletal muscles in people with diabetes-particularly in males. Assessments of FT3/FT4 ratios may represent key indicators of muscle mass and strength in males.

Protocol of efficacy of bifidobacteria intake on gastrointestinal symptoms in symptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in abdominis: An open-label, randomized controlled trial (Binary STAR study).

BACKGROUND: This randomized, parallel-group study aims to investigate the effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 (BBG9-1) on the symptoms of diarrhea or constipation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This study will examine 100 patients with T2DM who suffering from symptoms of diarrhea or constipation. Eligible patients will be randomly assigned 1:1 to two groups (group A, BBG9-1 group; group B, control group), after the baseline examination. Patients assigned to group A will receive probiotic BBG9-1 oral administration along with their current treatment for 12 weeks, and patients assigned to group B will continue the current treatment for 12 weeks without probiotic BBG9-1 oral administration. Subsequently, examinations similar to the baseline examinations will be performed. The primary endpoint will be a change in the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) total score from baseline to week 12. Secondary endpoints will include the following: change and percent change in parameters such as GSRS subdomain scores, fecal properties/Bristol stool form scale, defecation frequency, biomarkers, gut microbiota, and macronutrients and factors that affect GSRS total score or constipation/diarrhea subdomain scores from baseline to week 12. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will clarify the utility of probiotic BBG9-1 in the treatment of diarrhea or constipation in patients with T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: jRCTs051220127.

Miso, fermented soybean paste, suppresses high-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced muscle atrophy in mice.

This study investigated the effects of miso, a traditional fermented soybean food in Japan, on muscle mass atrophy. Eight week old male C57BL/6J mice were fed high fat/high sucrose diet with or without miso for 12 weeks. A miso diet increased soleus muscle weights (p<0.05) and reduced intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance (p<0.05). The miso diet downregulated the Tnfα and Ccl2 expression, related to inflammation, and Trim63 and Fbxo32 expression, related to muscle atrophy, in the soleus muscle (p<0.05). The miso diet increased short-chain fatty acids levels, including acetic, propanoic, and butanoic acids, in the feces, serum, and soleus muscle (p<0.05). According to the LEfSe analysis, the miso diet increased family Prevotellaceae, family Christensenellaceae, family Dehalobacterium, family Desulfitibacter; family Deferribacteraceae, order Deferribacterales, class Deferribacteres; and family Gemmatimonadaceae, order Gemmatimonadetes, and class Gemmatimonadales, whereas the miso diet decreased family Microbacteriaceae, order Micrococcales, class Actinobacteria, and family Lactobacillaceae. Miso suppressed high fat/high sucrose diet induced impaired glucose tolerance, low muscle strength, and muscle atrophy by improving dysbiosis and increasing short-chain fatty acids production and provides new insights into the preventive effects of fermented foods on sarcopenia.

Association of Elevated Serum Branched-chain Amino Acid Levels With Longitudinal Skeletal Muscle Loss.

Context: Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are substrates for protein synthesis. Although their intake may contribute to an increase in skeletal muscle mass, elevated serum BCAA levels have been reported to be associated with insulin resistance, potentially resulting in decreased skeletal muscle mass. Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between elevated serum BCAA levels and longitudinal skeletal muscle loss. Design and Setting: A cohort analysis was conducted, in which serum amino acids were analyzed in healthy individuals who underwent a medical health checkup at Kameoka Municipal Hospital (HOZUGAWA study), Japan. Patients: Seventy-one participants (37 men and 34 women) underwent follow-up checkups after the baseline visit. The follow-up duration was 1.2 ± .4 years. Main Outcome Measures: The relationship between fasting baseline serum BCAA levels and lifestyle factors, body composition, blood test results, dietary history, and changes in skeletal muscle mass was evaluated. Results: In both men and women, serum BCAA levels were positively correlated with body weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and serum triglycerides but inversely correlated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In men, fasting serum BCAA levels were inversely associated with the rate of change in SMI (adjusted ß = -.529, P = .006), and elevated BCAA levels were independently associated with a longitudinal decrease in skeletal muscle mass (odds ratio: 1.740; 95% confidence interval: 1.023-2.960 per 50 nmol/mL serum BCAAs increase). Conclusion: Increased circulating BCAAs could be an indicator of skeletal muscle loss in men.

Effects of weight loss on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in Japanese people: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Gifu area, longitudinal analysis study.

AIM: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a major health concern. This cohort study aimed to evaluate the association between weight loss and remission of MAFLD in the Japanese population to aid the development of efficient treatment strategies. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a Japanese health screening center. Participants included 3309 individuals diagnosed with baseline MAFLD between 2004 and 2016. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between MAFLD remission from baseline to 5 years and weight change. RESULTS: After 5 years, 671 participants achieved MAFLD remission. Weight loss was associated with MAFLD remission for every 1 kg of weight loss over 5 years; the odds ratio for MAFLD remission was 1.24 (95% CI 1.15-1.34) for participants with type 2 diabetes, 1.40 (95% CI 1.35-1.45) for overweight participants, and 1.51 (95% CI 1.33-1.72) for non-overweight participants with metabolic dysfunctions. The cutoff values for weight loss for MAFLD remission were 1.9 kg for all participants, 3.0 kg for participants with type 2 diabetes, 1.9 kg for overweight participants, and 0.8 kg for non-overweight participants with metabolic dysfunctions. CONCLUSIONS: Among participants diagnosed with MAFLD, weight loss was associated with MAFLD remission regardless of the type of metabolic dysfunction in MAFLD. The results of this study may contribute to the development of novel approaches to achieve MAFLD remission.

Trunk muscle quality and quantity are associated with renal volume in nondiabetic people.

Background: Renal disease is a major problem in terms of community health and the economy. Skeletal muscle is involved in crosstalk with the kidney. We therefore investigated the relationship between muscle quality and quantity, and renal parenchymal volume (RPV). Methods: The association between the parameters of skeletal muscle and RPV/body surface area (BSA) was analyzed by computed tomography in 728 middle-aged participants without kidney disease or diabetes mellitus in a cross-sectional study. A retrospective cohort study of 68 participants was undertaken to analyze the association between changes in RPV/BSA and muscle parameters. Parameter change was calculated as follows: parameter at the follow-up examination/parameter at the baseline examination. The normal attenuation muscle (NAM) and low attenuation muscle (LAM) were identified by Hounsfield Unit thresholds of +30 to +150, and -29 to +29, respectively. Results: Positive correlations were found between estimated glomerular filtration rate and RPV/BSA (r = 0.451, P < .0001). Multiple regression analyses revealed that the NAM index was positively related to RPV/BSA (ß = 0.458, P < .0001), whereas the LAM index was negatively related to RPV/BSA (ß = -0.237, P < .0001). In this cohort study, a change in the LAM index was independently associated with a change in RPV/BSA (ß = -0.349, P = .0032). Conclusion: Both trunk muscle quantity and quality were associated with renal volume related to renal function in nondiabetic people. An increase in low quality muscle volume might be related to a decrease in renal volume.

Predictive power of isolated high home systolic blood pressure for cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: KAMOGAWA-HBP study.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Isolated high home systolic blood pressure (IHHSBP) is a risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, no study has shown an association between IHHSBP and CVD in diabetes. We examined the association between IHHSBP and CVD in type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 1082 individuals with type 2 diabetes, aged 20 to 90 years, without a history of macrovascular complications. Home blood pressure (HBP) was measured three times every morning and evening for 14 days. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the relationship between IHHSBP and CVD incidence. RESULTS: With the normal HBP group as the reference, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for CVD was 1.58 (1.02-2.43) in the IHHSBP group. Correcting for antihypertensive medication use did not change HR. Based on sex, the adjusted HR (95% CI) for CVD was 1.25 (0.74-2.13) in males and 2.28 (1.01-5.15) in females. CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with type 2 diabetes, those with IHHSBP had a higher HR for cardiovascular disease than those with normal HBP. But, Isolated high home diastolic blood pressure and high HBP were not. The association between IHHSBP and CVD was stronger in females than in males.

The role of chicken eggs in modulating sarcopenic obesity and gut microbiota in db/db mice.

Background: Sarcopenia obesity, in which loss of muscle mass and fat accumulation occur simultaneously, is the pathological basis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The usefulness of chicken eggs in sarcopenia prevention has been reported in several previous studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the beneficial effects of chicken eggs in the prevention of sarcopenic obesity in db/db mice. Methods: We raised 8-week-old db/db male mice, a model of sarcopenia obesity, for 8 weeks and fed them a diet mixed with dried whole eggs. The fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) group was treated with antibiotics for 2 weeks, starting at 6 weeks of age, followed by FMT twice a week until 16 weeks of age. Results: Eggs administered to db/db mice showed increased grip strength (p = 0.022) and muscle mass (p = 0.013), decreased visceral fat mass (p = 0.005), and significantly increased physical activity (p < 0.001). The FMT group of egg-fed mice showed a significant improvement in glucose intolerance and sarcopenic obesity. Sequencing of gene expression in the small intestine showed that the gene expression of amino acid transporters such as Slc6a18, Slc6a19, and Slc38a6 was increased in egg-fed mice. 16S rRNA sequencing of the gut microbiota showed an increase in the genus Vampirovibrio in both the egg-fed and FMT groups compared to that in egg-fed mice. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that egg consumption not only increases the intake of amino acids and other nutrients but also alters the intestinal microbiota and increases amino acid absorption from the intestinal tract, suggesting that eggs might contribute to the ameliorative mechanism of sarcopenic obesity.