Metalla-Carbaporphyrinoids Consisting of an Acyclic N-Confused Tetrapyrrole Analogue Served as Stable Near-Infrared-II Dyes.

We present herein the synthesis of novel pseudo-metalla-carbaporphyrinoid species (1M: M=Pd and Pt) achieved through the inner coordination of palladium(II) and platinum(II) with an acyclic N-confused tetrapyrrin analogue. Despite their tetrapyrrole frameworks being small, akin to well-known porphyrins, these species exhibit an unusually narrow HOMO-LUMO gap, resulting in an unprecedentedly low-energy absorption in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed unique dπ-pπ-conjugated electronic structures involving the metal dπ-ligand pπ hybridized molecular orbitals of 1M. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy confirmed distinct electronic structures. Remarkably, the complexes feature an open-metal coordination site in the peripheral NN dipyrrin site, forming hetero-metal complexes (1Pd-BF2 and 1Pt-BF2) through boron difluoride complexation. The resulting hetero metalla-carbaporphyrinoid species displayed further redshifted NIR-II absorption, highly efficient photothermal conversion efficiencies (η; 62-65 %), and exceptional photostability. Despite the challenges associated with the theoretical and experimental assessment of dπ-pπ-conjugated metalla-aromaticity in relatively larger (more than 18π electrons) polycyclic ring systems, these organometallic planar tetrapyrrole systems could serve as potential molecular platforms for aromaticity-relevant NIR-II dyes.

Stabilization of the Neutral [25]Hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0) Radical by Hetero-Bimetal-Coordination.

Stabilization of hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0) (named "rosarin") in its 25π radical state is achieved using a hetero-bimetal-coordination strategy. The antiaromatic BF2 complex B-1 was first synthesized, and then rhodium ion was inserted into B-1 to produce the BF2/Rh(CO)2 mixed complex Rh-B-1 as a highly air-stable radical. The structures of B-1 and Rh-B-1 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffractions, and the antiaromatic or radical character was identified by various spectroscopy evidence and theoretical calculations. Rh-B-1 exhibits excellent redox properties, enabling amphoteric aromatic-antiaromatic conversion to their 24/26π states. Compared to the 24/26π conjugation systems on the same skeleton, Rh-B-1 has the narrowest electrochemical and optical band gaps, with the longest absorption band at 1010 nm. The ring-current analysis reveals intense paratropic currents for B-1 and co-existing diatropic-paratropic currents for Rh-B-1. This hetero-bimetal-coordination system provides a novel platform for organic radical stabilization on porphyrinoids, showing the prospect of modulating ligand oxidation states through rational coordination design.

Synthesis and photothermal conversion properties of sandwich N-fused porphyrin rhodium-µ-dichloride dimer complexes: π-extended analog of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl dirhodium(III)-µ-dichloride dimer.

Anionic cyclopentadienyl (Cp) and its pentamethyl-substituted derivative (Cp*) serve as crucial ligands for creating stable π-coordinated materials, including catalysts. From a structural perspective, the π-extended analog of Cp, known as an N-fused porphyrin (NFP), is recognized as an intriguing 18π aromatic chromophore, offering near-infrared (NIR) optical properties that can be fine-tuned through metal complexation. When coordinated with rhodium at the central NFP core, it forms a sandwich binuclear rhodium(III) complex along with terminal and bridging chloride ligands, denoted as Rh-1, and its bromo derivative, Rh-1-Br. In contrast to the bis-NFP complex of iron(II) reported previously by our team, both Rh-1 and Rh-1-Br complexes exhibit strong NIR optical properties and narrow HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, attributed to minimal orbital interactions between the two co-facial NFP ligands. Leveraging these NIR absorption properties, we assessed the photothermal conversion properties of Rh-1 and ligand 1, revealing high conversion efficiency. This suggests their potential application as photothermal agents for use in photothermal therapy.

Pairwise Engineering of Tandemly Aligned Self-Splicing Group I Introns for Analysis and Control of Their Alternative Splicing.

Alternative splicing is an important mechanism in the process of eukaryotic nuclear mRNA precursors producing multiple protein products from a single gene. Although group I self-splicing introns usually perform regular splicing, limited examples of alternative splicing have also been reported. The exon-skipping type of splicing has been observed in genes containing two group I introns. To characterize splicing patterns (exon-skipping/exon-inclusion) of tandemly aligned group I introns, we constructed a reporter gene containing two Tetrahymena introns flanking a short exon. To control splicing patterns, we engineered the two introns in a pairwise manner to design pairs of introns that selectively perform either exon-skipping or exon-inclusion splicing. Through pairwise engineering and biochemical characterization, the structural elements important for the induction of exon-skipping splicing were elucidated.

Organometallic chemistry confined within a porphyrin-like framework.

The world of modified porphyrins changed forever when an N-confused porphyrin (NCP), a porphyrin isomer, was first published in 1994. The replacement of one inner nitrogen with a carbon atom revolutionised the chemistry that one is able to perform within the coordination cavity. One could explore new pathways in the organometallic chemistry of porphyrins by forcing a carbon fragment from the ring or an inner substituent to sit close to an inserted metal ion. Since the NCP discovery, a series of modifications became available to tune the coordination properties of the cavity, introducing a fascinating realm of carbaporphyrins. The review surveys all possible carbatetraphyrins(1.1.1.1) and their spectacular coordination and organometallic chemistry.

Antiaromatic Sapphyrin Isomer: Transformation into Contracted Porphyrinoids with Variable Aromaticity.

Sapphyrin is a pentapyrrolic expanded porphyrin with a 22π aromatic character. Herein, we report the synthesis of a 20π antiaromatic sapphyrin isomer 1 by oxidative cyclization of a pentapyrrane precursor P5 with a terminal ß-linked pyrrole. The resulting isomer 1, containing a mis-linked bipyrrole unit in the skeleton, exhibits a reactivity for further oxidation due to the distinct antiaromatic electronic structure, affording a fused macrocycle 2, possessing a spiro-carbon-containing [5.6.5.6]-tetracyclic structure. Subsequent treatment with an acid afforded a weakly aromatic pyrrolone-appended N-confused corrole 3, and thermal fusion gave a [5.6.5.7]-tetracyclic-ring-embedded 14π aromatic triphyrin(2.1.1) analog 4. The cyclization at the mis-linked pyrrole moiety of P5 played a crucial role in synthesizing the antiaromatic porphyrinoid susceptible to facile transformation to novel porphyrinoids with variable aromaticity.

Possible Macrophage Activation Syndrome Caused by Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography for Bacteremia Due to Chronic Cholelithiasis.

Hypoglycemia is caused by various clinical diseases. Among older patients, occult bacteremia may cause critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI), triggering hypoglycemia. Additionally, older patients have various chronic medical and homeostatic conditions. Interventions may be needed when chronic conditions cause clinical diseases and CIRCI. Herein, we report a case of possible macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) caused by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for bacteremia due to chronic cholelithiasis in an 85-year-old man. Interventions for chronic conditions could impinge on homeostasis in older patients, causing acute conditions such as MAS. Among older frail patients with chronic conditions, interventions for chronic conditions should be discussed, including the triggering of other acute conditions, such as MAS.

A Computational Study on the Mechanism of Catalytic Cyclopropanation Reaction with Cobalt N-Confused Porphyrin: The Effects of Inner Carbon and Intramolecular Axial Ligand.

The factors that affect acceleration and high trans/cis selectivity in the catalytic cyclopropanation reaction of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate by cobalt N-confused porphyrin (NCP) complexes were investigated using density functional theory calculations. The reaction rate was primarily related to the energy gap between the cobalt-carbene adduct intermediates, A and B, which was affected by the NCP skeletons and axial pyridine ligands more than the corresponding porphyrin complex. In addition, high trans/cis stereoselectivity was determined at the TS1 and, in part, in the isomerization process at the carbon-centered radical intermediates, Ctrans and Ccis.

Spontaneous Assembly and Three-Dimensional Stacking of Antiaromatic 5,15-Dioxaporphyrin on HOPG.

Antiaromatic compounds have recently received considerable attention because of their novel properties such as narrow HOMO-LUMO gaps and facile formation of mutual stacking. Here, the spontaneous assembly of antiaromatic meso-2-thienyl-substituted 5,15-dioxaporphyrin (DOP-1) is scrutinized at the liquid-solid interface by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Polymorphism in monolayers characterized by the orthogonal and parallel assemblies is found at the low concentration of 0.05 mM. The parallel assembly is more stable and dominantly formed at higher concentrations. Aggregation was observed at concentrations >0.2 mM, and the STM images of the aggregates implied the formation of stacked layers. The intrinsic electronic structures of the mutually stacked bilayer generated by applying an electric pulse to the monolayer were probed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy to reveal the narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO gap by about 20 % compared with the monolayer, thus suggesting significant molecular orbital interactions.

Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry.

Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.

Janus Pyrrolopyrrole Aza-dipyrrin: Hydrogen-Bonded Assemblies and Slow Magnetic Relaxation of the Cobalt(II) Complex in the Solid State.

A novel pyrrolopyrrole azadipyrrin (Janus-PPAD) with Janus duality was synthesized by a Schiff base-forming reaction of diketopyrrolopyrrole. The orthogonal interactions of the hydrogen-bonding ketopyrrole and metal-coordinating azadipyrrin moieties in Janus-PPAD enabled the metal ions to be arranged at regular intervals: zinc(II) and cobalt(II) coordination provided metal-coordinated Janus-PPAD dimers, which can subsequently form hydrogen-bonded one-dimensional arrays both in solution and in the solid state. The supramolecular assembly of the zinc(II) complex in solution was investigated by 1 H NMR spectroscopy based on the isodesmic model, in which a binding constant for the elongation of assemblies is constant. Owing to the tetrahedral coordination, in the solid state, the cobalt(II) complex exhibited a slow magnetic relaxation due to the negative D value of -27.1 cm-1 with an effective relaxation energy barrier Ueff of 38.0 cm-1 . The effect of magnetic dilution on the relaxation behavior is discussed. The relaxation mechanism at low temperature was analyzed by considering spin lattice interactions and quantum tunneling effects. The easy-axis magnetic anisotropy was confirmed, and the relevant wave functions were obtained by ab initio CASSCF calculations.

Iridium Complex of N-Fused Bilatrienone: Oxidative Cleavage of N-Fused Porphyrin Induced by Iridium-Cyclooctadiene Complexation.

N-fused porphyrin (NFP) is a unique class of photostable near-infrared dyes with an 18π aromatic tetrapyrrole macrocyclic skeleton containing a tri-fused pentacyclic moiety. Here, the synthesis of an iridium complex of N-fused bilatrienone is reported as the degradation product of Ir-cyclooctadiene (cod)-induced oxidative cleavage of NFP under aerobic conditions. Similar to the native bilin chromophores, the ring-opened complex featured a broken π-conjugation circuit and exhibited a broad visible absorption band. In contrast, metalation of NFP using an iridium(I)(cod) complex under an inert atmosphere resulted in the formation of a cod-isomerized (κ1 ,η3 -C8 H12 )-Ir complex.

Solvent-Controlled Self-Assembled Oligopyrrolic Receptor.

We report a fully organic pyridine-tetrapyrrolic U-shaped acyclic receptor 10, which prefers a supramolecular pseudo-macrocyclic dimeric structure (10)2 in a less polar, non-coordinating solvent (e.g., CHCl3). Conversely, when it is crystalized from a polar, coordinating solvent (e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide, DMF), it exhibited an infinite supramolecular one-dimensional (1D) "zig-zag" polymeric chain, as inferred from the single-crystal X-ray structures. This supramolecular system acts as a potential receptor for strong acids, e.g., p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), methane sulfonic acid (MSA), H2SO4, HNO3, and HCl, with a prominent colorimetric response from pale yellow to deep red. The receptor can easily be recovered from the organic solution of the host-guest complex by simple aqueous washing. It was observed that relatively stronger acids with pKa < -1.92 in water were able to interact with the receptor, as inferred from 1H NMR titration in tetrahydrofuran-d8 (THF-d8) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopic titrations in anhydrous THF at 298 K. Therefore, this new dynamic supramolecular receptor system may have potentiality in materials science research.

Heptacene: Synthesis and Its Hole-Transfer Property in Stable Thin Films.

Heptacene (1) has been produced via a monoketone precursor, 2, which was prepared from 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene in nine steps in a total yield of 10 %. Compound 2 was converted to 1 quantitatively by heating at 202 °C. Heptacene exhibited high thermal stability in the solid state without any observable change over two months. To investigate the potential value of 1 as a material for p-type organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), top-contact OFET devices were fabricated by vacuum deposition of 1 onto a hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)/SiO2 /Si substrate. The best hole mobility performance was 2.2 cm2  V-1 s-1 . This is the first report of stable heptacene being used in an effective device and examined for its charge carrier properties.

Chiral Interlocked Corrole Dimers Directly Linked at Inner Carbon Atoms of Confused Pyrrole Rings.

A facile synthetic strategy towards conformationally stable chiral chromophores based on dimeric porphyrinoids has been established. A peculiar class of face-to-face intramolecularly interlocked corrole dimers were formed by the oxidative C-C coupling linked at the inner carbon sites upon simple treatment of copper(II) ions. Their intrinsic electronic structures were modulated by the peripheral corrole ring annulations, which lead to distinct optical properties and redox profiles. The stereogenic carbon centers implemented in the confused corrole skeleton provided a rationale for designing novel chiral materials.

An Electron-Accepting aza-BODIPY-Based Donor-Acceptor-Donor Architecture for Bright NIR Emission.

A bright near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent molecule was developed based on the donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) approach using an aza-BODIPY analog called pyrrolopyrrole aza-BODIPY (PPAB) as an electron-accepting chromophore. Directly introducing electron-donating triphenylamine (TPA) to develop a D-A-D structure caused redshifts of absorption and emission of PPAB into the NIR region with an enhanced fluorescence brightness of up to 5.2×104  m-1 cm-1 , whereas inserting a phenylene linker between the TPA donor and the PPAB acceptor induced solvatochromic behavior in emission. Transient absorption spectra and theoretical calculations revealed the presence of a highly emissive hybridized locally excited and charge-transfer state in the former case and the contribution of the dark charge-separated state to the excited state in the latter case. The bright D-A-D PPAB as a novel emitter resulted in a NIR electroluminescence with a high external quantum efficiency of 3.7 % and a low amplified spontaneous emission threshold of ca. 80 µJ cm-2 , indicating the high potential for NIR optoelectronic applications.

Benzo-Tetrathiafulvalene- (BTTF-) Annulated Expanded Porphyrins: Potential Next-Generation Multielectron Reservoirs.

Two sterically crowded benzo-tetrathiafulvalene (BTTF)-annulated expanded porphyrins (BTTF7-F and BTTF8) are synthesized. Detailed photophysical investigations reveal their intrinsic intramolecular charge transfer (CT) character, originated from partial electron transfer from electron-rich TTF units to the relatively electron-deficient macrocyclic core. This finding stands in contrast to what was observed in the previously reported Figure-of-eight conformer of BTTF-annulated [28]hexaphyrin (BTTF6), in which a typical π-π* electronic transition from HOMO to LUMO was observed. However, core expansion in BTTF7-F and BTTF8 makes the oligopyrrole macrocyclic cores relatively more electron-deficient, facilitating the effective intramolecular CT process. Comparative electrochemical investigations reveal that the current generated at the oxidative region is directly proportional to the number of TTF units attached to the macrocyclic core. This work demonstrates the control of the intramolecular CT process through incremental addition of TTF units to the macrocyclic core. Facile multielectron electrochemical oxidations of these expanded porphyrins suggest that they behave like potential multielectron reservoirs.

Ruthenium(iv) N-confused porphyrin µ-oxo-bridged dimers: acid-responsive molecular rotors.

Ruthenium(iv) N-confused porphyrin µ-oxo-bridged complexes were synthesized via oxidative dimerization of a ruthenium(ii) N-confused porphyrin complex using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl. The deformed core planes in the dimers conferred a relatively high ring rotational barrier of ca. 16 kcal mol-1. Rotation of the complexes was controlled by protonating the peripheral nitrogen.

Expanded N-Confused Phlorin: A Platform for a Multiply Fused Polycyclic Ring System via Oxidation within the Macrocycle.

Novel interrupted π-conjugated macrocycles derived from expanded porphyrinoids were synthesized, and their unique reactivity was investigated in this work. The specific porphyrin analogs, so-called phlorins and isoporphyrins, possess a meso-sp3 methylene moiety, showing inner 3NH and 1NH pyrrolic cores, respectively, and extended near-infrared (NIR) absorption. Expanded N-confused pentapyrrolic phlorin analog 1 bears an interrupted cyclic π-conjugated system that is featured by a distinct higher HOMO and a lower LUMO. Oxidation of 1 allowed structural transformations through the expanded isoporphyrin-like species 2. One of the representative products is a spiro-carbon-bridged multiply N-fused product 3 comprising a fused [5.6.5.7.6.5]-hexacyclic ring obtained by oxidation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone. When magic blue was used as the oxidant, an aromatic N-confused pentaphyrin 4 was obtained via migration of one of the meso-phenyl groups to the ß-position of the neighboring pyrrolic ring. By employing the flexible cavity of 1 for metal coordination, Pd(II) complexation occurred with a specific meso oxygenation to give a bimetallic complex 5. In contrast to the rich oxidation reactions, reduction of 1 with NaBH4 resulted in the regioselective nucleophilic hydrogen substitution reaction at the para position of one of the meso-C6F5 groups. These results provide a practical approach for synthesizing novel interrupted or aromatic π-conjugated frameworks showing NIR absorptions.

TTF-Annulated Silicon Phthalocyanine Oligomers and Their External-Stimuli-Responsive Orientational Ordering.

Orientational control of functional molecules is essential to create complex functionalities as seen in nature; however, such artificial systems have remained challenge. Herein, we have succeeded in controlling rotational isomerism of µ-oxo silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) oligomers to achieve an external-stimuli-responsive orientational ordering using intermolecular interactions of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF). In this system, three modes of orientations, free rotation, eclipsed conformation, and staggered conformation, were interconverted in response to the oxidation states of TTF, which varied interactions from association due to formation of mixed-valence TTF dimer to dissociation due to electrostatic repulsion between TTF dications. Furthermore, a stable performance of oligomers as a cathode material in a Li-ion battery proved that the one-dimensionally stacked, rotatable structure of SiPc oligomers is useful to control the orientation of functional molecules toward molecular electronics.