Atomic vacancies of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis.

Diminished mitochondrial function underlies many rare inborn errors of energy metabolism and contributes to more common age-associated metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, boosting mitochondrial biogenesis has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for these diseases; however, currently we have a limited arsenal of compounds that can stimulate mitochondrial function. In this study, we designed molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoflowers with predefined atomic vacancies that are fabricated by self-assembly of individual two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets. Treatment of mammalian cells with MoS2 nanoflowers increased mitochondrial biogenesis by induction of PGC-1α and TFAM, which resulted in increased mitochondrial DNA copy number, enhanced expression of nuclear and mitochondrial-DNA encoded genes, and increased levels of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins. Consistent with increased mitochondrial biogenesis, treatment with MoS2 nanoflowers enhanced mitochondrial respiratory capacity and adenosine triphosphate production in multiple mammalian cell types. Taken together, this study reveals that predefined atomic vacancies in MoS2 nanoflowers stimulate mitochondrial function by upregulating the expression of genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis.

Global trends in clinical trials involving engineered biomaterials.

Engineered biomaterials are materials specifically designed to interact with biological systems for biomedical applications. This paper offers the comprehensive analysis of global clinical trial trends involving such materials. We surveyed 834 studies in the ClinicalTrials.gov database and explored biomaterial types, their initiation points, and durations in clinical trials. Predominantly, synthetic and natural polymers, particularly silicone and collagen, are used. Trials, focusing on ophthalmology, dentistry, and vascular medicine, are primarily conducted in the United States, Canada, and Italy. These trials encompass a broad demographic, and trials enrolled fewer than 100 participants. The study duration varied ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 years. These biomaterials are mainly bioresorbable or bioinert, with the integration of cells in biomaterials remaining an underexplored area. Our findings shed light on current practices and future potentials of engineered biomaterials in clinical research, offering insights for advancing this dynamic field globally.

High-Throughput 3D-Printed Model of the Feto-Maternal Interface for the Discovery and Development of Preterm Birth Therapies.

Spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) affects around 11% of births, posing significant risks to neonatal health due to the inflammation at the fetal-maternal interface (FMi). This inflammation disrupts immune tolerance during pregnancy, often leading to PTB. While organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices effectively mimic the physiology, pathophysiology, and responses of FMi, their relatively low throughput limits their utility in high-throughput testing applications. To overcome this, we developed a three-dimensional (3D)-printed model that fits in a well of a 96-well plate and can be mass-produced while also accurately replicating FMi, enabling efficient screening of drugs targeting FMi inflammation. Our model features two cell culture chambers (maternal and fetal cells) interlinked via an array of microfluidic channels. It was thoroughly validated, ensuring cell viability, metabolic activity, and cell-specific markers. The maternal chamber was exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to induce an inflammatory state, and proinflammatory cytokines in the culture supernatant were quantified. Furthermore, the efficacy of anti-inflammatory inhibitors in mitigating LPS-induced inflammation was investigated. Results demonstrated that our model supports robust cell growth, maintains viability, and accurately mimics PTB-associated inflammation. This high-throughput 3D-printed model offers a versatile platform for drug screening, promising advancements in drug discovery and PTB prevention.

Granular Biphasic Colloidal Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting.

Granular hydrogels composed of hydrogel microparticles are promising candidates for 3D bioprinting due to their ability to protect encapsulated cells. However, to achieve high print fidelity, hydrogel microparticles need to jam to exhibit shear-thinning characteristics, which is crucial for 3D printing. Unfortunately, this overpacking can significantly impact cell viability, thereby negating the primary advantage of using hydrogel microparticles to shield cells from shear forces. To overcome this challenge, a novel solution: a biphasic, granular colloidal bioink designed to optimize cell viability and printing fidelity is introduced. The biphasic ink consists of cell-laden polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel microparticles embedded in a continuous gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-nanosilicate colloidal network. Here, it is demonstrated that this biphasic bioink offers outstanding rheological properties, print fidelity, and structural stability. Furthermore, its utility for engineering complex tissues with multiple cell types and heterogeneous microenvironments is demonstrated, by incorporating ß-islet cells into the PEG microparticles and endothelial cells in the GelMA-nanosilicate colloidal network. Using this approach, it is possible to induce cell patterning, enhance vascularization, and direct cellular function. The proposed biphasic bioink holds significant potential for numerous emerging biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and disease modeling.

Inorganic ions activate lineage-specific gene regulatory networks.

Inorganic biomaterials have been shown to direct cellular responses, including cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Notably, ions released from these inorganic biomaterials play a vital role in defining cell identity, and promoting tissue-specific functions. However, the effect of inorganic ions on cellular functions have yet to be investigated at the transcriptomic level, representing a critical knowledge gap in the development of next-generation bioactive materials. To address this gap, we investigated the impact of various inorganic ions including silver, copper, titanium, and platinum on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our finding showed that silver and copper induce osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation respectively, through enrichment of lineage-specific gene expression program. In particular, silver effectively induced Wingless/Integrated (Wnt) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which are vital for osteogenesis. On the other hand, copper specifically stimulated Transforming growth factor beta (TGFß) signaling, while suppressing Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling, thereby promoting chondrogenesis. In contrast, platinum, and tantalum, ions didn't stimulate regenerative responses. Together, our findings highlight the potential of inorganic biomaterials in tissue regeneration strategies, which currently rely largely on growth factors and small molecule therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This research emphasizes the critical role of bioactive inorganic ions in controlling lineage-specific gene expression patterns in mesenchymal stem cells, effectively modulating the transcriptome landscape and directing cell fate. The study lays the foundation for a systematic database of biomaterial candidates and their effects on cellular functions, which will ultimately streamline the translation of new biomaterials into clinical applications.

Animal models of postpartum hemorrhage.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)-heavy bleeding following childbirth-is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. PPH can affect individuals regardless of risks factors and its incidence has been increasing in high-income countries including the United States. The high incidence and severity of this childbirth complication has propelled research into advanced treatments and alternative solutions for patients facing PPH; however, the development of novel treatments is limited by the absence of a common, well-established and well-validated animal model of PPH. A variety of animals have been used for in vivo studies of novel therapeutic materials; however, each of these animals differs considerably from the anatomy and physiology of a postpartum woman, and the methods used for achieving a postpartum hemorrhagic condition vary widely. Here we critically evaluate the various animal models of PPH presented in the literature and propose additional and alternative methods for modeling PPH in in vivo studies. We highlight how current animal models successfully or unsuccessfully mimic the anatomy and physiology of a postpartum woman and how this may impact treatment development. We aim to equip researchers with the necessary background information to select appropriate animal models for their research related to PPH solutions, while supporting the goals of refinement, reduction and replacement (3Rs) in preclinical animal studies.

Stiffness assisted cell-matrix remodeling trigger 3D mechanotransduction regulatory programs.

Engineered matrices provide a valuable platform to understand the impact of biophysical factors on cellular behavior such as migration, proliferation, differentiation, and tissue remodeling, through mechanotransduction. While recent studies have identified some mechanisms of 3D mechanotransduction, there is still a critical knowledge gap in comprehending the interplay between 3D confinement, ECM properties, and cellular behavior. Specifically, the role of matrix stiffness in directing cellular fate in 3D microenvironment, independent of viscoelasticity, microstructure, and ligand density remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we designed a nanoparticle crosslinker to reinforce collagen-based hydrogels without altering their chemical composition, microstructure, viscoelasticity, and density of cell-adhesion ligand and utilized it to understand cellular dynamics. This crosslinking mechanism utilizes nanoparticles as crosslink epicenter, resulting in 10-fold increase in mechanical stiffness, without other changes. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) encapsulated in 3D responded to mechanical stiffness by displaying circular morphology on soft hydrogels (5 kPa) and elongated morphology on stiff hydrogels (30 kPa). Stiff hydrogels facilitated the production and remodeling of nascent extracellular matrix (ECM) and activated mechanotransduction cascade. These changes were driven through intracellular PI3AKT signaling, regulation of epigenetic modifiers and activation of YAP/TAZ signaling. Overall, our study introduces a unique biomaterials platform to understand cell-ECM mechanotransduction in 3D for regenerative medicine as well as disease modelling.

Intra-Articular Injectable Biomaterials for Cartilage Repair and Regeneration.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage deterioration and subsequent inflammatory changes in the underlying bone. Injectable hydrogels have emerged as a promising approach for controlled drug delivery in cartilage therapies. This review focuses on the latest developments in utilizing injectable hydrogels as vehicles for targeted drug delivery to promote cartilage repair and regeneration. The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis is discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease progression. Subsequently, the various types of injectable hydrogels used for intra-articular delivery are discussed. Specifically, physically and chemically crosslinked injectable hydrogels are critically analyzed, with an emphasis on their fabrication strategies and their capacity to encapsulate and release therapeutic agents in a controlled manner. Furthermore, the potential of incorporating growth factors, anti-inflammatory drugs, and cells within these injectable hydrogels are discussed. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive guide to navigating the landscape of hydrogel-based therapeutics in osteoarthritis.

Material assembly from collective action of shape-changing polymers.

Some animals form transient, responsive and solid-like ensembles through dynamic structural interactions. These ensembles demonstrate emergent responses such as spontaneous self-assembly, which are difficult to achieve in synthetic soft matter. Here we use shape-morphing units comprising responsive polymers to create solids that self-assemble, modulate their volume and disassemble on demand. The ensemble is composed of a responsive hydrogel, liquid crystal elastomer or semicrystalline polymer ribbons that reversibly bend or twist. The dispersions of these ribbons mechanically interlock, inducing reversible aggregation. The aggregated liquid crystal elastomer ribbons have a 12-fold increase in the yield stress compared with cooled dispersion and contract by 34% on heating. Ribbon type, concentration and shape dictate the aggregation and govern the global mechanical properties of the solid that forms. Coating liquid crystal elastomer ribbons with a liquid metal begets photoresponsive and electrically conductive aggregates, whereas seeding cells on hydrogel ribbons enables self-assembling three-dimensional scaffolds, providing a versatile platform for the design of dynamic materials.

Dynamically Cross-Linked Granular Hydrogels for 3D Printing and Therapeutic Delivery.

Granular hydrogels have recently emerged as promising biomaterials for tissue engineering and 3D-printing applications, addressing the limitations of bulk hydrogels while exhibiting desirable properties such as injectability and high porosity. However, their structural stability can be improved with post-injection interparticle cross-linking. In this study, we developed granular hydrogels with interparticle cross-linking through reversible and dynamic covalent bonds. We fragmented photo-cross-linked bulk hydrogels to produce aldehyde or hydrazide-functionalized microgels using chondroitin sulfate. Mixing these microgels facilitated interparticle cross-linking through reversible hydrazone bonds, providing shear-thinning and self-healing properties for injectability and 3D printing. The resulting granular hydrogels displayed high mechanical stability without the need for secondary cross-linking. Furthermore, the porosity and sustained release of growth factors from these hydrogels synergistically enhanced cell recruitment. Our study highlights the potential of reversible interparticle cross-linking for designing injectable and 3D printable therapeutic delivery scaffolds using granular hydrogels. Overall, our study highlights the potential of reversible interparticle cross-linking to improve the structural stability of granular hydrogels, making them an effective biomaterial for use in tissue engineering and 3D-printing applications.

Nanobio Interface Between Proteins and 2D Nanomaterials.

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have significantly contributed to recent advances in material sciences and nanotechnology, owing to their layered structure. Despite their potential as multifunctional theranostic agents, the biomedical translation of these materials is limited due to a lack of knowledge and control over their interaction with complex biological systems. In a biological microenvironment, the high surface energy of nanomaterials leads to diverse interactions with biological moieties such as proteins, which play a crucial role in unique physiological processes. These interactions can alter the size, surface charge, shape, and interfacial composition of the nanomaterial, ultimately affecting its biological activity and identity. This review critically discusses the possible interactions between proteins and 2D nanomaterials, along with a wide spectrum of analytical techniques that can be used to study and characterize such interplay. A better understanding of these interactions would help circumvent potential risks and provide guidance toward the safer design of 2D nanomaterials as a platform technology for various biomedical applications.

Laponite-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications.

Hydrogels are widely used for therapeutic delivery applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to control release kinetics by tuning swelling and mechanical properties. However, their clinical utility is hampered by unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, including high initial burst release and difficulty in achieving prolonged release, especially for small molecules (<500 Da). The incorporation of nanomaterials within hydrogels has emerged as viable option as a method to trap therapeutics within the hydrogel and sustain release kinetics. Specifically, two-dimensional nanosilicate particles offer a plethora of beneficial characteristics, including dually charged surfaces, degradability, and enhanced mechanical properties within hydrogels. The nanosilicate-hydrogel composite system offers benefits not obtainable by just one component, highlighting the need for detail characterization of these nanocomposite hydrogels. This review focuses on Laponite, a disc-shaped nanosilicate with diameter of 30 nm and thickness of 1 nm. The benefits of using Laponite within hydrogels are explored, as well as examples of Laponite-hydrogel composites currently being investigated for their ability to prolong the release of small molecules and macromolecules such as proteins. Future work will further characterize the interplay between nanosilicates, hydrogel polymer, and encapsulated therapeutics, and how each of these components affect release kinetics and mechanical properties.

Dynamically crosslinked thermoresponsive granular hydrogels.

Granular hydrogels are a promising biomaterial for a wide range of biomedical applications, including tissue regeneration, drug/cell delivery, and 3D printing. These granular hydrogels are created by assembling microgels through the jamming process. However, current methods for interconnecting the microgels often limit their use due to the reliance on postprocessing for crosslinking through photoinitiated reactions or enzymatic catalysis. To address this limitation, we incorporated a thiol-functionalized thermo-responsive polymer into oxidized hyaluronic acid microgel assemblies. The rapid exchange rate of thiol-aldehyde dynamic covalent bonds allows the microgel assembly to be shear-thinning and self-healing, with the phase transition behavior of the thermo-responsive polymer serving as secondary crosslinking to stabilize the granular hydrogels network at body temperature. This two-stage crosslinking system provides excellent injectability and shape stability, while maintaining mechanical integrity. In addition, the aldehyde groups of the microgels act as covalent binding sites for sustained drug release. These granular hydrogels can be used as scaffolds for cell delivery and encapsulation, and can be 3D printed without the need for post-printing processing to maintain mechanical stability. Overall, our work introduces thermo-responsive granular hydrogels with promising potential for various biomedical applications.

Multi-leveled Nanosilicate Implants Can Facilitate Near-Perfect Bone Healing.

Several studies have shown that nanosilicate-reinforced scaffolds are suitable for bone regeneration. However, hydrogels are inherently too soft for load-bearing bone defects of critical sizes, and hard scaffolds typically do not provide a suitable three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment for cells to thrive, grow, and differentiate naturally. In this study, we bypass these long-standing challenges by fabricating a cell-free multi-level implant consisting of a porous and hard bone-like framework capable of providing load-bearing support and a softer native-like phase that has been reinforced with nanosilicates. The system was tested with rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and as a cell-free system in a critical-sized rat bone defect. Overall, our combinatorial and multi-level implant design displayed remarkable osteoconductivity in vitro without differentiation factors, expressing significant levels of osteogenic markers compared to unmodified groups. Moreover, after 8 weeks of implantation, histological and immunohistochemical assays indicated that the cell-free scaffolds enhanced bone repair up to approximately 84% following a near-complete defect healing. Overall, our results suggest that the proposed nanosilicate bioceramic implant could herald a new age in the field of orthopedics.

Designing Cost-Effective Open-Source Multihead 3D Bioprinters.

For the past decade, additive manufacturing has resulted in significant advances toward fabricating anatomic-size patient-specific scaffolds for tissue models and regenerative medicine. This can be attributed to the development of advanced bioinks capable of precise deposition of cells and biomaterials. The combination of additive manufacturing with advanced bioinks is enabling researchers to fabricate intricate tissue scaffolds that recreate the complex spatial distributions of cells and bioactive cues found in the human body. However, the expansion of this promising technique has been hampered by the high cost of commercially available bioprinters and proprietary software. In contrast, conventional three-dimensional (3D) printing has become increasingly popular with home hobbyists and caused an explosion of both low-cost thermoplastic 3D printers and open-source software to control the printer. In this study, we bring these benefits into the field of bioprinting by converting widely available and cost-effective 3D printers into fully functional, open-source, and customizable multihead bioprinters. These bioprinters utilize computer controlled volumetric extrusion, allowing bioinks with a wide range of flow properties to be bioprinted, including non-Newtonian bioinks. We demonstrate the practicality of this approach by designing bioprinters customized with multiple extruders, automatic bed leveling, and temperature controls for ∼$400 USD. These bioprinters were then used for in vitro and ex vivo bioprinting to demonstrate their utility for tissue engineering.

Silicone-containing thermoresponsive membranes to form an optical glucose biosensor.

Glucose biosensors that could be subcutaneously injected and interrogated without a physically connected electrode and transmitter affixed to skin would represent a major advancement in reducing the user burden of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs). Towards this goal, an optical glucose biosensor was formed by strategically tailoring a thermoresponsive double network (DN) membrane to house a phosphorescence lifetime-based glucose sensing assay. This membrane was selected based on its potential to exhibit reduced biofouling via 'self-cleaning' due to cyclical deswelling/reswelling in vivo. The membrane was strategically tailored to incorporate oxygen-sensitive metalloporphyrin phosphor, Pd meso-tetra(sulfophenyl)-tetrabenzoporphyrin ([PdPh4(SO3Na)4TBP]3) (HULK) and glucose oxidase (GOx). Specifically, electrostatic interactions and colvalent bonds were used to stabilize HULK and GOx within the membrane, respectively. Enhancing the oxygen permeability of the membrane was necessary to achieve sensitivity of HULK/GOx to physiological glucose levels. Thus, silicone microparticles were incorporated at two concentrations. Key properties of SiHy-0.25 and SiHy-0.5 microparticle-containing compositions were compared to a control having no microparticles (SiHy-0). The discrete nature of the silicone microparticles maintained the desired thermosensitivity profile and did not impact water content. While the modulus decreased with silicone microparticle content, membranes were more mechanically robust versus a conventional hydrogel. SiHy-0.25, owing to apparent phase separation, displayed greater glucose diffusion and oxygen permeability versus SiHy-0.5. Furthermore, SiHy-0.25 biosensors exhibited the greatest glucose sensitivity range of 100 to 300 mg dL-1versus only 100 to 150 mg dL-1 for both SiHy-0 and SiHy-0.5 biosensors.

Nanoengineered Ink for Designing 3D Printable Flexible Bioelectronics.

Flexible electronics require elastomeric and conductive biointerfaces with native tissue-like mechanical properties. The conventional approaches to engineer such a biointerface often utilize conductive nanomaterials in combination with polymeric hydrogels that are cross-linked using toxic photoinitiators. Moreover, these systems frequently demonstrate poor biocompatibility and face trade-offs between conductivity and mechanical stiffness under physiological conditions. To address these challenges, we developed a class of shear-thinning hydrogels as biomaterial inks for 3D printing flexible bioelectronics. These hydrogels are engineered through a facile vacancy-driven gelation of MoS2 nanoassemblies with naturally derived polymer-thiolated gelatin. Due to shear-thinning properties, these nanoengineered hydrogels can be printed into complex shapes that can respond to mechanical deformation. The chemically cross-linked nanoengineered hydrogels demonstrate a 20-fold rise in compressive moduli and can withstand up to 80% strain without permanent deformation, meeting human anatomical flexibility. The nanoengineered network exhibits high conductivity, compressive modulus, pseudocapacitance, and biocompatibility. The 3D-printed cross-linked structure demonstrates excellent strain sensitivity and can be used as wearable electronics to detect various motion dynamics. Overall, the results suggest that these nanoengineered hydrogels offer improved mechanical, electronic, and biological characteristics for various emerging biomedical applications including 3D-printed flexible biosensors, actuators, optoelectronics, and therapeutic delivery devices.

Nano-bio interactions of 2D molybdenum disulfide.

Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is an ultrathin nanomaterial with a high degree of anisotropy, surface-to-volume ratio, chemical functionality and mechanical strength. These properties together enable MoS2 to emerge as a potent nanomaterial for diverse biomedical applications including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, biosensing and bioelectronics. Thus, understanding the interactions of MoS2 with its biological interface becomes indispensable. These interactions, referred to as "nano-bio" interactions, play a key role in determining the biocompatibility and the pathways through which the nanomaterial influences molecular, cellular and biological function. Herein, we provide a critical overview of the nano-bio interactions of MoS2 and emphasize on how these interactions dictate its biomedical applications including intracellular trafficking, biodistribution and biodegradation. Also, a critical evaluation of the interactions of MoS2 with proteins and specific cell types such as immune cells and progenitor/stem cells is illustrated which governs the short-term and long-term compatibility of MoS2-based biomedical devices.