Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine in a pediatric population: incidental findings.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of incidental findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine in a paediatric population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 190 spinal MRI examinations of patients aged ≤ 18 years of age. The study included only patients for whom complete medical records were available and who underwent complete MRI examination of the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spine, including whole-spine sagittal T2-weighted sequences. Imaging findings not related to the symptom or indication for MRI were considered incidental findings. RESULTS: Of the 190 MRI examinations evaluated, 110 were in women and 80 were in men. The mean age of the study population was 12.46 ± 3.68 years. The main clinical indications for MRI in the sample were lumbago, scoliosis, dorsalgia and cervicalgia. Incidental findings were detected in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine in 40 (21.05%), 26 (13.83%) and 43 (22.63%) of the patients, respectively. The most common were (in the cervical spine) reversal/correction of the normal curvature; (in the thoracic spine) intravertebral disc herniation (Schmorl's node) and disc dehydration; and (in the lumbar spine) disc protrusion (12 cases), Schmorl's node (5 cases) and spondylolysis (4 cases). CONCLUSION: Incidental findings on MRI of the spine are less common in the paediatric population than in the adult population. Nevertheless, careful clinical evaluation of paediatric patients with complaints of axial and radiating pain is necessary in order to determine the correlation between symptoms and imaging findings.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de achados incidentais em exames de ressonância magnética (RM) da coluna cervical, torácica e lombar em uma população pediátrica. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 190 exames de RM da coluna vertebral de pacientes com até 18 anos de idade. Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos a RM de algum segmento da coluna vertebral (cervical, torácica e lombar) com exame completo para análise (inclusive sagital T2 da coluna total) e prontuário médico devidamente preenchido. Foram considerados achados incidentais todas as alterações de imagem que não apresentavam qualquer relação com a indicação do exame ou sintoma do paciente. RESULTADOS: Dos 190 exames de RM avaliados, 110 eram de pacientes do sexo feminino e 80 de pacientes do sexo masculino. A idade média da população em estudo era de 12,46 ± 3,68 anos. As principais indicações clínicas para realização do exame de RM na amostra estudada foram lombalgia, escoliose, dorsalgia e cervicalgia. Os achados incidentais encontrados na coluna cervical, torácica e lombar foram 40 (21,05%), 26 (13,83%) e 43 (22,63%), respectivamente. Os achados incidentais mais frequentes no segmento cervical foram inversão/retificação da curvatura cervical fisiológica, no segmento torácico foram hérnia discal intrassomática (nódulo de Schmorl), seguida de desidratação discal, e no segmento lombar foram encontrados 12 exames com protrusão discal, 5 com hérnia discal intrassomática (nódulo de Schmorl) e 4 com espondilólise. CONCLUSÃO: A frequência de achados incidentais nos exames de RM da coluna vertebral na população pediátrica é menor do que na população adulta, sendo necessária avaliação clínica cuidadosa dos pacientes com queixa de dor axial e irradiada, para se estabelecer a estreita relação dos sintomas com os achados de imagem.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine in a pediatric population: incidental findings / Ressonância magnética da coluna vertebral em uma população pediátrica: achados incidentais

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of incidental findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine in a paediatric population. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 190 spinal MRI examinations of patients aged ≤ 18 years of age. The study included only patients for whom complete medical records were available and who underwent complete MRI examination of the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spine, including whole-spine sagittal T2-weighted sequences. Imaging findings not related to the symptom or indication for MRI were considered incidental findings. Results: Of the 190 MRI examinations evaluated, 110 were in women and 80 were in men. The mean age of the study population was 12.46 ± 3.68 years. The main clinical indications for MRI in the sample were lumbago, scoliosis, dorsalgia and cervicalgia. Incidental findings were detected in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine in 40 (21.05%), 26 (13.83%) and 43 (22.63%) of the patients, respectively. The most common were (in the cervical spine) reversal/correction of the normal curvature; (in the thoracic spine) intravertebral disc herniation (Schmorl's node) and disc dehydration; and (in the lumbar spine) disc protrusion (12 cases), Schmorl's node (5 cases) and spondylolysis (4 cases). Conclusion: Incidental findings on MRI of the spine are less common in the paediatric population than in the adult population. Nevertheless, careful clinical evaluation of paediatric patients with complaints of axial and radiating pain is necessary in order to determine the correlation between symptoms and imaging findings.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de achados incidentais em exames de ressonância magnética (RM) da coluna cervical, torácica e lombar em uma população pediátrica. Materiais e Métodos: Foram avaliados 190 exames de RM da coluna vertebral de pacientes com até 18 anos de idade. Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos a RM de algum segmento da coluna vertebral (cervical, torácica e lombar) com exame completo para análise (inclusive sagital T2 da coluna total) e prontuário médico devidamente preenchido. Foram considerados achados incidentais todas as alterações de imagem que não apresentavam qualquer relação com a indicação do exame ou sintoma do paciente. Resultados: Dos 190 exames de RM avaliados, 110 eram de pacientes do sexo feminino e 80 de pacientes do sexo masculino. A idade média da população em estudo era de 12,46 ± 3,68 anos. As principais indicações clínicas para realização do exame de RM na amostra estudada foram lombalgia, escoliose, dorsalgia e cervicalgia. Os achados incidentais encontrados na coluna cervical, torácica e lombar foram 40 (21,05%), 26 (13,83%) e 43 (22,63%), respectivamente. Os achados incidentais mais frequentes no segmento cervical foram inversão/retificação da curvatura cervical fisiológica, no segmento torácico foram hérnia discal intrassomática (nódulo de Schmorl), seguida de desidratação discal, e no segmento lombar foram encontrados 12 exames com protrusão discal, 5 com hérnia discal intrassomática (nódulo de Schmorl) e 4 com espondilólise. Conclusão: A frequência de achados incidentais nos exames de RM da coluna vertebral na população pediátrica é menor do que na população adulta, sendo necessária avaliação clínica cuidadosa dos pacientes com queixa de dor axial e irradiada, para se estabelecer a estreita relação dos sintomas com os achados de imagem.

Dural metastases from prostate carcinoma: a systematic review of the literature apropos of six patients.

Intracranial metastases are a rare manifestation of prostate carcinoma and the dura mater is the most affected site. We report a series of six patients with dural prostate metastases (DPM) and perform a systematic review of the current literature in order to depict imaging trademarks of this condition. This review points to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pattern of meningeal involvement characterized by a diffuse smooth thickening, nodular appearance or dural-based masses. We also demonstrate an osteoblastic pattern of lesions, particularly in sphenoid wing, by computed tomography (CT) scans. We suggest that these imaging findings may support an elevated index of suspicion of DPM in elderly men, including those patients without urologic symptoms.

Asymmetric cortical degenerative syndromes: an integrated approach to clinical and imaging review.

BACKGROUND: The term asymmetric cortical degenerative syndromes (ACDSs) refers to any brain afflictions that result in selective atrophy, particularly with an asymmetric pattern. Regardless of the etiology, the resulting compromised profile reflects the affected topography, which correlates with the clinical findings, more than any specific neuropathologic entity. REVIEW SUMMARY: ACDS can represent a diagnostic challenge, because of an overlap of clinical manifestations, especially in the early stages. Magnetic resonance techniques are useful to understand nuclear medicine studies and to confirm areas of focal atrophy by providing anatomic details and allowing an accurate correlation with several different clinical settings. CONCLUSIONS: This article demonstrates a practical neuroradiologic approach for ACDS, including optimized imaging analysis (magnetic resonance and nuclear medicine studies), which correlates their patterns with clinical and pathologic findings of the most relevant disorders.

Imaging contribution for the diagnosis of carotidynia.

Carotidynia is a condition characterized by tenderness of the carotid artery and ipsilateral neck pain, eventually aggravated by head movements, swallowing, coughing and sneezing. We report a 52-year-old male presenting cervical pain associated with localized tenderness and reversible structural changes of the common carotid wall, emphasizing the applicability of the diagnostic imaging methods for the presumptive diagnosis of carotidynia in the appropriate clinical context.

Focal transient lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum in three non-epileptic patients.

INTRODUCTION: We analyzed the imaging features of transient focal lesions in the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC) in non-epileptic patients receiving antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). METHODS: We identified signal abnormalities in the SCC in three non-epileptic patients, all of them receiving AEDs. We examined two of these patients with multiplanar magnetic resonance (MR) imaging using 1.0-T equipment including fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T2-weighted (TSE) and T1-weighted (SE) sequences before and after injection of contrast agent. The third patient was studied using 1.5-T equipment with the same sequences. Additionally, a T1 SE sequence with a magnetization transfer contrast pulse off resonance (T1 SE/MTC), diffusion-weighted imaging (EPI-DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were obtained. RESULTS: We observed an identical pattern of imaging abnormalities in all patients characterized by round lesions, hyperintense on FLAIR and hypointense on T1 SE images, located in the central portion of the SCC. One lesion showed homogeneous gadolinium enhancement and perilesional vasogenic edema. This particular lesion showed restricted diffusion confirmed on the ADC map. This pattern was considered consistent with focal demyelination. Follow-up MR examinations showed complete disappearance or a clear reduction in lesion size. All patients had been treated with AEDs, but they did not show any clinical signs of toxicity, interhemispheric symptoms, or abnormal neurological findings (including seizures). CONCLUSION: We believe that our MR findings might be interpreted as transient lesions related to AED toxicity. They presumably resulted from focal demyelination in the central portion of the SCC.

Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging sequences with computed tomography to detect low-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage: Role of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence.

OBJECTIVES: To compare computed tomography (CT) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the presumptive diagnosis and localization of acute and subacute low-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: We consecutively enrolled 45 patients clinically suspected of low-grade SAH, comparing them with a control group. We obtained axial nonenhanced CT scans as well as fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2-weighted gradient echo (T2*) MRI sequences at 1.0 T. Two neuroradiologists scrutinized the presence of blood at 26 different regions in the intracranial subarachnoid space (SAS). RESULTS: Three of 45 patients had normal CT and MRI scans, and SAH was excluded by lumbar puncture. We demonstrated SAH on CT scans in 28 of 42 (66.6%) patients, T2* sequences in 15 of 42 (35.7%) patients, and FLAIR sequences in 42 of 42 (100%) patients. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences were superior to CT in 16 of the 26 evaluated regions. CONCLUSIONS: The FLAIR sequence was superior for presumptive diagnosis and localization of acute and subacute low-grade SAH, representing a potential tool in this setting.