The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity.

The nonrecombining portion of the human Y chromosome has proven to be a valuable tool for the study of population history. The maintenance of extended haplotypes characteristic of particular geographic regions, despite extensive admixture, allows complex demographic events to be deconstructed. In this study we report the frequencies of 23 Y-chromosome biallelic polymorphism haplotypes in 1,935 men from 49 Eurasian populations, with a particular focus on Central Asia. These haplotypes reveal traces of historical migrations, and provide an insight into the earliest patterns of settlement of anatomically modern humans on the Eurasian continent. Central Asia is revealed to be an important reservoir of genetic diversity, and the source of at least three major waves of migration leading into Europe, the Americas, and India. The genetic results are interpreted in the context of Eurasian linguistic patterns.

[Immediate and long-term results of combined therapy of patients with endometrial neoplasms depending on the effect of counter-suppression of blood lymphocytes]. / Blizhaishie i otdalënnye rezul'taty kombinirovannogo lecheniia bol'nykh rakom tela matki v zavisimosti ot éffekta kontrasupressii limfotsitov krovi.

The short-term (wound healing) and end-results (relapse and metastasis frequency, duration of relapse-free survival and 2-, 3- and 5-year survival) of combined treatment (surgery + gamma therapy) of 97 patients with endometrial carcinoma (stage I-II and stage III-IV) (FIGO, 1988) versus the effect of preoperative counter-suppression of blood lymphocytes were investigated. Both short-term and end-results appeared to be much better in patients showing the counter-suppression effect; they were much worse in patients who revealed the effect prior to combined therapy, and still worse--in cases of inverse effect involving enhanced suppression. It is suggested that the effect of blood lymphocyte counter-suppression before combined treatment is a factor of favorable prognosis in patients with endometrial carcinoma.

The effects of adriamycin and adriamycin complexes with transitional metals on Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels of human erythrocytes.

The influence of adriamycin (ADR) and ADR complexes with transitional metals Fe2+, Cu2+ and Co2+ on Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels of human erythrocytes was investigated. We show that the anthracycline moiety of ADR increases Ca(2+)-dependent K+ efflux from erythrocytes, induced by low concentrations of propranolol, while the whole molecule of ADR has not any effect on Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels, induced by propranolol or A23187 and on Pb(2+)-dependent K+ efflux. Ethidium bromide, verapamil and trifluoroperazine inhibited Ca(2+)-dependent K+ efflux, induced by high doses of propranolol. The anthracycline moiety of ADR is able to abolish blocking effect of ethidium bromide and verapamil, but does not influence the blocking effect of trifluoroperazine. We further show that ADR complexes with Fe2+, Cu2+ and Co2+ are potent inhibitors of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ efflux, induced by propranolol, but not of Pb(2+)-dependent K+ efflux. On the contrary, ADR-Fe3+ complex activates K(+)-permeability of human red blood cell. It is suggested that opposite effects of anthracycline moiety of ADR and ADR complexes with transitional metals on Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels, induced by propranolol is due to their influence on the pathways of Ca2+ transport into cells, rather than their action directly on K+ channels.

[The effect of adriamycin and ethidium bromide on the Ca2(+)-dependent K channel of human erythrocytes]. / Vliianie adriamitsina i bromistogo étidiia na Ca2(+)-zavisimyi K-kanal éritrotsitov cheloveka.

The influence of cytotoxic agents adriamycine (AD) and ethydium bromide (EB) on Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels of erythrocytes was investigated. The incubation of erythrocytes with agliconic part of AD (without aminosugar residue) increased Ca(2+)-dependent K+ efflux induced by low concentration of propranolol, while EB suppressed the activating effect of propranolol. EB, verapamil and triphluoroperazine inhibited Ca(2+)-dependent K+ efflux induced by high doses of propranolol. The incubation of erythrocytes with AD took off the inhibitory action of EB and verapamil but did not influence the blocking effect of triphluoroperazine. Both AD and EB did not influence Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels induced by Ca(2+)-ionophore A23187, and Pb(2+)-dependent K+ efflux from erythrocytes. It is suggested that opposite effects of AD and EB on Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels are due to activation by AD and inhibition by EB of system of Ca2+ transport into cells, but not on their action directly on K+ channel.

[The effect of acute respiratory diseases during pregnancy on several characteristics of the T-immunity system in newborn infants]. / Vliianie ostrykh respiratornykh zabolevanii pri beremennosti na nekotorye pokazateli T-sistemy immuniteta novorozhdennykh.

Altogether 63 neonates whose mothers had experienced acute respiratory diseases during pregnancy were examined. The data obtained made it possible to include the children born to mothers with a history of acute respiratory diseases in the III trimester of pregnancy into the risk group of infectious process development.

[Disturbance of immunogenesis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus]. / Narushenie immunogeneza u bol'nykh sistemnoi krasnoi volchankoi.

Using a modified model, 16 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were examined for the activity of nonspecific Con A-induced suppressors with the aid of different test systems. The suppressors of both patients and donors were employed. The proliferation of the test culture lymphocytes appeared to be activated. The immunogenetic abnormalities indicated seem likely to be related to extreme activity of the countersuppressor cells blocking the function of the suppressors, correlating with the clinical picture of the disease.

[Effect of B-activin on human T-suppressors]. / Vliianie B-aktivina na T-supressory cheloveka.

B-activin blocks the effect of concanavalin A-induced human T-suppressors, without influencing the process of their induction.

[Effect of partial hepatectomy on the induction of cells inhibiting development of humoral immune response]. / Vliianie chastichnoi gepatektomii na induktsiiu kletok, ugnetaiushchikh razvitie gumoral'nogo immunnogo otveta.

It has been shown that partial hepatectomy inhibits the induction of cells exerting a suppressant effect on the development of humoral immune response.

[Suppression of antibody formation by bone marrow T-cells activated by histocompatibility antigens]. / Supressiia antitelogeneza kostnomozgovymi T-kletkami, aktivirovannymi antigenami gistosovmestimosti

The suppressive effect of the bone marrow T-cells activated by histocompatibility antigens on antibody formation was studied. The bone marrow of CBA mice was found to contain the thymus-dependent lymphocytes which underwent hyperactivation after the repeated transfers to F1 recipients and acquired the capacity ot inhibit the development of cooperative immune response to sheep erythrocytes. Pretreatment of the bone marrow cells with antithymocyte globulin and complement prevented the suppression.

[Functional activity of splenic T- and B-cells during the process of tumor growth]. / Funktsional'naia aktivnost' T- i B-kletok selezenki v protsesse opukholevogo rosta

Functional activity of B- and T-cells was studied in mice during the growth of the inoculated tumours; it appeared that in the course of the tumour growth the capacity of B- and T-cells to the interaction in the immunization with sheep erythrocytes was disturbed. B-cells were affected earlier than T-cells.

[Genetic differences in lymphoid tissue reactivity during liver regeneration in mice of different lines]. / Geneticheskie razlichiia reaktivnosti limfoidnoi tkani pri regeneratsii pecheni u myshei raznykh linii

The transfer of lymphocytes together with sheep erythrocytes from partially hepatectomized mice to syngenous lethally irradiated mice (CAB and C57BL) increased the number of antibody forming cells in the recipient's spleen. The lymphocytes of CBA mice acquired this ability much earlier after the operation (in 4 hours) than those of the C57BL mice (in 17 hours). After the transfer of lymphocytes in the semisyngenous system there was a decrease of antibody forming cells during subsequent recipient's immunization with sheep erythrocytes; this was the result of the graft versus host reaction. The latter reaction was less marked in the operated than in control mice. These changes also occurred earlier after the operation in the CBA than in C57BL mice.

[Influence of the maternal effect on allogenic inhibition of hematopoietic stem cells]. / Vliianie materinskogo éffekta na allogennuiu ingibitsiiu stvolovykh krovetvornykh kletok

Bone marrow cells (0,5-10(6)) of female mice of CBA or C57BL strains were injected intravenously to lethally irradiated CBA, C57BL/6, (femaleCBA X maleC57BL/6)F1 and (femaleC57BL/6 X maleCBA)F1 mice. Spleen of recipients as assayed for colony count on the 9th day after bone marrow transplantation by the method of Till and McCullouch. Stem cells of CBA mice demonstrated failure of allogenic inhibition in (CBA X C57BL/6)F1 hybrid mice and formed the same number of colonies as in the spleen of syngenic recipients. The level of allogenic inhibition of CBA stem cells transplanted to (C57BL/6 X X CBA)F1 hybrid mice was 50%. Bone marrow cells of C57BL/6 mice formed colonies in spleen of (CBA X C57BL/6)F1 mice at least in 20 times less than in syngenic combination. In the transplantation of bone marrow from C57BL/6 mice to (C57BL/6 X CBA)F1 hybrid mice the allogenic inhibition was less pronounced (77-85%) as compared with the transfer of cells to (CBA X C57BL/6)F1 hybrid mice (95%). The sex of a recipient did not influence the number of formed colonies. The different level of allogenic inhibition of parental stem cells can not be explained by the effect of linkage with sex as the female of reciprocal hybrid mice have identical structure of sex chromosomes (X(CBA)XC57BL/6). The data obtained indicate that the maternal effect affects allogenic inhibition of stem cells in parent--F1 system. It is possible that the maternal influence may be determined by cytoplasmic factors of inheritance which affect the expressivity of recessive genes Hh, controlling the inheritance of specific haematopoietic cell antigens.

[Impairment of several forms of lymphocyte and hematopoietic stem cell interaction during tumor growth]. / Narushenie pri opukholevom roste nekotorykh form vzaimodeistviia limfotsitov i krovetvornykh stvolovykh kletok

The effect of the interaction between lymphocytes from tumor-bearing mice and stem cells was studied. It was found that in the process of tumor growth the property of lymphocytes to inactivate nonsyngeneic stem cells was not impaired. At the same time, during the process of tumor growth the property of lymphocytes to induce redifferentiation of syngeneic hemopoietic stem cells and to render a stimulating effect on the colony-forming activity of stem cells of the bone marrow is impaired under conditions of a manifested allogenic inhibition.