Peripheral T cell lymphoma initially presenting in lung biopsies: A diagnostic challenge.

BACKGROUND: Primary or secondary pulmonary involvement by peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) is rare and difficult to diagnose particularly via lung biopsies. METHODS: 22 cases of PTCL diagnosed initially in lung biopsies between January 2006 and November 2020 were retrospectively reviewed followed at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, respectively, including clinical manifestations, baseline biochemical indexes, images, histological findings and other available ancillary studies such as immunostaining, Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization and T-cell receptor rearrangement analysis upon diagnosis. RESULTS: The median age of these patients was 59 years old (range: 29-82 years) at diagnosis. The majority of them complained of fever, cough and fatigue. Computed tomography scans mainly revealed multiple ill-defined nodules/masses of various sizes and densities with or without air bronchogram. Microscopically, most lesions showed lymphoid cells with clear cytoplasm and irregular nuclear contours diffusely infiltrating alveolar septa or alveolar spaces in an inflammatory background. Several cases had a predominance of small neoplastic cells (n = 4) with atypical, irregular nuclei. One case showed a diffuse monotonous pattern of growth. Angioinvasion and necrosis were not uncommon findings. The neoplastic cells in all cases were positive for one or more T-cell markers, and negative for B-cell-lineage antigens and EBER. 19 out of 22 patients had complete follow-up information, and 17 patients were dead at the last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary involvement by PTCL is rare with dismal outcome. Aggressive clinical course and several clinicopathologic clues, albeit unspecific, may alert the pathologists of the possibilities of pulmonary PTCLs.

Clinical characteristics and prognostic analysis of SMARCA4-deficient non-small cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: To improve the understanding of special types of tumors, we summarized and analyzed the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of SMARCA4-deficient non-small cell lung cancer (SMARCA4-dNSCLC). METHODS: We selected 105 patients with SMARCA4-dNSCLC and 221 patients with SMARCA4-intact non-small cell lung cancer (SMARCA4-iNSCLC) by performing immunohistochemical analysis of 1520 NSCLC samples, and we assessed the patients' clinicopathological features and survival state. RESULTS: (1) SMARCA4-dNSCLC was significantly associated with older age, male sex, smoking history, larger invasive tumor size, higher tumor proliferation index (Ki-67), more adrenal metastases, more lymph node metastases, and few EGFR mutations (p < 0.05). The tumors were mostly negative for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), CD34, and p40 and positive for cytokeratin 7 (CK7) in immunohistochemistry (IHC). Nineteen SMARCA4-dNSCLC patients mostly had TP53, SMARCA4, and LRP1B mutations, and 48% of them had SMARCA4 frameshift mutations. SMARCA4-dNSCLC patients have a worse prognosis than SMARCA4-iNSCLC patients (HR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.17-0.45). The overall survival (OS) of patients with stage III SMARCA4-dNSCLC was worse than that of patients with SMARCA4-iNSCLC, and the OS of stage IV SMARCA4-dNSCLC patients was also worse than that of SMARCA4-iNSCLC patients (p < 0.01). (2) Multivariate regression analysis showed that sex (HR: 4.12; 95% CI: 1.03-16.39) and smoking history (HR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.04-5.02) had significant effects on the survival time of SMARCA4-dNSCLC patients. In SMARCA4-dNSCLC patients without distant metastases (stage I-III), patients with stage N2 or N3 lymph node metastases (HR: 6.35; 95% CI: 1.07-37.47) had a poor prognosis. Among patients with SMARCA4-dNSCLC who were treated and had distant metastases (stage IV), male patients and patients treated with immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy showed a longer median overall survival (mOS). CONCLUSION: SMARCA4-dNSCLC has unique clinicopathological features and a shorter survival prognosis than SMARCA4-iNSCLC. The efficacy of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy needs to be observed for longer periods.

c-Myb facilitates immune escape of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells through the miR-145-5p/SPOP/PD-L1 axis.

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a subtype of esophageal carcinoma, is a severe health problem associated with high death rate and poor prognosis. Immunotherapy has proven to be effective in many solid tumors, including EAC, but immune escape blocks its effectiveness. Thus, we explored the mechanisms and functional role of c-Myb in immune escape of EAC cells. Clinical EAC tissues were collected for determining the expression of c-Myb, speckled POZ protein (SPOP), and miR-145-5p. Functional assays were then performed to detect the interactions between c-Myb and SPOP as well as between SPOP and miR-145-5p. EAC cell invasion and migration were assessed. Next, T cells were sorted and cocultured with EAC cells with different treatments followed by detection of T-cell viability. In addition, a mouse model of EAC was constructed for relevant in vivo assays. c-Myb and miR-145-5p were highly expressed and SPOP had low expressions in EAC. c-Myb activated the transcription of miR-145-5p, which in turn targeted SPOP. Further, SPOP accelerated the ubiquitination of PD-L1 to enhance its expression. Overexpression of PD-L1 suppressed T-cell functions and promoted proliferative and migrative abilities of EAC cells to induce immune escape. The above findings were also confirmed in the ECA mouse model in vivo. Our findings uncovered that c-Myb can promote the immune escape of EAC cells by favoring the transcription of miR-145-5p and inhibiting SPOP-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of PD-L1, thus, presenting new target for EAC adjunct therapy.

[Retracted] HNF1A­AS1 promotes growth and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by sponging miR­214 to upregulate the expression of SOX-4.

Following the publication of this paper, it was drawn to the authors' attention by an interested reader that the Transwell invasion assay images in Fig. 3A had been duplicated and re­presented within the same Figure. Furthermore, the same data were strikingly similar, in spite of their different presentation, to data featured in Fig. 2A of an article appearing in Oncology Research [Gu J, Cui, C­F, Yang, L, Wang L and Jiang X­H: Emodin inhibits colon cancer cell invasion and migration by suppressing epithelial­mesenchymal transition via the Wnt/ß­catenin pathway. Oncol Res 27: 193­202, 2019]. Finally, some of the tumour images featured in Fig. 6A of the above paper were strikingly similar to those featured in several other publications. The Editor asked the authors for an explanation to account for the appearance of strikingly similar data in their paper independently, and they responded to request that the paper be retracted from International Journal of Oncology. All the authors agreed that the article should be retracted. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused.[the original article was published in International Journal of Oncology 51: 657­667, 2017; DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4034].

High Expression of PLAGL2 is Associated With Poor Prognosis in High-Grade Glioma.

Pleomorphic adenoma gene like-2 (PLAGL2) has been implicated in the development and progression of diverse malignancies, including glioblastoma. An increasing number of studies have reported that dysregulated expression of PLAGL2 is a common phenomenon in different malignancies. However, the mechanism and biological functions of PLAGL2 in patients with high-grade glioma (HGG) remain unclear. In addition, the expression and clinical significance of PLAGL2 in HGG have not yet been reported. Herein, we investigated the expression patterns and prognostic values of PLAGL2 in patients with HGG by using various databases, including Tumor Immune Estimation Resource 2.0 (TIMER2.0), GENT2, ONCOMINE, GEPIA, Human Protein Atlas, and Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. In the present study, we analyzed the relationship between PLAGL2 mRNA expression and clinical parameters in 184 HGG cases and found that PLAGL2 presented positively high expression and was relevant to poor prognosis. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the overexpression of PLAGL2 protein, which is mainly expressed in the nucleus of glioma. Additionally, a high level of expression of the PLAGL2 gene was associated with lower survival in progression-free survival and overall survival in GBM patients. The correlation analysis between PLAGL2 and immune infiltration related to the abundance of B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, DCs, and neutrophils was also performed using TIMER2.0. GSEA results showed that high PLAGL2 expression was associated with cell migration, proliferation, actin cytoskeletal, and angiogenesis. To sum up, our findings indicated that PLAGL2 could serve as an independent prognostic biomarker and might be a potential therapeutic target for HGG, which should be further investigated.

Effect of Pim-3 Downregulation on Proliferation and Apoptosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Pim-3 on lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. A549 cells were divided into an untreated group (without any treatment), a scramble siRNA group (transfected with control siRNA), and a Pim-3-deficient group (transfected with Pim-3 siRNA). METHODS: Pim-3-deficient cells are the experimental sample, whereas scramble siRNA and untreated cells are the corresponding negative controls. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of Pim-3 protein, the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and the expression levels of downstream target genes (p21, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and Bax). Flow cytometry was performed to analyze cell cycle and apoptosis. RESULTS: In the Pim-3-deficient group, Pim-3 was downregulated, the STAT3 phosphorylation level decreased, the levels of cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 decreased, but the levels of p21 and Bax increased. Meanwhile, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited (P<0.05); specifically, the G0/G1-phase cell proportion increased, whereas the S-phase cell proportion decreased and the proportion of early apoptotic cells increased significantly (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The downregulation of Pim-3 was closely related to the activation status of the lung STAT3 signaling pathway, mediated cell proliferation inhibition and induced apoptosis.

Blocking OLFM4/HIF-1α axis alleviates hypoxia-induced invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and chemotherapy resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer.

Hypoxia is a common biological hallmark of solid cancers, which has been proposed to be associated with oncogenesis and chemotherapy resistance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) in the hypoxia-induced invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and chemotherapy resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We observed dramatically upregulated expression of OLFM4 in several NSCLC cell lines, and this effect was more pronounced in A549 and H1299 cells. In addition, our data revealed that OLFM4 expression was remarkably increased in both A549 and H1299 cells under hypoxic microenvironment, accompanied by enhanced levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein. The HIF-1α level was elevated in response to hypoxia, resulting in the regulation of OLFM4. Interestingly, OLFM4 was a positive regulator of hypoxia-driven HIF-1α production. Moreover, depletion of OLFM4 modulated multiple EMT-associated proteins, as evidenced by the enhanced E-cadherin levels along with the diminished expression of N-cadherin and vimentin in response to hypoxia, and thus blocked invasion ability of A549 and H1299 cells following exposure to hypoxia. Furthermore, ablation of OLFM4 accelerated the sensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin under hypoxic conditions, implying that OLFM4 serves as a key regulator in chemotherapeutic resistance under hypoxia. In conclusion, OLFM4/HIF-1α axis might be a potential therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.

Clinicopathological analysis of the hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder with natural killer cell phenotype compared with cutaneous natural killer T-cell lymphoma.

Hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder (HVLPD) is defined as a distinctive clinicopathological type of cutaneous lymphoma and a subset of patients with this disease exhibit the natural killer (NK)-cell phenotype. The HVLPD-NK cell phenotype may be difficult to distinguish from cutaneous natural killer T-cell lymphoma (CNKTL), as these two diseases share similar immunophenotypic markers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the clinicopathological features of this rare disease and compare these features with those of CNKTL. The clinical, histopathological and molecular features of 5 patients with the HVLPD-NK cell phenotype and 11 patients with CNKTL were evaluated. As well as certain subtle histopathological differences, there marked differences the age, distribution of lesions and clinical course differed between patients with these two diseases. These results suggest that the HVLPD-NK cell phenotype should be classified as a separate disorder and treated accordingly.

MiR-543 Promotes Migration, Invasion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Esophageal Cancer Cells by Targeting Phospholipase A2 Group IVA.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of miR-543 and phospholipase A2 group IVA (PLA2G4A) in cell mobility and the invasiveness cascade in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and to validate the interactive relationship between miR-543 and PLA2G4A. METHODS: Microarray analysis showed the different expression levels of PLA2G4A in two ESCC cell lines (KYSE30 and KYSE180). The expression levels of miR-543 and PLA2G4A in ESCC tissues were confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The targeted relationship between miR-543 and PLA2G4A was studied and verified by a luciferase activity assay. Then, the invasion and metastasis ability of ESCC cell lines transfected with miR-543 mimics, miR-543 inhibitor, or PLA2G4A and miR-543 mimics were analyzed separately by Transwell migration and invasion assays. In addition, the roles of miR-543 and PLA2G4A in the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin were also investigated. RESULTS: PLA2G4A up-regulated the level of E-cadherin and down-regulated the level of vimentin, which curbed ESCC cell mobility and invasion. In ESCC cells, the expression of miR-543 was significantly higher, whereas the expression of PLA2G4A was markedly lower. MiR-543 facilitated ESCC cell mobility and invasion by repressing PLA2G4A. CONCLUSIONS: MiR-543 enhanced the cell mobility and the invasiveness cascade in ESCC cells via the down-regulation of PLA2G4A expression.

LncRNA BDNF-AS inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in oesophageal cancer cells by targeting miR-214.

This study was aimed at exploring the effect of lncRNA BDNF-AS on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of oesophageal cancer (EC) cells. The expression of BDNF-AS and miR-214 in tissue samples and cells was measured by qRT-PCR. The targeted relationship between BDNF-AS and miR-214 was analysed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. After cell transfection, the cell proliferation activity was assessed by MTS method, while the migrating and invading abilities were evaluated by transwell assay. LncRNA BDNF-AS was remarkably down-regulated, while miR-214 was up-regulated in EC tissues and cells in comparison with normal tissues and cells. Overexpression of BDNF-AS significantly inhibited the abilities of cell proliferation, migration and invasion as well as the EMT processes of EC cells. The bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay indicated that BDNF-AS could be directly bound by miR-214. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-214 and BDNF-AS exerted suppressive influence on EC cell multiplication, migration, invasion and EMT processes. LncRNA BDNF-AS restrained cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT processes in EC cells by targeting miR-214.

p53 and P-glycoprotein influence chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Chemoresistance is a critical obstacle to the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mechanisms underlying resistance to doxorubicin, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil involve p53 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). p53 plays a role in cell growth; therefore, resistance mechanisms involve chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and p53 mutation and inactivation. P-gp is an energy-dependent drug efflux pump regulated by p53. Its role in drug resistance has provided new insights into the mechanisms underlying the involvement of p53 and P-gp in chemoresistance and may alter our traditional understanding of p53 and P-gp function. This review outlines the roles and principal mechanisms of p53 and P-gp mediated chemoresistance in HCC.

TP53TG1 enhances cisplatin sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells through regulating miR-18a/PTEN axis.

BACKGROUND: The acquisition of drug resistance has been considered as a main obstacle for cancer chemotherapy. Tumor protein 53 target gene 1 (TP53TG1), a p53-induced lncRNA, plays a vital role in the progression of human cancers. However, little is known about the detailed function and molecular mechanism of TP53TG1 in cisplatin resistance of NSCLC. METHODS: qRT-PCR analysis was used to detect the expression of TP53TG1, miR-18a and PTEN mRNA in NSCLC tissues and cells. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein level of PTEN and cleaved caspase-3. Cell viability and IC50 value were measured by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometry assay. Subcellular fractionation assay was used to identify the subcellular location of TP53TG1. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA pull down assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay were carried out to verify the interaction between TP53TG1 and miR-18a. Xenografts in nude mice were established to verify the effect of TP53TG1 on cisplatin sensitivity of NSCLC cells in vivo. RESULTS: TP53TG1 level was downregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Upregulated TP53TG1 enhanced cisplatin sensitivity and apoptosis of A549/DDP cells, while TP53TG1 depletion inhibited cisplatin sensitivity and apoptosis of A549 cells. TP53TG1 suppressed miR-18a expression in A549 cells. Moreover, TP53TG1-mediated enhancement effect on cisplatin sensitivity was abated following the restoration of miR-18a expression in A549/DDP cells, while si-TP53TG1-induced decrease of cisplatin sensitivity and apoptosis was counteracted by miR-18a inhibitor in A549 cells. Furthermore, TP53TG1 promoted PTEN expression via inhibiting miR-18a. Finally, TP53TG1 sensitized NSCLC cells to cisplatin in vivo. CONCLUSION: TP53TG1 increased the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to cisplatin by modulating miR-18a/PTEN axis, elucidating a novel approach to boost the effectiveness of chemotherapy for NSCLC.

miR-455-3p serves as prognostic factor and regulates the proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer through targeting HOXB5.

MicroRNAs (miRs) have been reported to play significantly roles in the initiation and progression of human cancers. miR-455-3p has been recently found could function as tumor suppressor in various human cancers. However, its expression and biological role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains elusive. In this study, we found miR-455-3p was markedly downregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Chi-square test to analyze the correlations between miR-455-3p expression and clinicopathological features revealed that miR-455-3p expression was correlated with poorly differentiated cancer and advanced tumor stage (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier curve revealed that low expression of miR-455-3p was correlated with shorter 5-year survival time (P = 0.029). Univariate and multivariate analyses identified low miR-455-3p expression was an unfavorable prognostic factor for overall survival. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies revealed that miR-455-3p inhibits cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Computer algorithm and dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-455-3p directly targets and suppresses HOXB5 in NSCLC. Further studies demonstrated that knockdown of HOXB5 attenuated the effect of miR-455-3p downregulation on cell proliferation and migration. Taken together, our results for the first time suggested that miR-455-3p was downregulated in NSCLC and was correlated with the poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. Also, miR-455-3p functions as tumor suppressor by directly targeting HOXB5 in NSCLC progression and may be used as a potential target for NSCLC treatment.

HNF1A­AS1 promotes growth and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by sponging miR­214 to upregulate the expression of SOX-4.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world, marked by dysphagia and weight loss, bringing great suffering to patients. HNF1A­AS1 (HAS1), a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), has been identified prevalently involved in various human cancers. However, the exact effects and molecular mechanisms of HAS1 in ESCC progression are still elusive. In this study, upregulated expression of HAS1 was detected in ESCC tissues and four human ESCC cell lines (KYSE70, KYSE450, EC109 and EC970) compared with normal tissues and cell lines. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of HAS1 largely suppressed cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis in KYSE70 and EC109 cells. The decreased expression of proliferation marker proteins and elevated level of apoptosis marker proteins further verified that HAS1­siRNA suppressed cell viability in ESCC cells. Besides, the silence of HAS1 strongly reduced the wound closing rate and the number of invasive cells compared with control group. HAS1-siRNA also restrained the expression of migration marker proteins matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF). In addition, miR­214 was predicted as a direct target of HAS1 by bioinformatics analysis. Downregulated expression of miR­214 was elevated in KYSE70 and EC109 cells transfected with HAS1-siRNA. Subsequently, elevated expression of miR­214 was suppressed by co-transfecting with miR­214 inhibitor in EC109 cells pretreated with HAS1-siRNA. The result of luciferase activity assay showed that luciferase activity was strongly weakened by the combination of LncR-HAS1 WT and miR­214 mimic. Moreover, the expression of SOX-4, a predicted target gene of miR­214, was suppressed by HAS1-siRNA and was increased by miR­214 inhibitor. HAS1-siRNA counteracted the effect of miR­214 inhibitor on cell viability and mobility in EC109 cells. Finally, the in vivo experiment revealed that HAS1-siRNA abated the role of miR­214 inhibitor in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. miR-214 also mediated the effect of HAS1 on upregulating the expression of SOX-4 in vivo. Taken together, our study indicated a HAS1-miR­214-SOX-4 pathway in regulating the growth and metastasis of ESCC, providing a promising target for ESCC therapy.

Prognostic significance of CD30 expression in nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma.

The present study aimed to investigate the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 (CD30) in extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) using immunohistochemistry, and to evaluate the association between CD30 and clinicopathological and prognostic significance. CD30 expression was detected using immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections obtained from 122 patients with ENKTL prior to treatment. In total, 70 of these patients with complete clinical data were collected for prognostic analysis. The level of CD30 expression, of the 122 patients with ENKTL, was grouped on the basis of a 5-tiered scale as follows: 0%, no staining; 1+, <25% positive cells; 2+, 25-50% positive cells; 3+, 50-75% positive cells; and 4+, >75% positive cells). In total, 36 (29.5%) were classified as 0; 46 (37.7%) as 1+; 22 (18.0%) as 2+; 12 (9.8%) as 3+; and 6 (4.9%) as 4+. Among the 86 patients with scores between 1+ and 4+, the membranous staining patterns of CD30 expression were sporadic (33.7%), focal (43.2%), diffuse (15.1%) and angiocentric (8.1%). When considering a score of ≥3+ as CD30 positivity (CD30+), the CD30+ group had significantly shorter overall survival rates (P=0.0023) and progression-free survival rate (P=0.0008) compared with CD30 negative group. However, no statistically significant association was found between CD30 expression and clinicopathological features (P<0.05). The present study found that the expression of CD30 (≥3+) was significantly associated with poor prognosis but was not associated with clinical and histopathological parameters in ENKTL. Therefore, CD30 may be a useful prognostic marker in ENKTL.

Prognosis of surgery combined with different adjuvant therapies in esophageal cancer treatment: a network meta-analysis.

This network meta-analysis was conducted to assess whether the efficacy of surgery with adjuvant therapies, including radiotherapy (RT+S), chemotherapy (CT+S), and chemoradiotherapy (CRT+S) have better performance in esophageal cancer treatment and management. PubMed and EMBASE were used to search for relevant trials. Both conventional pair-wise and network meta-analyses were carried out. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was used to rank interventions based on the efficacy of the treatment method. As for 3-year overall survival (OS), CRT+S showed the highest efficacy (CRT+S vs. SURGERY: HR=0.81, 95% CrI =0.73-0.90; CRT+S vs. CT+S: HR=0.82, 95% CrI =0.70-0.95; CRT+S vs. RT+S: HR=0.77, 95% CrI =0.62-0.95). For disease-free survival, CRT+S showed efficacy over CT+S ((HR =0.70, 95% CrI =0. 59-0.83). In conclusion, CRT+S showed a better performance for survival outcomes and ranks best among all therapies. The results of our study can provide guidance for medical decisions and treatment options that may help clinical practitioners improve the efficacy of EC treatment.

CT and clinical findings of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour in children.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical, CT and pathological findings of paediatric peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumours (pPNETs) to enhance the recognition of these rare tumours. METHODS: The clinical, CT and pathological findings of 18 paediatric patients with pPNETs confirmed by biopsy or surgical pathology were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The age of these 18 paediatric patients with pPNETs ranged from 4 months to 15 years, with a mean age of 7.7 years. The lesions of these 18 paediatric patients with pPNETs were located in the head and neck (n = 4), chest (n = 2), abdomen and pelvic cavity (n = 6), spine (n = 3), ilium (n = 2) and femur (n = 1). Immunohistochemical examination revealed Homer-Wright rosettes in seven lesions, and 94.4% of lesions showed consistent positive staining for CD99. On plain CT images, the majority of pPNETs showed lesions that were ill-defined (72.2%), irregularly shaped (83.3%), heterogeneous (66.7%) or hypodense masses (94.4%), and together with osteolytic bone destruction when the lesion originated in the bone. Calcifications were found in three lesions. After contrast administration, all soft-tissue masses were persistently enhanced heterogeneously with various cystic or necrotic regions, and 71.4% of them had linear enhancement. 94.4% of soft-tissue masses showed a moderate degree of enhancement. Seven cases had lymph node metastasis at diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Paediatric pPNET can involve any part of the body, and a large, ill-defined, aggressive soft-tissue mass and moderate heterogeneous enhancement with varying cystic regions and linear enhancement, with or without osteolytic bone destruction, on CT images could suggest the diagnosis. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Primitive neuroectodermal tumours constitute a rare type of malignant neuroectodermal tumours that have chromosomal translocations identical to Ewing's sarcoma, and reports about radiological characteristics of this disease in children are insufficient. This study has described the clinical features and CT and pathological findings in 18 paediatric patients diagnosed with pPNETs in different locations, as a way to enhance the recognition of these tumours and help to differentiate from other types of paediatric malignant bone and soft-tissue tumours.

Inhibitor of DNA binding 4 functions as a tumor suppressor and is targetable by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytosine with potential therapeutic significance in Burkitt's lymphoma.

Epigenetic gene silencing due to promoter methylation is observed in human neoplasia, including lymphoma and certain cancer types. One important target for gene methylation analysis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is inhibitor of DNA binding 4 (ID4). The present study aimed to investigate the gene methylation status of ID4, the expression of ID4 protein and the effect of demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytosine (CdR) in the Raji human Burkitt's lymphoma cell line in vitro. Following assessment of the inhibition of Raji cell growth by various concentrations of CdR, the effects of CdR on the expression of ID4 protein were assessed using the immunocytochemical streptavidin-peroxidase method and semi-quantitative analysis, while apoptosis and cell cycle were determined by flow cytometry. The ID4 gene methylation status of Raji cells was tested using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis. ID4 was methylated and its protein expression was low in the control group, while ID4 was partly or completely demethylated and its protein expression was upregulated in Raji cells treated with CdR. In addition, CdR induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in Raji cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These results demonstrated that ID4 is hypermethylated and its protein expression is low in Burkitt's lymphoma cells, while CdR reversed the abnormal DNA methylation and induced re-expression of ID4 protein. Hypermethylation of ID4 promotes the proliferation of Burkitt's lymphoma cells; ID4 may function as a tumor suppressor and can be targeted with demethylating compounds such as CdR for the treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma.

Role of microRNAs in metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer.

Lung cancer causes the most number of deaths from cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, is responsible for more than 80% of primary lung cancer cases. As metastasis is the main cause of death, understanding the mechanisms underlying NSCLC metastasis are essential for improving the treatment of this disease. Recent studies have found that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the progression from cell invasion and migration to final tumor metastasis of NSCLC. In this review, we will discuss the role and mechanisms of miRNAs related to the metastasis of NSCLC.