Pharmacokinetic Study of Nalbuphine in Surgical Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia with Varying Degrees of Liver Dysfunction.

Purpose: This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine in patients undergoing general anesthesia with varying degrees of liver dysfunction. Patients and Methods: Twenty-four patients were enrolled and divided into three cohorts based on liver function: normal liver function (n = 13), mild liver dysfunction (n = 5), and moderate/severe liver dysfunction (n = 6). During the induction of anesthesia, they received 15 mg of nalbuphine intravenously. Venous blood samples were collected from each patient. The plasma concentration of nalbuphine was determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The pharmacokinetic parameters of nalbuphine were calculated by non-compartmental analysis (NCA) using Phoenix WinNonlin software. Results: Compared with the normal liver function group, the plasma elimination half-life (T1/2) of nalbuphine was increased by approximately 33% in the moderate/severe liver dysfunction group (2.66 h vs 3.54 h, P<0.05), and the volume of distribution (Vd) increased by approximately 85% (100.08 L vs 184.95 L, P<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that weight and platelet were associated with clearance (CL); total bilirubin as an independent factor was associated with T1/2, and weight associated with area under the curve (AUC(0→∞)) independently. Conclusion: The T1/2, mean residence time, and Vd of nalbuphine in patients with moderate/severe liver dysfunction were prolonged or increased significantly compared with those in the normal liver function group. These data suggest that it may need to be used with caution when nalbuphine is administered to patients with moderate or severe liver dysfunction.

A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild marine mammals and associations with epidemiological variables.

Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild marine mammals is a growing problem and is associated with adverse impacts on marine animal and public health. This systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression estimates the global prevalence of T. gondii infection in wild marine mammals and analyses the association between T. gondii infection and epidemiological variables. PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data databases were searched until 30 May 2021. Eighty-four studies (n = 14,931 wild marine mammals from 15 families) were identified from literature. The overall pooled prevalence of T. gondii infection was 22.44% [3848/14,931; 95% confidence interval (CI): 17.29-28.04]. The prevalence in adult animals 21.88% (798/3119; 95% CI: 13.40-31.59) was higher than in the younger age groups. North America had a higher prevalence 29.92% (2756/9243; 95% CI: 21.77-38.77) compared with other continents. At the country level, the highest prevalence was found in Spain 44.26% (19/88; 95%CI: 5.21-88.54). Regarding climatic variables, the highest prevalence was found in areas with a mean annual temperature >20°C 36.28% (171/562; 95% CI: 6.36-73.61) and areas with an annual precipitation > 800 mm 26.92% (1341/5042; 95% CI: 18.20-36.59). The subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that study-level covariates, including age, country, continent, and mean temperature, partly explained the between-study heterogeneity. Further studies are needed to investigate the source of terrestrial to aquatic dissemination of T. gondii oocysts, the fate of this parasite in marine habitat and its effects on wild marine mammals.

[Chemical constituents of Juncus setchuensis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Juncus setchuensis. METHODS: Column chromatography was used in the isolation procedure. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by spectral data. RESULTS: Eight compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (1), physcion (2), stigmasterol (3), stigmast-3,6-dione (4), vanillin (5), n-heptacosanoic acid (6), trans-hydroxycinnamic (7) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid (8). CONCLUSION: Compound 1, 2, 4 and 6 are obtained from this genus for the first time and all the compounds are obtained from this plant for the first time.

DMF/H2O volume ratio controls the syntheses and transformations of a series of cobalt complexes constructed using a rigid angular multitopic ligand.

Through middle-temperature solvothermal reactions of CoCl(2).6H(2)O with the rigid-angled ligand 3-(2'-pyridyl)-5-(4''-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole (Hdpt24), we obtained the three cobalt complexes {[Co(dpt24)(2))](3).4DMF.1.5H(2)O}(n) (1), {[Co(dpt24)(2))](2).H(2)O}(n) (2), and Co(dpt24)(2)(Hdpt24).H(2)O] (4) at N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/H(2)O volume ratios of 9:1, 1:1, and 0:1, respectively. Interestingly, 1 underwent transformations into 2, {[Co(dpt24)(2)].0.5DMF}(n) (3), and 4 when treated with DMF/H(2)O at volume ratios of 1:1, 1:9, and 0:1, respectively. Moreover, 3 and 4 converted back to 1 in 9:1 DMF/H(2)O and to 2 in 1:1 DMF/H(2)O; 3 transformed into 4 in H(2)O and vice versa in 1:9 DMF/H(2)O. Structurally, 1 is a three-dimensional (3D) 2-fold interpenetrating distorted NbO-type complex, 2 possesses a two-dimensional layer metal-organic framework, 3 is a 3D 2-fold interpenetrating typical NbO-type complex, and 4 is a wheel-shaped mononuclear neutral complex. This approach, using a mixed solvent's component ratio to direct the syntheses and conversions of four cobalt complexes, provides unprecedented control for crystal engineering.