46 XY Ovotesticular Disorder: A Rare Case Report with Review of Literature.

Ovotesticular disorder represents 10% of cases of disorder of sex development characterized by the presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue in the same individual, with karyotype 46 XY being a rare sex chromosomal abnormality. We report the case of a 16-year-old person, who is reared as female, with a complaint of primary amenorrhea along with lack of secondary sexual characteristics, karyotype 46 XY. Prophylactic bilateral gonadectomy was done, and histopathological examination of bilateral gonads revealed ovarian stroma with a few Sertoli cell line tubules suggestive of bilateral ovotestis; hence, we concluded and framed our diagnosis of ovotesticular disorder.

Long-term ovarian hormone deprivation alters functional connectivity, brain neurochemical profile and white matter integrity in the Tg2576 amyloid mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Premenopausal bilateral ovariectomy is considered to be one of the risk factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate long-term neurological consequences of ovariectomy in a rodent AD model, TG2576 (TG), and wild-type mice (WT) that underwent an ovariectomy or sham-operation, using in vivo MRI biomarkers. An increase in osmoregulation and energy metabolism biomarkers in the hypothalamus, a decrease in white matter integrity, and a decrease in the resting-state functional connectivity was observed in ovariectomized TG mice compared to sham-operated TG mice. In addition, we observed an increase in functional connectivity in ovariectomized WT mice compared to sham-operated WT mice. Furthermore, genotype (TG vs. WT) effects on imaging markers and GFAP immunoreactivity levels were observed, but there was no effect of interaction (Genotype × Surgery) on amyloid-beta-and GFAP immunoreactivity levels. Taken together, our results indicated that both genotype and ovariectomy alters imaging biomarkers associated with AD.

Evaluation of Tumor-associated Tissue Eosinophilia in Different Stages of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma using Special Stains: An in vitro Histopathological Study.

AIM: To evaluate the tissue eosinophilia in different stages and grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and correlate its possible role as a prognosticator in primary OSCC using special stains like Congo red and carbol chromotrope. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five intraoral histopathologi-cally proven cases of OSCC were selected (15 cases each of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC), moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC), and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC)). Three sections of 4 pm were taken for each case. All slides were stained using routine stain, i.e., hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and special stains, i.e., carbol chromotrope and Congo red respectively, for studying tissue eosinophils in all these groups. Histopathological evaluation was performed on paraffin sections for calculating the quantitative eosinophil distribution by two separate observers who were blinded to clinical and histopathological data. Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) was calculated using the density method. RESULTS: An increase in the degree of TATE from stage I to stage IV suggested that elevated tissue eosinophilia was seen with an increasing size of primary tumor. Also an increase in TATE was observed with an increasing grade of OSCC. Chromotrope stain was found to be a much better and more specific stain for eosinophils, and gave more accurate eosinophil count compared with H&E and Congo red. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study highlight the significance of eosinophil counting and that it can be used as an additional morphological parameter in the grading of OSCC which can also be included in the biopsy report.