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Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica , Miocitos Cardíacos , Humanos , Miocitos Cardíacos/patología , Pruebas Genéticas , Mutación , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/genética , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/patología , Cadenas Pesadas de Miosina/genética , Miosinas Cardíacas/genéticaRESUMEN
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an understudied cause of myocardial infarction primarily affecting women. It is not known to what extent SCAD is genetically distinct from other cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). Here we present a genome-wide association meta-analysis (1,917 cases and 9,292 controls) identifying 16 risk loci for SCAD. Integrative functional annotations prioritized genes that are likely to be regulated in vascular smooth muscle cells and artery fibroblasts and implicated in extracellular matrix biology. One locus containing the tissue factor gene F3, which is involved in blood coagulation cascade initiation, appears to be specific for SCAD risk. Several associated variants have diametrically opposite associations with CAD, suggesting that shared biological processes contribute to both diseases, but through different mechanisms. We also infer a causal role for high blood pressure in SCAD. Our findings provide novel pathophysiological insights involving arterial integrity and tissue-mediated coagulation in SCAD and set the stage for future specific therapeutics and preventions.
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Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria , Infarto del Miocardio , Enfermedades Vasculares , Humanos , Femenino , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Enfermedades Vasculares/genética , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plasticity is a central mechanism in cardiovascular health and disease. We aimed at providing cellular phenotyping, epigenomic and proteomic depiction of SMCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells and evaluating their potential as cellular models in the context of complex diseases. METHODS: Human induced pluripotent stem cell lines were differentiated using RepSox (R-SMCs) or PDGF-BB (platelet-derived growth factor-BB) and TGF-ß (transforming growth factor beta; TP-SMCs), during a 24-day long protocol. RNA-Seq and assay for transposase accessible chromatin-Seq were performed at 6 time points of differentiation, and mass spectrometry was used to quantify proteins. RESULTS: Both induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocols generated SMCs with positive expression of SMC markers. TP-SMCs exhibited greater proliferation capacity, migration and lower calcium release in response to contractile stimuli, compared with R-SMCs. Genes involved in the contractile function of arteries were highly expressed in R-SMCs compared with TP-SMCs or primary SMCs. R-SMCs and coronary artery transcriptomic profiles were highly similar, characterized by high expression of genes involved in blood pressure regulation and coronary artery disease. We identified FOXF1 and HAND1 as key drivers of RepSox specific program. Extracellular matrix content contained more proteins involved in wound repair in TP-SMCs and higher secretion of basal membrane constituents in R-SMCs. Open chromatin regions of R-SMCs and TP-SMCs were significantly enriched for variants associated with blood pressure and coronary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS: Both induced pluripotent stem cell-derived SMCs models present complementary cellular phenotypes of high relevance to SMC plasticity. These cellular models present high potential to study functional regulation at genetic risk loci of main arterial diseases.
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Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas , Humanos , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Proteómica , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Becaplermina/genética , Becaplermina/metabolismo , Becaplermina/farmacología , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Cromatina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Artery stenosis is a common cause of hypertension and stroke and can be due to atherosclerosis accumulation in the majority of cases and in a small fraction of patients to arterial fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). Artery stenosis due to atherosclerosis is widely studied with known risk factors (e.g. increasing age, male gender, and dyslipidemia) to influence its etiology, including genetic factors. However, the causes of noninflammatory and nonatherosclerotic stenosis in FMD are less understood. FMD occurs predominantly in early middle-age women, a fraction of the population where cardiovascular risk is different and understudied. FMD arteriopathies are often diagnosed in the context of hypertension and stroke and co-occur mainly with spontaneous coronary artery dissection, an atypical cause of acute myocardial infarction. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the understanding of molecular origins of FMD. Data were obtained from genetic studies using complementary methodological approaches applied to familial, syndromic, and sporadic forms of this intriguing arteriopathy. Rare variation analyses point toward mechanisms related to impaired prostacyclin signaling and defaults in fibrillar collagens. The study of common variation, mainly through a recent genome-wide association study, describes a shared genetic link with blood pressure, in addition to point at potential risk genes involved in actin cytoskeleton and intracellular calcium homeostasis supporting impaired vascular contraction as a key mechanism. We conclude this review with future strategies and approaches needed to fully understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms related to FMD.
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Aterosclerosis , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Displasia Fibromuscular , Hipertensión , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Aterosclerosis/complicaciones , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/complicaciones , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/genética , Constricción Patológica/complicaciones , Femenino , Displasia Fibromuscular/complicaciones , Displasia Fibromuscular/diagnóstico , Displasia Fibromuscular/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Accidente Cerebrovascular/complicacionesRESUMEN
AIMS: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common valvular heart disease with a prevalence of >2% in the general adult population. Despite this high incidence, there is a limited understanding of the molecular mechanism of this disease, and no medical therapy is available for this disease. We aimed to elucidate the genetic basis of MVP in order to better understand this complex disorder. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a meta-analysis of six genome-wide association studies that included 4884 cases and 434 649 controls. We identified 14 loci associated with MVP in our primary analysis and 2 additional loci associated with a subset of the samples that additionally underwent mitral valve surgery. Integration of epigenetic, transcriptional, and proteomic data identified candidate MVP genes including LMCD1, SPTBN1, LTBP2, TGFB2, NMB, and ALPK3. We created a polygenic risk score (PRS) for MVP and showed an improved MVP risk prediction beyond age, sex, and clinical risk factors. CONCLUSION: We identified 14 genetic loci that are associated with MVP. Multiple analyses identified candidate genes including two transforming growth factor-ß signalling molecules and spectrin ß. We present the first PRS for MVP that could eventually aid risk stratification of patients for MVP screening in a clinical setting. These findings advance our understanding of this common valvular heart disease and may reveal novel therapeutic targets for intervention.
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Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral , Adulto , Sitios Genéticos/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Proteínas de Unión a TGF-beta Latente/genética , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/genética , Proteómica , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The fibrous annulus of the mitral valve plays an important role in valvular function and cardiac physiology, while normal variation in the size of cardiovascular anatomy may share a genetic link with common and rare disease. We derived automated estimates of mitral valve annular diameter in the 4-chamber view from 32,220 MRI images from the UK Biobank at ventricular systole and diastole as the basis for GWAS. Mitral annular dimensions corresponded to previously described anatomical norms, and GWAS inclusive of 4 population strata identified 10 loci, including possibly novel loci (GOSR2, ERBB4, MCTP2, MCPH1) and genes related to cardiac contractility (BAG3, TTN, RBFOX1). ATAC-Seq of primary mitral valve tissue localized multiple variants to regions of open chromatin in biologically relevant cell types and rs17608766 to an algorithmically predicted enhancer element in GOSR2. We observed strong genetic correlation with measures of contractility and mitral valve disease and clinical correlations with heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, and ventricular arrhythmias. Polygenic scoring of mitral valve annular diameter in systole was predictive of risk mitral valve prolapse across 4 cohorts. In summary, genetic and clinical studies of mitral valve annular diameter revealed genetic determinants of mitral valve biology, while highlighting clinical associations. Polygenic determinants of mitral valve annular diameter may represent an independent risk factor for mitral prolapse. Overall, computationally estimated phenotypes derived at scale from medical imaging represent an important substrate for genetic discovery and clinical risk prediction.
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ADN/genética , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/genética , Válvula Mitral/diagnóstico por imagen , Mutación , Contracción Miocárdica/fisiología , Proteínas Qb-SNARE/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Ecocardiografía , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Válvula Mitral/fisiopatología , Proteínas Qb-SNARE/metabolismoRESUMEN
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is an arteriopathy associated with hypertension, stroke and myocardial infarction, affecting mostly women. We report results from the first genome-wide association meta-analysis of six studies including 1556 FMD cases and 7100 controls. We find an estimate of SNP-based heritability compatible with FMD having a polygenic basis, and report four robustly associated loci (PHACTR1, LRP1, ATP2B1, and LIMA1). Transcriptome-wide association analysis in arteries identifies one additional locus (SLC24A3). We characterize open chromatin in arterial primary cells and find that FMD associated variants are located in arterial-specific regulatory elements. Target genes are broadly involved in mechanisms related to actin cytoskeleton and intracellular calcium homeostasis, central to vascular contraction. We find significant genetic overlap between FMD and more common cardiovascular diseases and traits including blood pressure, migraine, intracranial aneurysm, and coronary artery disease.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/complicaciones , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/genética , Displasia Fibromuscular/complicaciones , Displasia Fibromuscular/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Adulto , Arterias , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/genética , Femenino , Fibroblastos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Aneurisma Intracraneal , Proteína 1 Relacionada con Receptor de Lipoproteína de Baja Densidad/genética , Masculino , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , ATPasas Transportadoras de Calcio de la Membrana Plasmática/genética , Intercambiador de Sodio-Calcio/genética , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Triggering receptor expressing on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 is involved in the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease. Plasma soluble TREM-1 levels (sTREM-1) has been associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. However, the causative link between TREM-1 and MACE remains unknown and requires further investigation before developing potential therapeutic approaches. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the serum and DNA data bank from the prospective, nationwide French registry of Acute ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (FAST-MI 2010, N = 1293), we studied the association of plasma levels of sTREM-1 with 9 common genetic variants at the TREM1 locus and their relationship with recurrent MACE over a 3-year follow up. Plasma levels of sTREM-1 were associated with an increased risk of MACEs (death, recurrent MI or stroke) (adjusted HR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.06-3.26 and HR = 1.11, 95%CI = 0.61-2.02 respectively for tertiles 3 and 2 versus tertile 1, P < 0.001). The study of common variants identified two major genetic determinants of sTREM-1 (rs4714449: beta = -0.11, Padd = 7.85 × 10-5 and rs3804276: beta = 0.18, Padd = 2.65 × 10-11) with a potential role on maintenance and/or differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. However, associated variants only explained 4% of sTREM-1 variance (P = 2.74 × 10-14). Moreover, the rs4714449 variant, individually and in haplotype, was not significantly associated with MACE (HR = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.35-1.05, P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its relationship with increased risk of death, recurrent MI and stroke, genetic determinants of plasma levels of sTREM-1 were not found to be causal prognostic factors in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
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Infarto del Miocardio , Infarto del Miocardio sin Elevación del ST , Receptor Activador Expresado en Células Mieloides 1 , Humanos , Células Mieloides , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico , Infarto del Miocardio/epidemiología , Infarto del Miocardio/genética , Estudios Prospectivos , Receptor Activador Expresado en Células Mieloides 1/sangre , Receptor Activador Expresado en Células Mieloides 1/genéticaRESUMEN
RATIONALE: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common valvopathy that leads to mitral insufficiency, heart failure, and sudden death. Functional genomic studies in mitral valves are needed to better characterize MVP-associated variants and target genes. OBJECTIVE: To establish the chromatin accessibility profiles and assess functionality of variants and narrow down target genes at MVP loci. METHODS AND RESULTS: We mapped the open chromatin regions in nuclei from 11 human pathogenic and 7 nonpathogenic mitral valves by an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing. Open chromatin peaks were globally similar between pathogenic and nonpathogenic valves. Compared with the heart tissue and cardiac fibroblasts, we found that MV-specific assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing peaks are enriched near genes involved in extracellular matrix organization, chondrocyte differentiation, and connective tissue development. One of the most enriched motifs in MV-specific open chromatin peaks was for the nuclear factor of activated T cells family of TFs (transcription factors) involved in valve endocardial and interstitial cell formation. We also found that MVP-associated variants were significantly enriched (P<0.05) in mitral valve open chromatin peaks. Integration of the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing data with risk loci, extensive functional annotation, and gene reporter assay suggest plausible causal variants for rs2641440 at the SMG6/SRR locus and rs6723013 at the IGFBP2/IGFBP5/TNS1 locus. CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of the sequence including rs6723013 in human fibroblasts correlated with increased expression only for TNS1. Circular chromatin conformation capture followed by high-throughput sequencing experiments provided evidence for several target genes, including SRR, HIC1, and DPH1 at the SMG6/SRR locus and further supported TNS1 as the most likely target gene on chromosome 2. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we describe unprecedented genome-wide open chromatin profiles from human pathogenic and nonpathogenic MVs and report specific gene regulation profiles, compared with the heart. We also report in vitro functional evidence for potential causal variants and target genes at MVP risk loci involving established and new biological mechanisms. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Cromatina/genética , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/genética , Válvula Mitral/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Células Cultivadas , Cromatina/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteína 2 de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Proteína 5 de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/metabolismo , Telomerasa/genética , Tensinas/genética , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
AIMS: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) are related, non-atherosclerotic arterial diseases mainly affecting middle-aged women. Little is known about their physiopathological mechanisms. We aimed to identify rare genetic causes to elucidate molecular mechanisms implicated in FMD and SCAD. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analysed 29 exomes that included familial and sporadic FMD. We identified one rare loss-of-function variant (LoF) (frequencygnomAD = 0.000075) shared by two FMD sisters in the prostaglandin I2 receptor gene (PTGIR), a key player in vascular remodelling. Follow-up was conducted by targeted or Sanger sequencing (1071 FMD and 363 SCAD patients) or lookups in exome (264 FMD) or genome sequences (480 SCAD), all independent and unrelated. It revealed four additional LoF allele carriers, in addition to several rare missense variants, among FMD patients, and two LoF allele carriers among SCAD patients, including one carrying a rare splicing mutation (c.768 + 1C>G). We used burden test to test for enrichment in patients compared to gnomAD controls, which detected a putative enrichment in FMD (PTRAPD = 8 × 10-4), but not a significant enrichment (PTRAPD = 0.12) in SCAD. The biological effects of variants on human prostaclycin receptor (hIP) signalling and protein expression were characterized using transient overexpression in human cells. We confirmed the LoFs (Q163X and P17RfsX6) and one missense (L67P), identified in one FMD and one SCAD patient, to severely impair hIP function in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that rare genetic mutations in PTGIR are enriched among FMD patients and found in SCAD patients, suggesting a role for prostacyclin signalling in non-atherosclerotic stenosis and dissection.
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Anomalías de los Vasos Coronarios/genética , Displasia Fibromuscular/genética , Mutación con Pérdida de Función , Mutación Missense , Receptores de Epoprostenol/genética , Enfermedades Vasculares/congénito , Adulto , Anciano , Australia , Anomalías de los Vasos Coronarios/diagnóstico , Anomalías de los Vasos Coronarios/metabolismo , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Displasia Fibromuscular/diagnóstico , Displasia Fibromuscular/metabolismo , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Receptores de Epoprostenol/metabolismo , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos , Enfermedades Vasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Vasculares/genética , Enfermedades Vasculares/metabolismoAsunto(s)
Displasia Fibromuscular/genética , Hipertensión Renovascular/genética , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/genética , Adulto , Aneurisma/etiología , Angiografía por Tomografía Computarizada , Anticonceptivos Orales/efectos adversos , Mareo/etiología , Femenino , Displasia Fibromuscular/complicaciones , Displasia Fibromuscular/diagnóstico por imagen , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genotipo , Cefalea/etiología , Humanos , Hipertensión/genética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Sistema de Registros/estadística & datos numéricos , Accidente Cerebrovascular/etiología , Acúfeno/etiologíaRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are neuroendocrine tumors explained by germline or somatic mutations in about 70% of cases. Patients with SDHB mutations are at high risk of developing metastatic disease, yet no reliable tumor biomarkers are available to predict tumor aggressiveness. OBJECTIVE: We aimed at identifying long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) specific for PPGL molecular groups and metastatic progression. DESIGN AND METHODS: To analyze the expression of lncRNAs, we used a mining approach of transcriptome data from a well-characterized series of 187 tumor tissues. Clustering consensus analysis was performed to determine a lncRNA-based classification, and informative transcripts were validated in an independent series of 51 PPGLs. The expression of metastasis-related lncRNAs was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to estimate the predictive accuracy of potential markers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Univariate/multivariate and metastasis-free survival (MFS) analyses were carried out for the assessment of risk factors and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Four lncRNA-based subtypes strongly correlated with mRNA expression clusters (chi-square P-values from 1.38 × 10-32 to 1.07 × 10-67). We identified one putative lncRNA (GenBank: BC063866) that accurately discriminates metastatic from benign tumors in patients with SDHx mutations (area under the curve 0.95; P = 4.59 × 10-05). Moreover, this transcript appeared as an independent risk factor associated with poor clinical outcome of SDHx carriers (log-rank test P = 2.29 × 10-05). CONCLUSION: Our findings extend the spectrum of transcriptional dysregulations in PPGL to lncRNAs and provide a novel biomarker that could be useful to identify potentially metastatic tumors in patients carrying SDHx mutations.
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Neoplasias de las Glándulas Suprarrenales/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Paraganglioma/genética , Feocromocitoma/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante/análisis , Adolescente , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Suprarrenales/mortalidad , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Suprarrenales/patología , Glándulas Suprarrenales/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Niño , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Estudios de Factibilidad , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Paraganglioma/mortalidad , Paraganglioma/secundario , Feocromocitoma/mortalidad , Feocromocitoma/secundario , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Pronóstico , ARN Largo no Codificante/metabolismo , Curva ROC , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
AIMS: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a poorly understood disease that predominantly affects women during middle-life, with features that include stenosis, aneurysm, and dissection of medium-large arteries. Recently, plasma proteomics has emerged as an important means to understand cardiovascular diseases. Our objectives were: (i) to characterize plasma proteins and determine if any exhibit differential abundance in FMD subjects vs. matched healthy controls and (ii) to leverage these protein data to conduct systems analyses to provide biologic insights on FMD, and explore if this could be developed into a blood-based FMD test. METHODS AND RESULTS: Females with 'multifocal' FMD and matched healthy controls underwent clinical phenotyping, dermal biopsy, and blood draw. Using dual-capture proximity extension assay and nuclear magnetic resonance-spectroscopy, we evaluated plasma levels of 981 proteins and 31 lipid sub-classes, respectively. In a discovery cohort (Ncases = 90, Ncontrols = 100), we identified 105 proteins and 16 lipid sub-classes (predominantly triglycerides and fatty acids) with differential plasma abundance in FMD cases vs. controls. In an independent cohort (Ncases = 23, Ncontrols = 28), we successfully validated 37 plasma proteins and 10 lipid sub-classes with differential abundance. Among these, 5/37 proteins exhibited genetic control and Bayesian analyses identified 3 of these as potential upstream drivers of FMD. In a 3rd cohort (Ncases = 506, Ncontrols = 876) the genetic locus of one of these upstream disease drivers, CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), was independently validated as being associated with risk of having FMD (odds ratios = 1.36; P = 0.0003). Immune-fluorescence staining identified that CD2AP is expressed by the endothelium of medium-large arteries. Finally, machine learning trained on the discovery cohort was used to develop a test for FMD. When independently applied to the validation cohort, the test showed a c-statistic of 0.73 and sensitivity of 78.3%. CONCLUSION: FMD exhibits a plasma proteogenomic and lipid signature that includes potential causative disease drivers, and which holds promise for developing a blood-based test for this disease.
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Proteínas Sanguíneas/genética , Displasia Fibromuscular/sangre , Displasia Fibromuscular/genética , Proteogenómica , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/sangre , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/sangre , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/genética , Femenino , Displasia Fibromuscular/diagnóstico , Marcadores Genéticos , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Lípidos/sangre , Aprendizaje Automático , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Prueba de Estudio Conceptual , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Biología de Sistemas , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/genética , Enfermedad Coronaria/genética , Endotelina-1/fisiología , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/fisiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios de Cohortes , Enfermedad Coronaria/epidemiología , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Endotelina-1/biosíntesis , Endotelina-1/genética , Femenino , Displasia Fibromuscular/complicaciones , Displasia Fibromuscular/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/genética , Infarto del Miocardio/etiología , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Distribución por SexoRESUMEN
Transcription and maintenance of genome integrity are fundamental cellular functions. Deregulation of transcription and defects in DNA repair lead to serious pathologies. The Mediator complex links RNA polymerase (Pol) II transcription and nucleotide excision repair via Rad2/XPG endonuclease. However, the functional interplay between Rad2/XPG, Mediator and Pol II remains to be determined. In this study, we investigated their functional dynamics using genomic and genetic approaches. In a mutant affected in Pol II phosphorylation leading to Mediator stabilization on core promoters, Rad2 genome-wide occupancy shifts towards core promoters following that of Mediator, but decreases on transcribed regions together with Pol II. Specific Mediator mutations increase UV sensitivity, reduce Rad2 recruitment to transcribed regions, lead to uncoupling of Rad2, Mediator and Pol II and to colethality with deletion of Rpb9 Pol II subunit involved in transcription-coupled repair. We provide new insights into the functional interplay between Rad2, Mediator and Pol II and propose that dynamic interactions with Mediator and Pol II are involved in Rad2 loading to the chromatin. Our work contributes to the understanding of the complex link between transcription and DNA repair machineries, dysfunction of which leads to severe diseases.
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Cromatina/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Endodesoxirribonucleasas/metabolismo , Complejo Mediador/metabolismo , ARN Polimerasa II/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Reparación del ADN , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleasas/genética , Genoma Fúngico , Humanos , Complejo Mediador/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , ARN Polimerasa II/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genéticaRESUMEN
Background Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common heart valve disease, the most frequent indication for valve repair or replacement. MVP is characterized by excess extracellular matrix secretion and cellular disorganization, which leads to bulky valves that are unable to coapt correctly during ventricular systole resulting in mitral regurgitation, and it is associated with sudden cardiac death. Here we aim to characterize globally the biological mechanisms underlying genetic susceptibility to MVP to better characterize its triggering mechanisms. Methods We applied i-GSEA4GWAS and DEPICT, two pathway enrichment tools to MVP genome-wide association studies. We followed-up the association with MVP in an independent dataset of cases and controls. This research was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource. Immunohistochemistry staining for Glis1 (GLIS family zinc finger 1) was conducted in developing heart of mice. Knockdown of Glis1 using morpholinos was performed in zebrafish animals 72 hours postfertilization. Results We show that genes at risk loci are involved in biological functions relevant to actin filament organization, cytoskeleton biology, and cardiac development. The enrichment for positive regulation of transcription, cell proliferation, and migration motivated the follow-up of GLIS1, a transcription factor from the Krüppel-like zinc finger family. In combination with previously available data, we now report a genome-wide significant association with MVP (odds ratio, 1.20; P=4.36×10-10), indicating that Glis1 is expressed during embryonic development predominantly in nuclei of endothelial and interstitial cells of mitral valves in mouse. We also show that Glis1 knockdown causes atrioventricular regurgitation in developing hearts in zebrafish. Conclusions Our findings define globally molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying common genetic susceptibility to MVP and implicate established and unprecedented mechanisms. Through the GLIS1 association and function, we point at regulatory functions during cardiac development as common mechanisms to mitral valve degeneration.
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Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Animales , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Corazón/crecimiento & desarrollo , Válvulas Cardíacas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Válvulas Cardíacas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/etiología , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/metabolismo , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/complicaciones , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/embriología , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Reino Unido , Pez CebraRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an increasingly recognized cause of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) afflicting predominantly younger to middle-aged women. Observational studies have reported a high prevalence of extracoronary vascular anomalies, especially fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and a low prevalence of coincidental cases of atherosclerosis. PHACTR1/EDN1 is a genetic risk locus for several vascular diseases, including FMD and coronary artery disease, with the putative causal noncoding variant at the rs9349379 locus acting as a potential enhancer for the endothelin-1 (EDN1) gene. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to test the association between the rs9349379 genotype and SCAD. METHODS: Results from case control studies from France, United Kingdom, United States, and Australia were analyzed to test the association with SCAD risk, including age at first event, pregnancy-associated SCAD (P-SCAD), and recurrent SCAD. RESULTS: The previously reported risk allele for FMD (rs9349379-A) was associated with a higher risk of SCAD in all studies. In a meta-analysis of 1,055 SCAD patients and 7,190 controls, the odds ratio (OR) was 1.67 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.50 to 1.86) per copy of rs9349379-A. In a subset of 491 SCAD patients, the OR estimate was found to be higher for the association with SCAD in patients without FMD (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.53 to 2.33) than in SCAD cases with FMD (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.99). There was no effect of genotype on age at first event, P-SCAD, or recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The first genetic risk factor for SCAD was identified in the largest study conducted to date for this condition. This genetic link may contribute to the clinical overlap between SCAD and FMD.
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Anomalías de los Vasos Coronarios/epidemiología , Anomalías de los Vasos Coronarios/genética , Endotelina-1/genética , Displasia Fibromuscular/complicaciones , Sitios Genéticos/genética , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/genética , Enfermedades Vasculares/congénito , Adulto , Anciano , Australia , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Anomalías de los Vasos Coronarios/complicaciones , Femenino , Displasia Fibromuscular/genética , Francia , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Reino Unido , Estados Unidos , Enfermedades Vasculares/complicaciones , Enfermedades Vasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Vasculares/genéticaRESUMEN
Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD) is “an idiopathic, segmental, non-atherosclerotic and non-inflammatory disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to stenosis of small and medium-sized arteries” (Persu, et al; 2014). FMD can lead to hypertension, arterial dissections, subarachnoid haemorrhage, stroke or mesenteric ischemia. The pathophysiology of the disease remains elusive. While familial cases are rare (<5%) in contemporary FMD registries, there is evidence in favour of the existence of multiple genetic factors involved in this vascular disease. Recent collaborative efforts allowed the identification of a first genetic locus associated with FMD. This intronic variant located in the phosphatase and actin regulator 1 gene (PHACTR1) may influence the transcription activity of the endothelin-1 gene (EDN1) located nearby on chromosome 6. Interestingly, the PHACTR1 locus has also been involved in vascular hypertrophy in normal subjects, carotid dissection, migraine and coronary artery disease. National and international registries of FMD patients, with deep and harmonised phenotypic and genetic characterisation, are expected to be instrumental to improve our understanding of the genetic basis and pathophysiology of this intriguing vascular disease.
Asunto(s)
Displasia Fibromuscular/genética , Genómica/métodos , Animales , Endotelina-1/genética , Displasia Fibromuscular/patología , Sitios Genéticos , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/genética , Activación TranscripcionalRESUMEN
FOXL2 is a lineage determining transcription factor in the ovary, but its direct targets and modes of action are not fully characterized. In this study, we explore the targets of FOXL2 and five nuclear receptors in murine primary follicular cells. We found that FOXL2 is required for normal gene regulation by steroid receptors, and we show that estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) is the main vector of estradiol signaling in these cells. Moreover, we found that FOXL2 directly modulates Esr2 expression through a newly identified intronic element. Interestingly, we found that FOXL2 repressed the testis-determining gene Sox9 both independently of estrogen signaling and through the activation of ESR2 expression. Altogether, we show that FOXL2 mobilizes estrogen signaling to establish a coherent feed-forward loop repressing Sox9. This sheds a new light on the role of FOXL2 in ovarian maintenance and function.