Safety and utility of mechanical circulatory support in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although mechanical circulatory support (MCS) is an increasingly utilized therapeutic option in AMI-CS, studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of different forms of MCS have yielded conflicting results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of different forms of MCS. METHODS: A database search was performed for studies reporting on the association of different forms of MCS with clinical outcomes in patients with AMI-CS. The primary efficacy endpoints were short term (≤30 days) and long term (>30 days) all-cause mortality. Secondary efficacy endpoints included recurrent AMI, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, device-related limb complications, moderate to severe bleeding events, and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). RESULTS: 2752 patients with AMI-CS met inclusion criteria. Results were available comparing ECMO to other MCS or medical therapy alone, comparing IABP to medical therapy alone, and comparing pLVAD to IABP. Use of ECMO was not associated with lower risk of 30-day or long-term mortality compared to pVAD or standard medical therapy with or without IABP placement but was associated with higher risk of device-related limb complications and moderate to severe bleeding compared to pVAD. IABP use was not associated with a lower risk of 30 day or long-term mortality but was associated with higher risk of recurrent AMI and moderate to severe bleeding compared to medical therapy. Compared to IABP, pVAD use was associated with lower risk of CV mortality but not recurrent AMI. pVAD was associated with a higher risk of device-related limb complications and moderate to severe bleeding compared to IABP use. CONCLUSION: Use of ECMO or IABP in patients with AMI-CS is not associated with significant improvement in mortality. pVAD is associated with a lower risk of CV mortality. All MCS types are associated with increased risk of complications. Additional high-quality studies are needed to determine the optimal MCS therapy for patients with AMI-CS.

Utility of coronary revascularization in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Revascularization in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction has been a subject of ongoing uncertainty and conflicting results. This is further complicated by factors including viability, severity of LV dysfunction, and method of revascularization using percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG). OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the association of coronary revascularization with outcomes in patients with ischemic LV dysfunction. METHODS: A literature search was conducted for studies reporting on cardiovascular outcomes after revascularization compared to optimal medical therapy (OMT) in patients with ischemic LV dysfunction. RESULTS: A total of 23 studies with 10,110 participants met inclusion criteria. Revascularization was significantly associated with lower all-cause mortality and CV mortality compared to OMT. The association was statistically significant regardless of severity of LV dysfunction or method of revascularization. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that revascularization was significantly associated with lower all-cause and CV mortality compared to OMT for patients with viable myocardium and mixed cohorts with variable viability, but not patients without viable myocardium. Revascularization was not associated with a significant difference in risk of heart failure (HF) hospitalization or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to OMT. CONCLUSIONS: Revascularization in patients with ischemic LV dysfunction is associated with lower risk of all-cause and CV mortality independent of severity of LV dysfunction or method of revascularization. Revascularization is not associated with lower risk of mortality in patients without evidence of viable myocardium and is not associated with lower risk of AMI or HF hospitalization.

The role of structured inpatient lipid protocols in optimizing non-statin lipid lowering therapy: a review and single-center experience.

Dyslipidemia is a leading contributor to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). There has been a significant improvement in the treatment of dyslipidemia in the past 10 years with the development of new pharmacotherapies. The intent of this review is help enhance clinicians understanding of non-statin lipid lowering therapies in accordance with the 2022 American College of Cardiology Expert Consensus Clinical Decision Pathway on the Role of Non-statin Therapies for LDL-Cholesterol Lowering. We also present a single-center experience implementing a systematic inpatient protocol for lipid lowering therapy for secondary prevention of ASCVD.

Risk of Appropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapies and Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Heart Failure With Improved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy is controversial in patients who have heart failure with improved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) to >35% after implantation (HFimpEF). METHODS: Databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were queried for studies in patients with ICD that reported the association between HFimpEF and arrhythmic events (AEs), defined as the combined incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, appropriate ICD intervention, and sudden cardiac death (primary composite end point). RESULTS: A total of 41 studies and 38,572 patients (11,135 with HFimpEF, 27,437 with persistent EF ≤35%) were included; mean follow-up was 43 months. HFimpEF was associated with decreased AEs (odds ratio [OR] 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32 to 0.47; annual rate [AR] 4.1% vs 8%, p <0.01). Super-responders (EF ≥50%) had less risk of AEs than did patients with more modest reverse remodeling (EF >35% and <50%, OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.46, AR 2.7% vs 6.2%, p <0.01). Patients with HFimpEF who had an initial primary-prevention indication had less risk of AEs (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.61, AR 5.1% vs 10.3%, p <0.01). Among patients with primary prevention who had never received appropriate ICD therapy at the time of generator change, HFimpEF was associated with decreased subsequent AEs (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.59, AR 1.6% vs 4.8%, p <0.01). In conclusion, HFimpEF is associated with reduced, but not eliminated, risk for AEs in patients with ICDs. The decision to replace an ICD in subgroups at less risk should incorporate shared decision making based on risks for subsequent AEs and procedural complications.

Outcomes and Medical Therapy in Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCAs) is a disease that has been poorly characterized with unclear clinical and therapeutic outcomes. The association of medical therapy with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with MINOCA has been inadequately assessed. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the association of MINOCA at risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes as compared with myocardial infarction with coronary artery disease (MICAD) and the efficacy of medical therapy in reducing the risk of adverse outcomes. A literature search was conducted for studies reporting on the association of MINOCA at risk of adverse outcomes as compared with MICAD. A literature search was also conducted for studies reporting on the association of medical therapy at risk of adverse outcomes in patients with MINOCA. A total of 29 studies with 893,134 participants met inclusion criteria comparing MINOCA to MICAD. Patients with MINOCA had a significantly lower risk of adverse outcomes as compared with MICAD. Nine studies with 27,731 MINOCA patients met inclusion criteria for evaluating the utility of medical therapy. Medical therapy did not significantly reduce risk of MACE; however, there was a trend toward lower risk in patients treated with ß blockers. In conclusion, our results suggest that MINOCA is associated with a lower risk of in-hospital and long-term adverse outcomes compared with MICAD. Standard medical therapy is not associated with a lower risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with MINOCA. Additional high-quality studies are required to evaluate the utility of specific medication classes for the treatment of specific etiologies of MINOCA.

Utility of Fractional Flow Reserve Computed Tomography Angiography in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease.

Coronary computed tomography angiography is a modality with high negative predictive value for evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, its diagnostic accuracy for obstructive CAD is limited by multiple factors. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) computed tomography (FFRCT) is an emerging analysis tool for identifying flow-limiting disease; nonetheless, the prognostic value of FFRCT is not well established. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the association of FFRCT with clinical outcomes in patients with stable CAD. A literature search was conducted for studies reporting the association between FFRCT measurements and all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and any need for coronary revascularization. Obstructive disease was defined as a FFR value ≤0.80; nonobstructive disease was defined as an FFR value >0.80. Ten studies were identified to meet the inclusion criteria; mean follow-up was 17 months (range, 3 to 56 months). There was no difference in risk of all-cause mortality between patients with obstructive and those with nonobstructive CAD on FFRCT. However, obstructive lesions were associated with increased risk of MACE, AMI, and any need for revascularization. FFRCT is a useful adjunctive modality for further risk stratification of patients with stable CAD. Obstructive lesions identified by FFRCT are associated with increased risk of MACE, AMI, and any need for revascularization.

Effect of gender on atrial fibrillation ablation outcomes using a propensity score-matched analysis.

Background: Previous studies have shown that women with atrial fibrillation (AF) have a higher incidence of recurrence and non-pulmonary vein (non-PV) triggers. However, there remains an incomplete understanding of the impact of gender on AF ablation strategies and outcomes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of gender on AF ablation outcomes. Methods: We analyzed 1568 AF ablations in 1412 patients (34% female) performed at a single tertiary care center between January 2013 and July 2021. Patients were followed for at least 6 months (mean 34 months) for detection of AF recurrence, complications, and emergency department visits/hospitalizations. The effect was assessed by multivariate logistic regression analysis using propensity score matching (PSM). Results: Mean age was 64 years, and mean body mass index (BMI) was 31 kg/m2. Seventy-seven percent of patients underwent de novo ablations. Twenty-seven percent of patients had persistent AF, with a recurrence rate of 37%. There was no difference in AF recurrence when stratified by gender (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-1.43; P >.05) and age. After PSM gender 1:1 (criteria: age, type of AF, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and BMI; n = 888 patients), there was no difference in AF recurrence or procedure-related complications. Having a history of persistent AF (HR 1.54; 95% CI 1.18-1.99; P = .001) predisposed to recurrence of AF. Persistent AF (HR 2.99; 95% CI 1.94-4.78; P <.001) and age >70 years (HR 1.03; 95% CI 1.02-1.05; P <.001) were associated with the need for additional substrate modification with no difference based on gender. Conclusion: There was no difference in overall safety or efficacy outcomes between genders after AF ablation.

Prognostic value of late-gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis.

BACKGROUND: Late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is a predictor of adverse events in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS), but available studies had small sample sizes and did not consider all relevant endpoints. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between LGE on CMR in patients with CS and mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), and heart failure (HF) hospitalization. METHODS: A literature search was conducted for studies reporting the association between LGE in CS and the study endpoints. The endpoints were mortality, VA and SCD, and HF hospitalization. The search included the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. The minimum follow-up duration was 1 year. RESULTS: A total of 17 studies and 1915 CS patients (595 with LGE vs. 1320 without LGE) were included; mean follow-up was 3.3 years (ranging between 17 and 84 months). LGE was associated with increased all-cause mortality (OR 6.05, 95% CI 3.16-11.58; p < .01), cardiovascular mortality (OR 5.83, 95% CI 2.89-11.77; p < .01), and VA and SCD (OR 16.48, 95% CI 8.29-32.73; p < .01). Biventricular LGE was associated with increased VA and SCD (OR 6.11, 95% CI 1.14-32.68; p = .035). LGE was associated with an increased HF hospitalization (OR 17.47, 95% CI 5.54-55.03; p < .01). Heterogeneity was low: df = 7 (p = .43), I2 = 0%. CONCLUSIONS: LGE in CS patients is associated with increased mortality, VA and SCD, and HF hospitalization. Biventricular LGE is associated with an increased risk of VA and SCD.

Experiences of athletes with arrhythmogenic cardiac conditions in returning to play.

Background: Recommendations for return to play (RTP) for athletes with genetic (or congenital) heart diseases (GHD) predisposing to sudden cardiac death (SCD) have evolved from an initially paternalistic and conservative approach, to supporting a more flexible approach to decision-making. The experiences of athletes and their families during the RTP process are unknown. Objective: To understand current RTP processes. Methods: We administered a mixed-methods telephone interview combining quantitative and qualitative components to 30 athletes with a GHD who had RTP, and 23 parents. Participants were identified from the Yale ICD Sports registry and Mayo Clinic's Windland Smith Rice Genetic Heart Rhythm Clinic. Qualitative data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach to identify common themes. Results: Most common diagnoses were long QT syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and most common sports, soccer, basketball, and football. Twenty-three athletes encountered ≥1 perceived barrier(s) to RTP: 17 were restricted by their first cardiologist; 6 were required to meet with school administrators, 4 signed waivers, and 3 hired lawyers. Common themes expressed by athletes and their parents were frustration with poor communication, perceived lack of physician knowledge of their diagnosis, and unilateral, paternalistic decision-making, as well as cynicism that physicians and schools were primarily concerned with liability. After RTP, 26 athletes had some form of emergency action plan, although responsibility was often left to the family. Conclusion: Many perceived barriers exist for athletes with GHD who wish to RTP after their diagnoses. Shared decision-making from the onset is critical for RTP.

Relation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors to Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (from the Yale COVID-19 Cardiovascular Registry).

Individuals with established cardiovascular disease or a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors may be particularly vulnerable to develop complications from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a prospective cohort study at a tertiary care center to identify risk factors for in-hospital mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, new acute decompensated heart failure, venous thromboembolism, ventricular or atrial arrhythmia, pericardial effusion, or aborted cardiac arrest) among consecutively hospitalized adults with COVID-19, using multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. The study population comprised 586 COVID-19 positive patients. Median age was 67 (IQR: 55 to 80) years, 47.4% were female, and 36.7% had cardiovascular disease. Considering risk factors, 60.2% had hypertension, 39.8% diabetes, and 38.6% hyperlipidemia. Eighty-two individuals (14.0%) died in-hospital, and 135 (23.0%) experienced MACE. In a model adjusted for demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings, age (odds ratio [OR], 1.28 per 5 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 1.45), previous ventricular arrhythmia (OR, 18.97; 95% CI, 3.68 to 97.88), use of P2Y12-inhibitors (OR, 7.91; 95% CI, 1.64 to 38.17), higher C-reactive protein (OR, 1.81: 95% CI, 1.18 to 2.78), lower albumin (OR, 0.64: 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.86), and higher troponin T (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.39 to 2.46) were associated with mortality (p <0.05). After adjustment for demographics, presentation, and laboratory findings, predictors of MACE were higher respiratory rates, altered mental status, and laboratory abnormalities, including higher troponin T (p <0.05). In conclusion, poor prognostic markers among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 included older age, pre-existing cardiovascular disease, respiratory failure, altered mental status, and higher troponin T concentrations.

Resident impact on operative duration for elective general surgical procedures.

BACKGROUND: Resident involvement in operations increases operative duration. This study investigated resident impact on operative time for a single general surgeon in an outpatient surgical setting. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of index general surgical operations meeting inclusion criteria. Operative duration, patient demographics, 30-day complication/readmission rates, and degree of resident involvement were collected. RESULTS: 625 cases were analyzed. Patient demographics were similar for all procedural comparison groups. Operative time increased with resident involvement for each operation-umbilical hernia repairs were associated with a 19% increase (22.3 ± 6.7 versus 26.5 ± 7.5 min, p = 0.002), laparoscopic cholecystectomies demonstrated a 15% increase (25.8 ± 8.7 versus 29.7 ± 10.2 min, p = 0.001), and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs demonstrated a 25% increase (32.1 ± 11.3 versus 40.2 ± 8.9 min, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Each surgeon must decide if the increase in operative duration caused by resident involvement is justified by the intangible benefits residents provide.