Prevalence and incidence of heart failure in type 2 diabetes patients: results from a nationwide prospective cohort-the DIABET-IC study.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients have an increased risk of heart failure (HF). There are limited data on the association between HF and T2D in specific healthcare settings. This study sought to analyse the prevalence and incidence of HF in a contemporary cohort of T2D patients attending cardiology and endocrinology outpatient clinics. METHODS: We conducted an observational multicentre prospective study (DIABET-IC) that enrolled patients with a T2D diagnosis attending cardiology and endocrinology outpatient clinics in 30 centres in Spain between 2018 and 2019. The prevalence at the start of the study and the incidence of HF after a 3 year follow-up were calculated. HF was defined as the presence of typical symptoms and either: a) LVEF < 40%; or b) LVEF ≥ 40% with elevated natriuretic peptides and echocardiographic abnormalities. RESULTS: A total of 1249 T2D patients were included in the present analysis (67.6 ± 10.1 years, 31.7% female). HF was present in 490 participants at baseline (prevalence 39.2%), 150 (30.6%) of whom had a preserved ejection fraction. The presence of adverse social determinants and chronic conditions such as chronic kidney disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease were more frequent in HF patients. During the study period, there were 58 new diagnoses of HF (incidence 7.6%) among those without baseline HF. The incidence rate was 3.0 per 100 person-years. Independent predictors of incident HF were smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction, NT-ProBNP, history of tachyarrhythmia and treatment with pioglitazone, oral anticoagulants, or diuretics. Despite an average suboptimal glycaemic control, the use of antidiabetic drugs with cardiovascular benefits was low (30.4% for sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and 12.5% for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists). CONCLUSIONS: In this contemporary cohort of T2D patients attending cardiology and endocrinology outpatient clinics, the prevalence and incidence of HF were high, comorbidities were frequent, and the use of antidiabetic agents with cardiovascular benefit was low. Outpatient care seems to be a unique opportunity for a comprehensive T2D approach that encompasses HF prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Characteristics of women with type 2 diabetes and heart failure in Spain. The DIABET-IC study.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is the second most common initial presentation of cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM carries an increased risk of HF in women. The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical characteristics and the treatment received by women with HF and T2DM in Spain. METHODS: The DIABET-IC study included 1517 patients with T2DM in 2018-2019 in Spain, in 30 centers, which included the first 20 patients with T2DM seen in cardiology and endocrinology clinics. They underwent clinical evaluation, echocardiography, and analysis, with a 3-year follow-up. Baseline data are presented in this study. RESULTS: 1517 patients were included (501 women; aged 67.28 ± 10.06 years). Women were older (68.81 ± 9.90 vs. 66.53 ± 10.06 years; p < 0.001) and had a lower frequency of a history of coronary disease. There was a history of HF in 554 patients, which was more frequent in women (38.04% vs. 32.86%; p < 0.001), and preserved ejection fraction being more frequent in them (16.12% vs. 9.00%; p < 0.001). There were 240 patients with reduced ejection fraction. Women less frequently received treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (26.20% vs. 36.79%), neprilysin inhibitors (6.00% vs. 13.51%), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (17.40% vs. 23.08%), beta-blockers (52.40% vs. 61.44%), and ivabradine (3.60% vs. 7.10%) (p < 0.001 for all), and 58% received guideline-directed medical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: A selected cohort with HF and T2DM attending cardiology and endocrinology clinics did not receive optimal treatment, and this finding was more pronounced in women.

Treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia with icosapent ethyl in patients with high/very high cardiovascular risk. Consensus document of the Sociedad Española de Cardiología [Spanish Society of Cardiology] and the Sociedad Española de Diabetes [Spanish Diabetes Society].

The Working Groups of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy of the Sociedad Española de Cardiología and Cardiovascular Disease of the Sociedad Española de Diabetes have prepared a consensus document on the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia in patients with high/very-high-cardiovascular risk with icosapent ethyl, a highly purified and stable eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. This document is necessary since there are differences among the three main omega-3 fatty acids and there is large-scale clinical evidence with icosapent ethyl that demonstrates that in addition to its efficacy in lowering triglyceridaemia, it reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in both patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and in those with type 2 diabetes, with a good safety profile. The number needed to treat to avoid a major cardiovascular event is analysed, comparing it with other pivotal studies of pharmacological intervention in cardiovascular prevention, and an estimate of the Spanish population likely to be treated with ethyl icosapent is carried out. These recommendations are of interest to all clinicians who manage patients with lipid metabolism disorders, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Association of the KDIGO Risk Classification with the Prevalence of Heart Failure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

The objectives of this study were to determine the main characteristics associated with the presence of heart failure (HF) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and specifically to assess the association of the risk classification proposed by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines with HF. The DIABET-IC study is a multicentre, observational, prospective and analytical study in T2DM patients recruited in Spanish hospitals. This work, which features a cross-sectional design, has been conducted with the data obtained at the inclusion visit. The main dependent variable analysed was the presence of HF. The predictive variables evaluated were the demography, clinic, laboratory testing (including natriuretic peptides) and echocardiography. Patients were classified according to the number of vascular territories with atherosclerotic involvement and the KDIGO risk category. Multivariate logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk posed by the various baseline variables to present HF at the time of study inclusion. The study included 1517 patients from 58 hospitals, with a mean age of 67.3 (standard deviation (SD): 10) years, out of which 33% were women. The mean DM duration was 14 (SD: 11) years. The prevalence of HF was 37%. In a multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of HF were increased age (odds ratio (OR) per 1 year = 1.02; p = 0.006), decreased systolic blood pressure (OR per 1 mmHg = 0.98; p < 0.001), decreased haemoglobin (OR per 1 g/dL = 0.86; p < 0.001), the presence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OR = 1.61; p = 0.006), the absence of hepatic steatosis (OR = 0.59; p = 0.016), the severity of atherosclerotic involvement (OR 1 territory = 1.38 and OR > 1 territory = 2.39; p = 0.02 and p < 0.001 respectively) and the KDIGO risk classification (high-risk OR = 2.46 and very high-risk OR = 3.39; p < 0.001 for both). The KDIGO risk classification is useful to screen for the presence of HF in T2DM patients. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to carry out a systematic screening for HF in the high- and very high-risk KDIGO categories.

Enfermedad renal crónica avanzada en ancianos en tratamiento renal sustitutivo y tratamiento conservador. Estudio comparativo de supervivencia y síntomas / Advanced chronic kidney disease in elderly under renal replacement therapy and conservative treatment. Comparative survival and symptoms study

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de la elevada prevalencia de la enfermedad renal crónica avanzada en ancianos, sigue siendo incierto el beneficio en términos de supervivencia y control de los síntomas del tratamiento renal sustitutivo frente al tratamiento renal conservador en esta población. Analizamos estos dos objetivos en ambas modalidades de tratamiento. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo de pacientes mayores de 75 años en tratamiento renal sustitutivo y tratamiento renal conservador. Se realizaron un análisis de supervivencia y una valoración de la sintomatología utilizando la escala POS-S Renal en consulta multidisciplinar de tratamiento renal sustitutivo y en unidades de tratamiento renal sustitutivo. Resultados: Analizamos 82 pacientes en tratamiento renal sustitutivo y 37 pacientes en TRS. Los pacientes en tratamiento renal sustitutivo tuvieron mayor comorbilidad (Charlson) y peor situación funcional (Karnofsky). La mediana de supervivencia en el grupo de tratamiento renal sustitutivo fue de 26,9 meses (IC95% 19,6-34,2) frente a una media de 30,5 meses (IC95% 27,46-33,67) en el grupo tratamiento renal sustitutivo (p=0,014 a favor de diálisis). Los dos grupos presentaron gran variedad de síntomas, siendo la debilidad el más prevalente e intenso en ambos (97% tratamiento renal sustitutivo y 98% tratamiento renal conservador). La valoración a los 0,12 y 24 meses mostró que el número e intensidad de los síntomas se mantuvo estable en ambas terapias, sin diferencias clínicas. Conclusiones: El tratamiento renal sustitutivo se asocia a mayor supervivencia que el tratamiento renal conservador, sin embargo, los síntomas percibidos en enfermedad renal crónica avanzada son muy prevalentes y no apreciamos diferencias al comparar ambos tratamientos. La evaluación regular de los síntomas mediante un equipo multidisciplinar es útil en el manejo clínico de pacientes en ambas terapias.

Abstract Introduction: Despite the high prevalence of advanced chronic kidney disease for elderly, survival and symptom burden are uncertain for patients commencing renal replacement therapy versus patients managed with supportive care without dialysis (RSC-NFD). We examined these outcomes in both treatment modalities. Methods: Prospective cohort study of RSC-NFD and renal replacement therapy patients older than 75-years-old. A survival analysis and Symptoms were measured using POS-S Renal Scale in a multidisciplinary RSC-NFD clinic and in renal replacement therapy units. Results: 82 RSC-NFD patients and 37 renal replacement therapy patients were included in the study. RSC-NFD patients presented significant comorbidity (Charlson) and worse functional situation (Karnofsky). Median survival in the RSC-NFD treatment was 26.9 months (95%CI 19.6-34.2) vs mean 30.5 months (95% CI 27.46-33.67) in renal replacement therapy group (p 0.014 in favour of dialysis). Both treatments presented a wide variety of symptoms, being weakness the most prevalent and intense in both groups (97% renal replacement therapy and 98% RSC-NFD). The evaluation at 0,12 and 24 months showed that the number and intensity of symptoms remained stable in both therapies and there were no clinical differences. Conclusions: Dialysis is associated with a survival advantage from RSC-NFD. However, the perceived symptoms in advanced chronic kidney disease are highly prevalent and we didn`t appreciate differences comparing both treatments. Routine symptom assessment by a multidisciplinary team can be useful in clinical practice of patients in renal replacement therapy and RSC-NFD.

Evaluation and management of residual cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. / Evaluación y manejo del riesgo cardiovascular residual en el paciente con diabetes.

Presence of diabetes (types 1 and 2) increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Despite adequate metabolic control and treatment of vascular risk factors until the goals recommended by the clinical practice guidelines are achieved, residual cardiovascular risk may be very high in some patients with diabetes. Stratifying the vascular risk for each patient as precisely as possible is therefore necessary. Consolidated strategies to improve patient prognosis include aggressive reduction of LDL cholesterol, blood pressure control, achievement of the best HbA1c control possible without inducing hypoglycemia, use of hypoglycemic drugs shown to have cardiovascular benefits, and use of platelet aggregation inhibitors in patients with greater initial risk. Emerging strategies for patients with very high or extreme risk would include use of drugs intended to decrease triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and inflammation.

Assessment of the efficacy and safety of a protocol to manage glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia in diabetic patients during hospital stay. / Evaluación de la eficacia y la seguridad de un protocolo de manejo de pacientes con diabetes descompensada por glucocorticoides durante la hospitalización.

INTRODUCTION: There are no agreed protocols on hospital management of hyperglycemic decompensation induced by pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids (GCs). The study objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of an insulin therapy protocol specific for patients treated with glucocorticoids (CP) as compared to a general protocol (GP) in diabetes decompensation secondary to glucocorticoids. Materials and methods An experimental study in patients with glucocorticoids-induced decompensated diabetes admitted to a respiratory ward including a non-randomized control group. Two protocols (CP and GP), both based on basal-bolo insulin regimens, but with different insulin doses and distribution, were compared. The difference in mean blood glucose (MBG) levels between both protocols was measured during hospital stay, as was the risk of having MBG levels > 200mg/dL, adjusted for potential confounding factors (related to patients and to the glucocorticoid therapy used). RESULTS: A total of 131 patients were included, 60 assigned to the GP and 71 to the CP groups. Seventy-four percent of patients had been admitted due to COPD exacerbation. There was a significant difference in the total daily insulin dose used between the CP and GP groups (29.4 vs. 57.4 IU; P<.0001). The adjusted difference in MBG levels (CP-GP) was -14.8 (95% CI, -26.2 to -3.3) mg/dL. Patients in the CP group had a lower adjusted risk of having MBG levels >200mg/dL during hospital admission (OR=0.31; 95% CI, 0.11-0.91; P=.033). There were no differences in the risk of severe hypoglycemia between the CP and GP groups (0% vs. 1.4%; P=.36). CONCLUSIONS: The study protocol has been shown to decrease MBG levels in patients with glucocorticoids-induced decompensation of diabetes during hospital admission without compromising their safety.

Survival and quality of life in elderly patients in conservative management. / Supervivencia y calidad de vida en pacientes ancianos en tratamiento renal conservador.

INTRODUCTION: Conservative Management (CM) has become a therapeutic option in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in the elderly. However, there is a lack of evidence about prognosis of these patients in terms of survival and health related quality of life (HRQoL). OBJECTIVE: Establish predictive variables associated with mortality and analyse HRQoL in CM patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study. An assessment of renal function parameters and a comprehensive geriatric assessment were made, including: analysis of comorbidity, functional, cognitive, fragility, nutritional, social and HRQoL status. RESULTS: 82 patients with a mean age of 84 years and significant pluripathology were studied: 56% had history of vascular event and Charlson >8. The mortality rate was 23/1,000 patients per month, with a homogeneous mortality rate after 6 months. Survival differed significantly depending on whether they presented with a previous vascular event (36.7 vs. 14.8; p=0.028), Charlson score ≥10 (42 vs. 17; p=0.002), functional status (48.4 vs. 19; p=0.002) and fragility (27 vs. 10; p=0.05). Mortality predictors included eGFR and proteinuria, the presence of previous vascular events, Charlson comorbidity score, malnutrition-inflammation parameters (albumin and MNA score), degree of dependency, physical HRQoL and increase of PTH level. The presence of previous vascular event, comorbidity, decreased albumin and elevated PTH were independent predictors of mortality. HRQoL remained stable over time and no significant worsening occurred during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Having knowledge of the factors associated with mortality and HRQoL assessment can be a useful tool to helping decision making during CM. Previous vascular events, comorbidity, decreased albumin and increased PTH were independent predictors of mortality.

Total and cardiovascular mortality risk according to KDIGO guidelines classification in type 2 diabetic patients. / Riesgo de mortalidad total y cardiovascular según la clasificación propuesta por las guías KDIGO en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Our aim was to assess the usefulness of KDIGO 2012 risk classification to predict total and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study that included DM2 patients. Clinical end-points were total and cardiovascular mortality. The main predictive variable was KDIGO risk classification, which is a combination of urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate. The predictive value was evaluated by the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) index. RESULTS: 453 patients (39.3% males, aged 64.9 [SD 9.3] and with a mean diabetes duration of 10.4 [SD 7.5] years) were included. During a median follow-up of 13 years, mortality rates per 1000 patients/year (26.5 vs. 45.1 vs. 79,2 vs. 109,8; p<0,001) and cardiovascular mortality (8.1 vs. 17.4 vs. 24.7 vs. 57.5; p<0,001) were progressively increased in successive KDIGO categories. In the multivariate analysis, there was also a progressive increase of mortality risk (HR[moderate risk]=1.29; HR[high risk])=1.83; HR[very high risk]=2.15; p=.016) and cardiovascular mortality risk (HR[moderate risk]=1.73; HR[high risk]=2.27; HR[very high risk]=4.22; p=.007) in the successive categories. KDIGO classification was able to improve the mortality risk prediction (IDI=0.00888; p=.047) and cardiovascular mortality risk prediction (IDI=0.01813; p=.035). CONCLUSIONS: KDIGO risk classification can effectively stratify total and cardiovascular mortality risk in DM2 patients.

Mortality risk factors after percutaneous gastrostomy: Who is a good candidate?

BACKGROUND: The percutaneous gastrostomy tube (PG) is an effective and safe way for the delivery of enteral nutrition. The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors for mortality after PG placement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational and analytical cohort study was conducted. All endoscopic or radiological percutaneous gastrostomy tubes placed between January 2009 and July 2016 were evaluated. Mortality was the dependent variable. Initial clinical and analytical patient features and the development of complications during follow-up were recorded. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the risk of mortality associated to the studied variables. Hazard ratios with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals were retrieved from these models. RESULTS: A total of 289 patients underwent PG placement (57% male). The mean age was 70.1 (SD 13.6) years. The median follow-up period was 8.7 (IQR 18) months. One hundred and seventy-four patients died during the follow-up period. The overall mortality rate was 4.8 per 100 patients-month. The highest mortality rate was during the first month after PG placement (13.2 per 100 patients-month), subsequently decreasing. Multivariate regression analysis showed that age (HR1year = 1.01; p = 0.015), Charlson comorbidity index ≥4 (HR = 1.69; p = 0.011), the presence of degenerative neurological disease (HR = 1.69; p = 0.012) or malignancy (HR = 2.02; p = 0.012) and the development of aspiration pneumonia during the follow-up period (HR = 3.29; p = 0.001) were statistically significant independent predictive risk factors associated with mortality. A model to predict survival probability prior to placing the PG was developed from the variables of the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Mortality after PG placement is high. Older age, higher comorbidity and the development of aspiration pneumonia are predictive factors for mortality. A more careful selection of candidates for PG placement should be done to improve the patient prognosis after the procedure.

Anestesia locorregional en una paciente adulta con síndrome de Prader-Willi: consideraciones anestésicas / Anesthetic consideration: Regional anesthesia with Prader-Willi

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a disorder caused by a genetic alteration that causes a multisystem clinic. It can be due mainly to three genetic mechanisms; a paternal deletion of the 15q11-13 region, a maternal uniparental disomy, or an imprinting defect. The paternal deletion is observed in 70% of the patients, the disomy in 25% and the imprinting defect in only 5% of those affected by this syndrome. 1) It is the most common syndromic cause of obesity with an estimated prevalence in the population of 1: 50,000; 2) The clinic is very variable, which is why clinical criteria have been created that, supported by the genetic study, confirm the diagnosis; 3) They have difficulty feeding during lactation, which leads to hyperphagia in childhood that leads to obesity. In the adult stage, in addition to obesity, respiratory pathology, sleep disturbances and psychological disorders stand out; 4) Objective: the aim of the present review was to compile the cases recorded in the scientific literature of patients anesthetized with PWS and the anesthetic options used in said patients.

El síndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW) es un trastorno causado por una alteración genética que provoca una clínica multisistémica. Puede ser debido principalmente a tres mecanismos genéticos; una deleción paterna de la región 15q11-13, una disomía uniparental materna o un defecto de impronta. La deleción paterna se observa en el 70% de los pacientes, la disomía en el 25% y el defecto de impronta en tan solo el 5% de los afectados por este síndrome. 1) Constituye la causa sindrómica más frecuente de obesidad con una prevalencia estimada en la población de 1:50.000; 2) La clínica es muy variable por lo que se han creado unos criterios clínicos que apoyados por el estudio genético confirman el diagnóstico; 3) Presentan dificultad para la alimentación durante la lactancia, que da paso a una hiperfagia en la infancia que deriva en obesidad. En la etapa adulta, además de la obesidad destacan la patología respiratoria, alteraciones del sueño y trastornos psicológicos; 4) Objetivo: el objetivo de la presente revisión fue recopilar los casos registrados en la literatura científica de pacientes anestesiados con SPW y las opciones anestésicas utilizadas en dichos pacientes.

Association of positive screening for dysphagia with nutritional status and long-term mortality in hospitalized elderly patients. / Asociación de un cribado positivo para disfagia con el estado nutricional y la mortalidad a largo plazo en pacientes ancianos hospitalizados.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) using the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) and its association with malnutrition and long-term mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the general internal medicine ward. In the first 48hours after hospital admission, OD was assessed using the EAT-10, and presence of malnutrition with the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF). Association of OD to malnutrition and long-term mortality was analyzed. RESULTS: Ninety patients with a mean age of 83 (SD: 11.8) years were enrolled. Of these, 56.7% were at risk of OD according to EAT-10. This group of patients had greater prevalence rates of malnutrition (88.2% vs. 48.7%; P=.001) and mortality (70% vs 35.9%; P=.001). During follow-up for 872.71 (SD: 642.89) days, risk of DO according to EAT-10 was an independent predictor of mortality factor in a multivariate analysis (HR: 2.8; 95%CI: 1.49-5.28; P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: The EAT-10 is a useful tool for screening OD. Adequate screening for OD is important because of its associated risks of malnutrition and long-term mortality.

Impact of uric acid levels on the risk of long-term cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. / Influencia de los niveles de ácido úrico sobre el riesgo de mortalidad cardiovascular a largo plazo en pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2.

BACKGROUND: Hyperuricemia is associated to cardiovascular disease. However, the contribution of uric acid (UA) to cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients is controversial. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of UA levels on the risk of cardiovascular mortality risk in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study on outpatients with T2DM. The clinical endpoint was cardiovascular death. Anthropometric, demographic, clinical, and biochemical variables were collected, including UA levels, urinary albumin excretion and estimated glomerular filtration rate. The independent contribution of UA levels to cardiovascular mortality was assessed using multivariate Cox regression models, progressively adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 452 patients with a mean age of 65.9 (SD 9.5) years were enrolled. Mean UA level was 4.2mg/dL. Quartiles of UA levels were Q1 < 3.3; Q2: 3.3-4.2; Q3: 4.3-5.1; Q4 > 5.1mg/dL. UA levels significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (Rho=-0.227; p<0.001). During a median follow-up time of 13 years, cardiovascular mortality rates were higher in Q4 of the UA distribution (Q1: 10.7; Q2: 11.7; Q3: 10.7; Q4: 21.6 per 1000 patient-years; p = 0.027). UA was a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the univariate analysis (HR1mg/dL = 1.30; p=0.002), but not in a multivariate analysis adjusted for urinary albumin excretion and eGFR (HR1mg/dL=1.20; p=0.12). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: High UA levels are associated to cardiovascular mortality in patients with T2DM. However, the role of UA may be mediated by impaired kidney function in patients with hyperuricemia.

Predictive factors of hypertriglyceridemia in inhospital patients during total parenteral nutrition / Factores predictores de hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes hospitalizados con nutrición parenteral total

Introduction: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a kind of nutritional support indicated for patients whose clinical situation makes it impossible to cover their nutritional requirements enterally. Despite the fact that TPN is a safe and effective therapy, some complications have been described. One of the most frequent is hypertriglyceridemia. The etiology of this metabolic complication is complex and multifactorial. Objetive: The aim of this work was to determine risk factors associated with the development of hypertrilgyceridemia in adult inhospital non critical patients who carry TPN for a short term. A secondary aim was to evaluate the effect that a lipid emulsion fortified with omega-3 poliunsaturated fatty acids causes on this metabolic complication. Material and methods: This is an observational retrospective cohort study, in which adult inhospital non critical patients have been included. Only those who needed TPN during more than seven days were included. Hypertriglyceridemia was defined as plasma triglycerides levels higher than 200 mg/dl. The lipid emulsions were composed whether by a combination of 50% long-chain (LCT) and medium-chain (MCT) triglycerides or 40% LCT/50% MCT/10% omega-3. Clinical, nutritonal and biochemical parameters were included. Analitical samples were obtained before starting TPN, and weekly until withdrawal. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictive factors of the appearance of hypertriglyceridemia. Results: One hundred and one patients were included (61.4% male). Thirty-three per cent of them developed hypertriglyceridemia. In the multivariate analysis the independent risk factors associated with the presence of hypertriglyceridemia were the initial plasmatic triglycerides levels, the body mass index (BMI) and an input of glucose in the TPN higher than 3.1 g/kg/day. The infusion of a lipid emulsion fortified with 3-omega fatty acids was associated with a nonsignificant reduction of the risk of appearance of hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusion: The patient's clinical metabolic situation, as well as the load of carbohydrates in the TPN are essential for the development of the TPN-associated hypertriglyceridemia. The administration of a lipid emulsion fortified with omega-3 fatty acids is safe, even though it was not associated with a signifi cant protective effect over the risk of appearance of this metabolic complication.

Introducción: la nutrición parenteral total (NPT) es una modalidad de soporte nutricional indicada en aquellas situaciones donde el enfermo no puede cubrir sus requerimientos nutricionales por vía enteral. A pesar de ser una terapia segura y eficaz, no está exenta de complicaciones, entre las que cabe destacar, por su frecuencia, la hipertrigliceridemia. La etiología de esta complicación metabólica es compleja y multifactorial. Objetivos: el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes adultos hospitalizados no críticos que reciben NPT a corto plazo y evaluar el efecto que una emulsión lipídica enriquecida en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 ejerce sobre esta complicación metabólica. Material y métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo de cohortes donde se ha incluido a pacientes hospitalizados adultos no críticos que precisaron NPT durante un periodo superior a siete días. Se consideró la presencia de hipertrigliceridemia cuando los niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos fueron superiores a 200 mg/dl. Las emulsiones lipídicas empleadas fueron una mezcla al 50% de triglicéridos de cadena larga (LCT) y de cadena media (MCT) o una combinación al 40% LCT/50% MCT/10% omega-3. Se recogieron variables clínicas, nutricionales y bioquímicas. Las determinaciones analíticas se realizaron antes del comienzo de la NPT y semanalmente hasta su retirada. Los factores predictores de la aparición de hipertrigliceridemia fueron identificados mediante modelos de regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: fueron incluidos 101 pacientes (61,4% varones), de los cuales el 33% desarrolló hipertrigliceridemia. En el análisis multivariante los factores de riesgo independientes asociados a la presencia de hipertrigliceridemia fueron los niveles plasmáticos iniciales de triglicéridos, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y un aporte de glucosa en la NPT superior a 3,1 g/kg/día. La infusión de una emulsión lipídica enriquecida con ácidos grasos omega-3 se asoció con un descenso no significativo del riesgo de aparición de hipertrigliceridemia. Conclusión: la situación clínica metabólica del paciente y la dosis de hidratos de carbono en la NPT resultan fundamentales en el desarrollo de la hipertrigliceridemia relacionada con la NPT. La administración de una emulsión lipídica enriquecida en ácidos grasos omega-3 es segura, aunque no se asoció a un efecto protector significativo sobre el riesgo de aparición de esta complicación metabólica.

Usefulness of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor as a Predictor of Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With Acute Heart Failure Regardless of Ejection Fraction.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays a role in the improvement of cardiac function and remodeling. Their serum levels are strongly related with mortality in chronic systolic heart failure (HF). The aim of this study was to study prognostic value of HGF in acute HF, interaction with ejection fraction, renal function, and natriuretic peptides. We included 373 patients (age 76 ± 10 years, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 46 ± 14%, 48% men) consecutively admitted for acute HF. Blood samples were obtained at admission. All patients were followed up until death or close of study (>1 year, median 371 days). HGF concentrations were determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (human HGF immunoassay). The predictive power of HGF was estimated by Cox regression with calculation of Harrell C-statistic. HGF had a median of 1,942 pg/ml (interquartile rank 1,354). According to HGF quartiles, mortality rates (per 1,000 patients/year) were 98, 183, 375, and 393, respectively (p <0.001). In Cox regression analysis, HGF (hazard ratio1SD = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 2.1, p = 0.002) and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP; hazard ratio1SD = 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 2.6, p = 0.002) were independent predictors of mortality. Interaction between HGF and LVEF, origin, and renal function was nonsignificant. The addition of HGF improved the predictive ability of the models (C-statistic 0.768 vs 0.741, p = 0.016). HGF showed a complementary value over NT-proBNP (p = 0.001): mortality rate was 490 with both above the median versus 72 with both below. In conclusion, in patients with acute HF, serum HGF concentrations are elevated and identify patients at higher risk of mortality, regardless of LVEF, ischemic origin, or renal function. HGF had independent and additive information over NT-proBNP.

Risk of mortality associated to chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 13-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the usefulness of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) to predict the risk of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical end-point was mortality rate. GFR was measured in ml/min/1.73 m2 and stratified in 3 categories (≥60; 45-59; <45); UAE was measured in mg/24hours and was also stratified in 3 categories (<30; 30-300; >300). Mortality rates were reported per 1000 patient-years. Cox regression models were used to predict mortality risk associated with combined GFR and UAE. The predictive power was estimated with C-Harrell statistic. RESULTS: A total of 453 patients (39.3% males), aged 64.9 (SD 9.3) years were included; mean diabetes duration was 10.4 (SD 7.5) years. Median follow-up was 13 years. Total mortality rate was 39.5/1000. The progressive increase in mortality in the successive categories of GFR and UAE was statistically significant (P<.001). In a multivariable analysis, UAE (HR30-300=1.02 and HR>300=2.83; X2=11.6; P =.003) and GFR (HR45-59=1.34 and HR<45=1.84; X2=6.4; P =.041) were independent predictors for mortality, with no significant interaction. Simultaneous inclusion of GFR and UAE improved the predictive power of models (C-Harrell 0.741 vs. 0.726; P =.045). CONCLUSIONS: GFR and UAE are independent predictors for mortality in type 2 diabetic patients and do not show a statistically significant interaction.

[Predictors of mean blood glucose control and its variability in diabetic hospitalized patients]. / Factores predictores del control glucémico promedio yde su variabilidad en pacientes diabéticos ingresadosen el hospital.

INTRODUCTION: This study was intended to assess the effectiveness and predictors factors of inpatient blood glucose control in diabetic patients admitted to medical departments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, analytical cohort study was conducted on patients discharged from internal medicine with a diagnosis related to diabetes. Variables collected included demographic characteristics, clinical data and laboratory parameters related to blood glucose control (HbA1c, basal plasma glucose, point-of-care capillary glucose). The cumulative probability of receiving scheduled insulin regimens was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Multivariate regression models were used to select predictors of mean inpatient glucose (MHG) and glucose variability (standard deviation [GV]). RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 228 patients (mean age 78.4 (SD 10.1) years, 51% women). Of these, 96 patients (42.1%) were treated with sliding-scale regular insulin only. Median time to start of scheduled insulin therapy was 4 (95% CI, 2-6) days. Blood glucose control measures were: MIG 181.4 (SD 41.7) mg/dL, GV 56.3 (SD 22.6). The best model to predict MIG (R(2): .376; P<.0001) included HbA1c (b=4.96; P=.011), baseline plasma glucose (b=.056; P=.084), mean capillary blood glucose in the first 24hours (b=.154; P<.0001), home treatment (versus oral agents) with basal insulin only (b=13.1; P=.016) or more complex (pre-mixed insulin or basal-bolus) regimens (b=19.1; P=.004), corticoid therapy (b=14.9; P=.002), and fasting on admission (b=10.4; P=.098). CONCLUSION: Predictors of inpatient blood glucose control which should be considered in the design of DM management protocols include home treatment, HbA1c, basal plasma glucose, mean blood glucose in the first 24hours, fasting, and corticoid therapy.

[Morbidity and mortality cardiovascular risk in dependence of type 2 diabetes duration]. / Riesgo de morbimortalidad cardiovascular según el tiempo de evolución de la diabetes tipo 2.

INTRODUCTION: This study was aimed to assess the prognostic importance of diabetes duration to predict cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Prospective cohort study with inclusion of type 2 diabetic patients. Follow-up lasted until the appearance of a cardiovascular event, until death or until 2012. Patients were classified into 5 groups in accordance to diabetes duration and baseline cardiovascular disease (CVD): group 1: ≤ 5 years without CVD; group 2: 6-10 years without CVD; group 3: 11-15 years without CVD; group 4: >15 years without CVD; group 5: baseline CVD independently of diabetes duration. CVD rates were expressed per 1000 patients-year and compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Log Rank Test. The predictive power of diabetes duration was evaluated by Cox regression. RESULTS: 457 patients, aged 64.9 (DE 9.3) years (38.9% males), were included. Diabetes duration was 10.5 (DE 7.6) years. 125 cardiovascular events occurred during 12.3 years follow-up. Cardiovascular event rates were progressively increased from groups 1 to 5 (group 1: 14.1; group 2: 18.3; group 3: 19.6; group 4: 32.9; group 5: 53.5; p<0.0001, linear tendency). Diabetes duration superior to 15 years significantly increased cardiovascular risk of the patients (HR=1.97; 95%CI: 1.23-3.15; P=.004). CONCLUSIONS: It could be useful to consider diabetes duration in order to stratify cardiovascular risk of type 2 diabetic patients.

[Risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection in non-critical patients with total parenteral nutrition]. / Factores de riesgo de aparición de bacteriemia asociada al catéter en pacientes no críticos con nutrición parenteral total.

INTRODUCTION: Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is one of the most important complications in patients with a central venous catheter (CVC), due to its association with increased mortality, morbidity and health care cost. The administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is considered a CRBSI risk factor. The aim of our study was to determine the incidence rate and risk factors of CRBSI in patients with TPN that were hospitalized at the medical-surgical wards. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study in non-critical patients who received TPN and were admitted at our hospital from January 2010 to November 2011. The clinical end point was the CRBSI. CRBSI incidence rate was calculated from episodes by every 1000 CVC-day. CRBSI independent risk factors were obtained from logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 331 patients were prescribed TPN during our study. The mean time of catheterization was 12.4 (DE 8.7) days and the mean TPN duration was 10.4 (DE 8.3) days. 47 cases of CRBSI were recorded, with an incidence rate of 11.4/1,000 CVC-day and of 13.7/1,000 NPT-day. Risk factors for CRBSI on univariante analysis included duration of catheterization more than 20 days (OR = 2.48; IC 95%: 1.16-5.26), TPN duration more than 2 weeks (OR= 4.63; IC 95%: 2.16-9.90) and the presence of fistulas (OR = 3.08; IC 95%: 1.24-7.63). At multivariate analysis, TPN duration (OR for a duration more than 14 days= 4.9; IC 95%: 2.2-10.9; p < 0.0001) was the only independent risk factor for CRBSI. CONCLUSION: In non-critical adult patients hospitalized at the medical-surgical wards, we have demonstrated that duration of TPN infusion increases the CRBSI risk. This risk increase is especially remarkable, being multiplied by 5, with a duration superior to 2 weeks.

Introducción: La bacteriemia asociada al catéter (BAC) es una de las complicaciones más importantes en pacientes portadores de un catéter venoso central (CVC) debido a su asociación con un incremento en la mortalidad, morbilidad y gasto sanitario. La administración de nutrición parenteral total (NPT) aumenta el riesgo de aparición de BAC. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar la tasa de incidencia y los factores de riesgo de BAC en pacientes con NPT hospitalizados en plantas médico-quirúrgicas. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo donde se analizaron a todos los pacientes adultos no críticos que precisaron NPT desde enero de 2010 hasta noviembre de 2011. El punto final clínico fue la BAC. La tasa de incidencia de BAC se calculó en forma de episodios por cada 1.000 pacientes-día de cateterización. Los factores predictivos independientes de BAC se determinaron mediante regresión logística. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio precisaron NPT un total de 331 pacientes. La duración media del CVC fue de 12,4 (DE 8,7) días y la NPT fue infundida durante un periodo medio de 10,4 (DE 8,3) días. 47 pacientes presentaron BAC, con una tasa de incidencia de 11,4/1.000 pacientes- día de CVC y de 13,7/1.000 pacientes-día de NPT. Los factores predictores univariantes de aparición de BAC fueron la permanencia del CVC superior a 20 días (OR = 2,48; IC 95%: 1,16-5,26), la duración de la NPT superior a 2 semanas (OR = 4,63; IC 95%: 2,16-9,90) y la presencia de fístulas (OR = 3,08; IC 95%: 1,24-7,63). En análisis multivariante, el único predictor independiente de BAC fue la duración de la NPT (OR para una duración superior a 14 días = 4,9; IC 95%: 2,2-10,9; p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: En pacientes adultos hospitalizados en plantas diferentes a UCI, hemos demostrado que la duración de la infusión de la NPT incrementa el riesgo de BAC. El incremento de riesgo es especialmente marcado, llegando a multiplicarse por 5, con duraciones superiores a las 2 semanas.