Peritonitis-related bacterial infections: a large-scale case-series retrospective study in 160 domestic animals (2009-2022).

Bacterial peritonitis infections comprise a life-threatening clinical condition in domestic animals that commonly lead to sepsis and high mortality. A set of bacterial pathogens have been identified in septic peritonitis in livestock and companion animals. Nonetheless, most descriptions are restricted to case reports or limited to only one domestic species, and a restrict number of comprehensive studies involving this infection has focused on a great number of domestic animals. Here, we retrospectively investigated selected epidemiological data (with an emphasis in outcome), clinical signs, bacteriological culturing, and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of microorganisms isolated of peritoneal fluid from 160 domestic animals (2009-2023) compatible with septic peritonitis. Bacteria were isolated from 71.9% (115/160) of the peritoneal fluid from 75 dogs (75/115 = 65.2%), 22 cats (22/115 = 19.1%), 14 horses (14/115 = 12.2%), and 4 cattle (4/115 = 3.5%). Among animals with bacterial isolation, Escherichia coli (34/115 = 29.6%), alfa-hemolytic Streptococcus (12/115 = 10.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (8/115 = 6.9%), beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (7/115 = 6.1%), and Pasteurella multocida (6/115 = 5.2%) were predominant in pure culture, in addition to a miscellaneous of other bacteria isolated in minor frequency, e.g., Pseudomonas sp., Trueperella pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella sp. In general, in vitro susceptibility tests of isolates revealed that florfenicol, chloramphenicol, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid showed moderate effectivity (≥ 60%). Conversely, most of isolates exhibited resistance mainly to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, enrofloxacin, and penicillin (> 60%). Additionally, multidrug resistance was found in 42.6% (49/115) of the isolates. Data related to the outcome were available in 37.4% (43/115) of animals that had bacterial isolation and, from these, the mortality rate was 79.1% (34/43), with a significant association (p < 0.036) between mortality and septic peritonitis by gram-negative bacteria. Neoplasia (7/43 = 16.3%), pneumonia/pulmonary abscess (5/43 = 11.6%), hepatitis (5/43 = 11.6%), metritis/pyometra (4/43 = 9.3%), and gall bladder rupture (3/43 = 7%) represented the probable main sources of septic peritonitis. Anorexia (34/115 = 29.6%), emesis (29/115 = 25.2%), lethargy (26/115 = 22.6%), respiratory distress (25/115 = 21.7%), ascites (20/115 = 17.4%), and fever (19/115 = 16.5%) were the most frequent clinical signs among animals with bacterial isolation. A variety of bacteria were isolated in the peritoneal fluid of animals, with a predominance of Enterobacteriaceae, streptococci, and staphylococci, highlighting the opportunistic nature of the pathogens in septic peritonitis. High in vitro multidrug resistance of isolates and high mortality of animals reinforce the need for early diagnosis and therapy based on the in vitro antimicrobial profile of the pathogens involved in septic peritonitis. Our results contribute to the etiological characterization, clinical-epidemiological findings, and vigilance of multidrug-resistant bacteria in septic peritonitis among livestock and companion animals.

Comparison of three methodologies for measuring intraocular pressure in healthy cats.

Background and Aim: Measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) is crucial for identifying potentially damaging changes in the eyes, including diseases as glaucoma and uveitis. This study compared intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements in cats using the Tonovet and Tonovet Plus (rebound), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA-2 (Goldman's methodology applanation) tonometers. Materials and Methods: 55 healthy cats (108 eyes) were assessed through three distinct studies: An ex vivo experiment (10 eyes of five cats) to correlate IOP manometry and tonometry values and ascertain the correlation coefficient (r2); an in vivo study (10 eyes of five sedated cats) to contrast manometer and tonometer readings; and an outpatient clinical trial (80 eyes of 45 cats) to analyze only tonometer measurements. Results: The r 2 values observed in the ex vivo study were Tonovet (0.923), Tonovet Plus (0.925), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (0.877), and Kowa HA-2 (0.901). The IOP values in mmHg in the in vivo study were as follows: Manometer (16.1 ± 2.7), Tonovet (21.1 ± 3.6), Tonovet Plus (19.7 ± 7.2), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (17.6 ± 7.9), and Kowa HA-2 (16.8 ± 2.0). In the outpatient clinical study, the IOP values in mmHg were as follows: Tonovet (19.7 ± 6.6), Tonovet Plus (17.1 ± 5.4), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (16.3 ± 4.3), and Kowa HA-2 (14.5 ± 2.2). Conclusion: IOP and manometry readings were strongly correlated by all tonometers. In the clinical setting, the most and least IOP measurements were recorded using Tonovet and Kowa HA-2, respectively, stressing the importance of an IOP reference table for each tonometer in feline practice.

Household Location (Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Settlements) as an Associated Risk Factor for Toxoplasmosis during Pregnancy in Southeastern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Brazil has a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis. However, there is a gap in comparing seroprevalence for Toxoplasma gondii across different environments, particularly among pregnant residents of rural and urban areas. METHODS: The prevalence of IgG and IgM for T. gondii was compared among pregnant residents of the urban, peri-urban, and rural settlement areas in a municipality in southeastern Brazil. Information regarding age and area of residence was compiled from January 2015 to December 2022. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the age and area of residence as risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 1614 examinations were recorded, revealing 54.0% seropositivity, which was highest in the rural settlement (61.1%), followed by the peri-urban area (55.9%), and lowest in the urban area (49.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of IgG and presence of IgM in pregnant residents of rural, peri-urban, and urban areas highlights the significance of the results obtained for strengthening maternal health programs aimed at preventing toxoplasmosis, regardless of their residence.

A silent threat behind bars: Serosurvey and associated risk factors for strongyloidiasis in female inmates and correctional officers.

Strongyloidiasis has been a neglected parasitic infection caused by Strongyloides genus parasites. Despite assessment of S. stercoralis exposure in different vulnerable populations, seroprevalence in inmates worldwide remains to be fully established. Due to poor sanitation and lack of personal hygienic practices, incarcerated individuals have been considered prone to spread infectious illnesses. Accordingly, the present study has assessed exposure and associated risk factors for strongyloidiasis in women inmates and correctional officers at the Women's State Penitentiary of Parana, part of the third largest incarceration complex in Brazil at the time. Blood samplings were performed in 2020 and 2021from a total of 503 women inmates and 92 correctional officers. Participants voluntarily responded to an epidemiological questionnaire to assess associated risk factors to strongyloidiasis. Serological analysis was performed by ELISA for anti-S. stercoralis IgG detection. Statistical analysis was performed using R software, adopting a 5% level of significance. The data were submitted to univariate analysis by chi-square or Fisher´s Exact test for assessing the association among seropositivity and the variables. The variables with p-value < 0.2 in the univariate analysis were considered fit to be included in the logistic regression. In overall, 356/503 (70.8%; 95% CI: 66.7-74.6) inmates were seropositive for anti-S. stercoralis antibodies, with no statistically associated risk factor to seropositivity. A total of 57/92 (62.0%; 95% CI: 51.8-71.2) correctional officers were seropositive, and logistic regression revealed that individuals older than 50 years were more likely seropositive. In conclusion, the high endemicity observed herein has indicated a history of previous exposure to S. stercoralis and warned for a systematic strongyloidiasis screening for inmates, to prevent long term morbidity and disseminated infection during incarceration.

The polymicrobial nature of the oral cavity and claws of cats diagnosed by mass spectrometry and next-generation sequencing.

Close contact between cats and humans increases the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens, through bites and scratches due to the complexity of microorganisms in the oral and nail microbiotas of felines. This study investigated the presence of bacteria and fungi in the oral cavity and claws of 100 apparently healthy cats using conventional and selective microbiological culture media, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria isolates was performed by disc diffusion method. In total, 671 bacteria and 33 yeasts were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Neisseria animaloris (10.8 %), Staphylococcus felis (8.5 %), and Pasteurella multocida (7 %) were the most prevalent bacteria in oral cavity samples (n = 343), while the most common yeast (n = 19) was Candida albicans (68.4 %). Staphylococcus pettenkoferi (13.4 %), Staphylococcus felis (6.4 %), and Staphylococcus simulans (5.8 %) were the prevalent bacteria identified in the claw samples (n = 328), while Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (57.2 %) was the most common yeast (n = 14). NGS predominantly identified the genera Moraxella, Neisseria, Pasteurella, and Fusobacterium in oral cavity samples, whereas enterobacteria and staphylococci were prevalent in nail bed samples. In addition, the genera Capnocytophaga and Bartonella were identified, which have been described in serious human infections secondary to feline aggressions. Levofloxacin, marbofloxacin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were the most effective drugs against the main groups of bacteria identified. Multidrug resistance was observed in 17 % of the bacterial isolates. Furthermore, three staphylococci harboring the methicillin resistance gene mecA were identified. We highlight the complexity of microorganisms inhabiting the oral/claw microbiotas of cats, the high resistance rate of the isolates to conventional antimicrobial agents, and the zoonotic risk of aggressions caused by bites and scratches from domestic cats.

One Health approach to Coxiella burnetii in Brazilian indigenous communities.

Indigenous health has posted complex challenges worldwide, particularly due to historical economic, territorial, social and environmental processes, which may lead to emergence and reemergence of pathogens. In addition to few Coxiella burnetii serosurveys in vulnerable populations, especially in developing tropical countries, no comprehensive One Health approach has focused on human-animal infection along with potential environmental determinants. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies in indigenous populations and their dogs from 10 indigenous communities distributed in southern and southeastern Brazil, along with the correspondent healthcare professionals. In overall, 8/893 (0.90%; 95% CI 0.45-1.76) indigenous and 1/406 (0.25%) dog samples were seropositive, with 7/343 (2.04%) individuals the 1/144 (0.69%) dog from the Ocoy community, located in the city of São Miguel do Iguaçu, bordering Argentina at south, and far 10 km at west from Paraguay. All 84 healthcare professionals tested seronegative.

Serosurvey of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. co-infection in pregnant women in low-income areas of Brazil.

Introduction: Despite human toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis having been listed among the top six most neglected parasitic zoonoses worldwide, presenting similar associated risk factors and transmission routes, few studies have been conducted in pregnant women and the consequences of concurrent infection remain to be fully established. Accordingly, the present study has serologically assessed the co-infection and associated risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. in pregnant women, assisted by the public Unified National Health System (SUS) in southeastern Brazil. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected and tested for IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii by chemiluminescence immunoassay and against Toxocara spp. by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to gather socioeconomic information to assess the risk factors associated with seropositivity to toxocariasis/toxoplasmosis by univariate analysis followed by logistic regression. Results: Overall, seropositivity was 69/280 (24.6, 95% CI: 19.96-30.01) for T. gondii and 56/280 (20.0, 95% CI: 15.73-25.08) for Toxocara spp. Co-infection was observed in 25/280 (8.9, 95% CI: 6.12-12.85) pregnant women, with increased odds (OR: 3.3, CI 95%: 1.77-6.14, p = 0.0002). Logistic regression revealed that a higher educational level (high school or college) significantly reduced the likelihood of co-infection seropositivity, owning cats increased the odds of toxocariasis, and older pregnant women presented significantly higher T. gondii seropositivity. Conclusion: Co-infection herein highlights the importance of educational programs in the prevention of toxocariasis and toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and other high-risk populations.

Distribution of cases of congenital heart disease in a hospital in Oeste Paulista / Distribuição dos casos de cardiopatias congênitas em um hospital do Oeste Paulista

The aim of this research was to conduct a comprehensive spatial-temporal analysis of the population affected by congenital heart anomalies assisted at the Pediatric Cardiology Outpatient Department at the distinguished Western Paulista reference hospital. We conducted a retrospective study involving the analysis of electronic database records and patient medical charts for individuals diagnosed with congenital heart disease during the period from July 2013 to July 2018. A total of 298 medical records were selected for the analysis of variables encompassing the ICD-10 codes, gender, spatial distribution, and temporal trends. It was possible to observe that septal defects were the most prevalent congenital heart abnormalities, and there was no gender-based difference. An increase in diagnoses was noted from 2014, coinciding with the implementation of the "heart test," and 51% of the cases were from Presidente Prudente, with a higher concentration of cases in the industrial park area. There is an association between cardiac congenital malformations and an adverse environmental context. The findings can inform public health policies aimed at reducing the exposure of the most vulnerable population in pursuit of improving health indicators (AU).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal dos pacientes com cardiopatias congênitas aten-didos no Ambulatório de Cardiologia Pediátrica do Hospital de referência do Oeste Paulista. Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo com análise de dados de base eletrônica e prontuários dos pacientes diagnosticados com cardiopatia congênita entre os períodos de julho de 2013 a julho de 2018. Foram selecionados 298 prontuários para análise das variáveis de CID-10, gênero, distribuição espacial e série temporal. Foi possível observar que os defeitos septais foram as cardiopatias mais prevalentes, não houve diferença entre os gêneros. Notou-se aumento do diagnóstico a partir de 2014, com implementação do teste do coraçãozinho e 51% dos casos eram da cidade de Presidente Prudente, com maior concentração de casos na região do parque industrial. Há uma relação na incidência das malformações cardíacas com o meio ambiente desfavorável. Os resultados encontrados podem guiar políticas de saúde pública, visando reduzir a exposição da população mais vulnerável, na busca da melhora nos índices de saúde (AU).

Risk factors for toxocariasis during incarceration: the One Health intervention approach.

Despite potential exposure to soil-transmitted helminths, especially when stray dogs and cats are present, toxocariasis in inmate populations remains to be established. Accordingly, the present study assessed the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of toxocariasis at the Women's State Penitentiary of Parana, Brazil. A total of 234/370 (63.2%; 95% CI 58.2-68.0) women inmates and 28/87 (32.2%; 95% CI 23.3-42.6) correctional officers were seropositive for anti-Toxocara spp. IgG by ELISA, with inmates 2.62-fold more likely positive (p = 0.00000026). The univariate model has identified that non-white (OR = 1.58, p = 0.047) and older than 39 years (OR = 1.28, p = 0.032) inmates were associated with mild but significant odds for seropositivity. Elementary or higher educational level was considered a protective factor for seropositivity. The presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was observed in 10/15 (66.7%) collected soil samples by centrifuge-flotation in Zinc Sulfate, and molecular analysis by PCR identified only Toxocara cati in these eggs. An intervention program was established with regular trap-neuter-release, with gradual removal for adoption (donation campaigns), treatment, and euthanasia when necessary (particularly due to advanced sporotrichosis). In addition, an educational awareness agenda was proposed, aiming to reduce soil contamination and accidental intake by the incarcerated population. A total of 40 feral cats were trapped, 20 males and 20 females, mostly adults. After trapping, 36 cats were neutered, treated, and microchipped in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) at the Federal University of Paraná. Five trapped feral cats were euthanized, four diagnosed with advanced sporotrichosis, and one already neutered cat (not herein) with complications due to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Female inmates presented higher seroprevalence for Toxocara spp. antibodies when compared to correctional officers, significantly associated with age, self-declared ethnicity (non-white), and lack of formal education. Despite the non-natural scenario of a state penitentiary, the One Health approach of Toxocara spp. has highlighted the interdisciplinary nature of the study and its relevance in understanding the complex interactions between human, animal, and environmental factors, particularly impacting female inmates. Further studies should establish the rate of inmate infection over time while deprived of liberty.

One health approach to toxocariasis in quilombola communities of southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Toxocariasis has been listed among the most neglected parasitic diseases worldwide, with approximately one fifth of the global population exposed, particularly those living under poverty. In Brazil, communities of descendants of enslaved blacks (quilombola) have historically had some of the highest rates of vulnerability and poverty, characterized by lack of health assistance, poor quality of life, and nutritional insecurity. METHODS: A cross-sectional sampling of quilombola individuals living in four communities of southern Brazil, as well as their dogs and the soil, was carried out from December 2021 to March 2022. Sociodemographic and other information such as water source, alimentary habits, and dog and cat ownership were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire for assessing toxocariasis risk factors. Human serum samples were tested by ELISA for anti-Toxocara spp. IgG antibody detection was carried out on dog feces and hair, and soil samples were surveyed for presence of Toxocara spp. eggs. RESULTS: Overall, 172/208 individuals (82.7%, 95% CI = 77.0-87.2) were seropositive, the highest seroprevalence rate to date in Brazil. Male gender (P = 0.029), educational level (P = 0.026), and drinking water source (P = 0.043) were associated with seropositivity by univariate analysis. Final logistic regression revealed increased odds (P = 0.017, OR = 7.6, 95% CI = 1.5-42.7) to have seropositivity in individuals > 50 years old (< 10 years old). As expected, individuals with soil contact were more likely seropositive (P = 0.038, OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.1-18.8). Although retrieved in only 5/96 (5.2%) dog feces, Toxocara spp. eggs were found in 18/60 (30.0%) soil samples. CONCLUSIONS: The high vulnerability and seroprevalence observed in quilombola communities clearly demand a One Health approach for detection, monitoring, and prevention of infection by Toxocara spp. in both human and dog populations.

A comparison of intra and postoperative analgesic effects of sacrococcygeal and lumbosacral epidural levobupivacaine in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

The aim of this study was to compare the intra and postoperative analgesic effects of sacrococcygeal epidural levobupivacaine with those of lumbosacral levobupivacaine in feline ovariohysterectomy. Thirty-six cats were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) and meperidine (6 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The cats were randomly assigned one of the three treatments receiving 0.33% levobupivacaine (0.3 mL/kg) into the sacrococcygeal (S-C group, n=12) or lumbosacral (L-S group, n=12) epidural space, or the same volume of 0.9% saline solution into one of the epidural approaches (Control group, n=12). Intraoperatively, cardiorespiratory variables, end-tidal isoflurane concentration (FE´ISO), and fentanyl requirements were recorded. Postoperative pain was assessed by the UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista)-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale and the Glasgow feline composite measure pain scale up to 8 hr post-extubation. Morphine was administered as rescue analgesia. Overall FE´ISO and fentanyl requirements were lower in the L-S and S-C compared to the Control (P=0.002-0.048, respectively). There was no significant difference in the cardiorespiratory variables during anesthesia, postoperative pain and rescue analgesia among groups. The time to standing after anesthesia was prolonged in the L-S and S-C groups than in the Control (P<0.001). Lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal epidural levobupivacaine resulted in similar decreases in isoflurane requirements and intraoperative fentanyl supplementation in the cats, with no postoperative benefits.

One health approach to toxocariasis in Brazilian indigenous populations, their dogs, and soil contamination.

Introduction: Although socioeconomic vulnerability and lifestyle factors may contribute to the transmission of Toxocara spp., no study has investigated indigenous populations in Brazil using the One Health approach. Methods: Accordingly, this study assessed anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in Brazilian indigenous people and healthcare professionals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Presence of Toxocara spp. eggs (feces and hair) in dogs as definitive hosts and in soil samples of the indigenous communities were also recovered and molecularly investigated. Results: Overall, 342/463 (73.9%) indigenous individuals and 46/147 (31.3%) non-indigenous healthcare professionals were seropositive for Toxocara spp. In addition, T. canis eggs were retrieved from 9/194 (4.6%) dog fecal samples and 4/204 (2.0%) dog hair samples, mainly from the Paraná State communities (3/42; 7.1%). Soil contamination was observed only in the Paraná State communities (36/90; 40.0%), with the molecular detection of T. canis. River water consumption was also associated with indigenous seropositivity (Odds ratio, 11.4). Discussion: Indigenous individuals in Paraná State communities were 2.72-fold more likely to be seropositive than those in São Paulo State, likely due to a lack of sanitary infrastructure. In this scenario, a primarily soil-transmitted disease may also have become waterborne, with embryonated eggs probably spread to water supplies by rain. Full-time healthcare professionals in daily contact with indigenous communities were 9.2-fold more likely to be seropositive than professionals who visited sporadically, suggesting exposure to Toxocara spp. during their work and raising health concerns. In addition, the findings herein showed a significantly higher seroprevalence in indigenous people than in healthcare workers (χ2 = 85.5; p < 0.0001), likely due to overtime exposure to Toxocara spp. In conclusion, Brazilian indigenous communities are highly exposed to toxocariasis, with poor infrastructure and contact with contaminated river water as associated risk factors and a higher risk of infection in healthcare professionals working full-time in these communities.

One Health Approach in Serosurvey of Toxoplasma gondii in Former Black Slave (Quilombola) Communities in Southern Brazil and Among Their Dogs.

Brazilian quilombos are rural semi-isolated remnant communities of former black slaves and their descendants who traditionally maintained themselves through archaic subsistence livestock and agriculture practices and historically lacked specific public health policies. Although such individuals and their dogs may be exposed to zoonotic pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii, no study to date has assessed these human-animal populations together. Populations in four different Brazilian quilombos in southern Brazil were evaluated. Overall, 93/208 people (44.7%) and 63/100 dogs (63.0%) were seropositive for IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT), 4/208 (1.9%) human samples seropositive for IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies, with a human-dog seropositivity ratio for IgG of 0.71. Quilombola individuals ingesting game meat were 2.43-fold more likely (95% CI: 1.05-5.9) to be seropositive. No risk factors were associated with seropositivity among dogs, thus suggesting that their exposure to T. gondii was random. Surprisingly, our research group had previously found an inverted human-dog ratio for T. gondii seropositivity of 2.54 in the urban area of a nearby major city. Because consumption of raw/undercooked game meat by quilombola individuals may have contributed to higher exposure, higher overall seroprevalence among dogs may have also indicated interaction with wildlife. Although these dogs may hunt wildlife without their owners' awareness, the higher dog seropositivity may also be related to feeding from discarded food in the community or backyard livestock animals and drinking surface water contaminated with oocysts. Thus, wildlife cannot be singled out as the reason, and future studies should consider sampling water, soil, wildlife, and livestock tissues, to fully establish the source of infection in dogs herein.

Comparison of strip meniscometry and Schirmer tear test results and tear film breakup time between healthy dogs and dogs with dry eye disease / Comparação entre o teste de meniscometria em tira, o teste lacrimal de Schirmer e o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal em cães normais e com olho seco

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare strip meniscometry and Schirmer tear test 1 results and tear film breakup time between dogs with normal eyes and dogs diagnosed with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Methods: One-hundred fifty-six eyes of 78 dogs, 88 normal eyes, and 68 eyes diagnosed with keratoconjunctivitis sicca were included in the study. The tests were performed in the following sequence: Schirmer tear test 1 was used to allocate the dogs to the normal or keratoconjunctivitis sicca group, followed by the strip meniscometry test and tear film breakup time measurement. Results: The results (mean ± standard deviation) of the tests in the normal group were as follows: Schirmer tear test 1, 22.75 ± 3.88 mm/min; strip meniscometry test, 10.01 ± 2.35 mm/5 sec; and tear film breakup time, 25.82 ± 5.47 sec. In the keratoconjunctivitis sicca group, the results were as follows: Schirmer tear test 1, 6.10 ± 4.44 mm/min; strip meniscometry test, 3.03 ± 2.62 mm/5 sec; and tear film breakup time, 10.78 ± 4.23 sec. The Spearman correlation coefficient in the keratoconjunctivitis sicca group was very high, with a significant difference between the strip meniscometry test and Schirmer tear test 1 (r=0.848, p<0.001), and moderate and significant between the strip meniscometry test and tear film breakup time (r=0.773, p<0.001). The cutoff for the strip meniscometry test for keratoconjunctivitis sicca was 7.0 mm/5 sec. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca was suspected when the values were <10 mm/5 sec. Conclusions: This study provided strip meniscometry test values from dogs with normal eyes and eyes with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, with high sensitivity and specificity compared with those of the Schirmer tear test 1. In the future, the strip meniscometry test may be another important quantitative test and could complement the gold standard Schirmer tear test for the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs, an excellent animal model for the study of the disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar o teste de meniscometria em tira com o teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 e o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, em cães com olhos normais e cães com diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca. Métodos: Cento e cinquenta e seis olhos de 78 cães, 88 olhos normais e 68 olhos com diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca. Os testes foram realizados na seguinte sequência: o teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 foi utilizado para alocar os cães no grupo normal ou no grupo ceratoconjuntivite seca, seguido pelo teste de meniscometria em tira e tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal. Resultados: As médias e desvios-padrão para os olhos normais foram: teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 = 22,75 ± 3,88 mm / min; teste de meniscometria em tira = 10,01 ± 2,35 mm / 5 seg; tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal = 25,82 ± 5,47 seg; e para os olhos do grupo ceratoconjuntivite seca foram: teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 = 6,10 ± 4,44 mm / min; teste de meniscometria em tira = 3,03 ± 2,62 mm / 5 seg; tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal = 10,78 ± 4,23 seg. O teste de correlação de Spearman no grupo ceratoconjuntivite seca foi muito alto, com diferença significativa entre teste de meniscometria em tira e teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 (r=0,848, p<0,001), moderada e significativa entre teste de meniscometria em tira e tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (r=0,773, p<0,001). O cut-off para teste de meniscometria em tira para ceratoconjuntivite seca foi identificado em 7,0 mm / 5 seg, valores abaixo de 10 mm / 5 seg podem ser considerados suspeitos para KCS. Conclusões: Este estudo forneceu valores de teste de meniscometria em tira em olhos normais e com ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães, revelando alta sensibilidade e especificidade em comparação com o teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1. No futuro, o teste de meniscometria em tira pode ser outro teste quantitativo importante e pode complementar o teste lacrimal de Schirmer padrão ouro para o diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães, um excelente modelo animal para o estudo de ceratoconjuntivite seca.

Toxoplasma gondii exposure in Brazilian indigenous populations, their dogs, environment, and healthcare professionals.

Although Toxoplasma gondii exposure has been reported in indigenous populations worldwide, a One Health approach has not been applied to date. This study concurrently assessed T. gondii exposure in indigenous populations, and their dogs, environment, and indigenous or non-indigenous healthcare professionals (HPs). Human and dog serum samples from 9 indigenous communities in Brazil were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test for anti-T. gondii antibodies. Soil samples (30 per community) were processed with PCR to amplify T. gondii DNA. Associated risk factors and seroprevalence were analyzed using logistic regression models. Human seropositivity and type of water source were assessed by generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with binomial error distribution, and game meat consumption with chi-squared test. Overall, 225/463 (49%) indigenous persons were seropositive for anti-T. gondii antibodies. Of all the HPs, 67/168 (40%) were positive, and included 54/147 (37%) positive non-indigenous HPs. Indigenous persons more likely to be seropositive compared with non-indigenous HPs (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.11-2.39). A total of 97/253 (38%) dogs were seropositive and highly associated with seropositive owners (p < 0.001). Based on univariate analysis for indigenous individuals, state location of community (p < 0.001), ethnicity (p < 0.001), consumption of game meat (p < 0.001), type of water source (p < 0.001), and educational level (p = 0.026) were associated with seropositivity. Logistic regression showed that indigenous seropositivity was associated with eating game meat (p = 0.002), drinking water from rivers (p < 0.001), and inversely proportional to the educational level. According to univariate analysis for non-indigenous HP, age (p = 0.005), frequency of visits to the indigenous populations (p < 0.001), consumption of water at the indigenous communities (p < 0.001), and ingestion of raw meat (p = 0.023) were associated with T. gondii seropositivity. Logistic regression revealed living outdoors (p = 0.042), habit of hunting (p = 0.008), and drinking river water (p = 0.007) as risk factors associated to seropositivity in dogs. In addition, indigenous communities lacking water treatment had higher seroprevalence for all groups including indigenous persons (GLMM; z = -7.153; p < 0.001), their dogs (GLMM; z = -2.405; p = 0.0162), and all HPs (GLMM; z = -2.420; p = 0.0155). Human seropositivity was associated with that of their dogs (p < 0.001). A single soil sample, out of 270 (0.37%), was positive for T. gondii by PCR. Our results indicate water source is a risk for human and dog toxoplasmosis in indigenous communities; both share similar exposure. Moreover, quality water access was shown to be crucial to prevent toxoplasmosis in both total and non-indigenous HPs who work in these indigenous communities.

Spatial Owner-Dog Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Oceanic Islands and Costal Mainland of Southern Brazil.

Leptospirosis has been described as a disease neglected worldwide. Affecting humans and animals, the disease is often related to poor environmental conditions such as lack of sanitation and presence of synanthropic rodents. Despite being considered as a One Health issue, no study has focused on comparing owner-dog seroprevalence between islands and seashore mainland. Accordingly, the present study assessed anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies by applying microscopic agglutination test (MAT) methods to Leptospira and assessing associated risk factors via univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of owners and their dogs in islands and seashore mainland of southern Brazil. No anti-Leptospira spp. Seropositivity was found in 330 owner serum samples, while dogs presented an overall seroprevalence of 5.9%. All seropositive dogs reacted to serogroups of Leptospira interrogans, including 66.7% of Pyrogenes, 44.4% Canicola, 22.2% Icterohaemorrhagiae, 16.7% Australis; six reacted to more than one serogroup. No association was found among seropositivity and epidemiological variables, except that neighborhood dogs were less likely to be seropositive. Although no seropositivity was observed in owners, seropositivity in dogs had the potential to indicate such species as being sentinels for environmental exposure and potential human risk of infection.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of strongyloidiasis in indigenous communities and healthcare professionals from Brazil.

Strongyloides stercoralis, a pathogenic roundworm, is considered endemic in several tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Indigenous populations have the highest soil-transmitted helminthiases-related mortality rates, but the prevalence and risk factors associated with S. stercoralis in Brazilian indigenous populations have not been established. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for S. stercoralis in indigenous communities and the healthcare professionals serving them in Brazil. Indigenous populations living in nine communities and healthcare professionals were tested for anti- S. stercoralis antibodies by ELISA. A questionnaire was used to assess socio-epidemiological information. Associated risk factors for seropositivity were tested by chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, using univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression. Overall, 174/463 (37.6%; CI 95%: 33.3-42.1) indigenous persons and 77/147 (52.4%; 95% CI: 44.3-60.3) healthcare professionals were seropositive for anti- S. stercoralis antibodies. Seropositivity among the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.0016; OR = 0.547; 95% CI: 0.376-0.796) and revealed that healthcare professionals were 1.83 times more likely to be seropositive. The multivariate analysis showed that being male or being adult were also risk factors, while having a septic tank as a sanitary facility represented a protective factor for S. stercoralis exposure in indigenous persons. None of the variables evaluated were associated with S. stercoralis exposure in the professional group. The study herein has reported a high seroprevalence to Strongyloides stercoralis in indigenous communities of Brazil and healthcare professionals, warning for potential public health concerns of strongyloidiasis in such populations.

Bromelain does not provide significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory benefits over placebo in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of bromelain to control pain and inflammation in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS: 30 client-owned cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. PROCEDURES: In a randomized, blinded clinical study, cats were assigned to receive either oral bromelain suspension (40 mg/kg [18 mg/lb]; BG, n = 15) or placebo solution (0.1 mL/kg [0.045 mL/lb]; PG, 15), which were administered 90 minutes before and 12 hours after surgery. The anesthetic protocol included acepromazine, meperidine, propofol, and isoflurane. Pain and sedation were assessed at various time points up to 24 hours post-extubation using the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale, the Glasgow feline composite measure pain scale, and a descriptive numerical scale. Surgical wound inflammation was measured at the same time points, using a numeric rating scale. Morphine was administered as rescue analgesia. Laboratory data (urea, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, the prothrombin time, and the fecal occult blood) were analyzed preoperatively and 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: Pain/inflammation scores, and analgesic requirements did not differ between groups. Shorter recovery time and lower sedation scores were recorded during the first hour post-extubation in the BG than the PG. Postoperatively, serum creatinine and gamma-glutamyl transferase were lower in the BG compared to PG. Compared to baseline values, all biochemistry variables decreased at 24 hours in the BG. The prothrombin time and fecal occult blood did not differ between groups or over time. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bromelain did not provide significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory benefits over placebo in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Bacterial identification in cerebrospinal fluid of domestic species with neurologic signs: a retrospective case-series study in 136 animals (2005-2021).

Central nervous system (CNS) infections comprise life-threatening clinical conditions in domestic species, and are commonly related to severe sequelae, disability, or high fatality rates. A set of bacterial pathogens have been identified in central nervous infections in livestock and companion animals, although the most of descriptions are restricted to case reports and a lack of comprehensive studies involving CNS-related bacterial infections have been focused on a great number of domestic species. In this scenario, we retrospectively investigated selected epidemiological data, clinical findings, bacteriological culture, and in vitro susceptibility patterns of 136 nonrepetitive neurologic cases in domestic species (2005-2021). Bacterial isolates were recovered from 25% (34/136) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampled. The isolates were obtained from cattle (9/136 = 6.6%), dogs (7/136 = 5.1%), horses (6/136 = 4.4%), goats (3/136 = 2.2%), pigs (3/136 = 2.2%), sheep (3/136 = 2.2%), cats (2/136 = 1.5%), and asinine (1/136 = 0.7%). Among animals with bacterial isolation, Staphylococcus aureus (6/34 = 17.6%), Escherichia coli (5/34 = 14.7%), Staphylococcus beta-hemolytic (5/34 = 14.7%), and Trueperella pyogenes (3/34 = 8.8%) were predominant, in addition to a miscellaneous of other bacteria isolated in minor frequency, e.g., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Enterobacter cloacae, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. In vitro susceptibility tests of isolates revealed that amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (11/13 = 84.6%), cephalexin (9/11 = 81.8%), and florfenicol (9/12 = 75%) were the most effective antimicrobials. Conversely, isolates exhibited resistance mainly to tetracycline (6/10 = 60%), penicillin (6/11 = 54.5%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (5/11 = 45.5%). Also, multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antimicrobials was found in 23.5% (8/34) strains. Data relative to the outcome was available in 79.4% (27/34) of animals that had bacterial isolation, and from these, the lethality rate was 92.6% (25/27). Incoordination (14/34 = 41.2%), recumbency (11/34 = 32.4%), apathy (10/34 = 29.4%), anorexia (9/34 = 26.5%), blindness (7/34 = 20.6%), seizure (6/34 = 17.6%), limb paresis (5/34 = 14.7%), head-pressing (4/34 = 11.8%), and nystagmus (3/34 = 8.8%) were the most frequent clinical signs. A variety of bacterial pathogens were identified in the CSF of domestic species showing neurologic signs, with a predominance of staphylococci, streptococci, and enterobacteria. High lethality of cases, poor in vitro efficacy of conventional antimicrobials, and a high in vitro multidrug resistance pattern of isolates were seen. Our results contribute to etiological characterization, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and clinical-epidemiological findings of bacterial infections in domestic species with neurological signs.

Comparison of four tonometers in the measurement of intraocular pressure in healthy horses.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of the intraocular pressure (IOP) is a useful diagnostic tool in equine ophthalmology. Handheld tonometers, such as Tonovet and Tonovet Plus (rebound), Tono-Pen AVIA Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA-2 (applanation using the Goldmann methodology) are used to obtain IOP measurements in veterinary medicine. OBJECTIVES: To compare and evaluate the accuracy of four handheld tonometers in measuring IOP using different methodologies in healthy horses. STUDY DESIGN: In vivo experiment and cross-sectional survey of healthy horses. METHODS: Intraocular pressure was measured in 72 eyes of 36 horses. An in vivo study was conducted on sedated horses to compare the real IOP values obtained using manometry versus those obtained using tonometry, and a field study was conducted on unsedated healthy horses with normal eyes to measure the IOP values using different tonometers. RESULTS: In the in vivo study, the mean IOP values using ocular manometry was 24.9 ± 4.0 mmHg (range, 20.0-30.0 mmHg). The mean IOP values using tonometry were: Tonovet, 25.7 ± 5.8 mmHg (range 19.5-33.0 mmHg); Tonovet Plus, 24.8 ± 7.1 mmHg (range 13.2-33.2 mmHg); Tono Pen AVIA Vet, 19.2 ± 4.7 mmHg (range 13.1-26.5 mmHg); and Kowa Ha-2, 24.1 ± 1.2 mmHg (range 22.8-25.8 mmHg). In the field study, the IOP values were: Tonovet, 30.7 ± 5.6 mmHg (range 21.7-38.0 mmHg); Tonovet Plus, 29.6 ± 6.7 mmHg (range 16.2-38.6 mmHg); Tono-Pen AVIA Vet, 27.3 ± 5.8 mmHg (range 14.6-37.1 mmHg); and Kowa HA-2, 23.4 ± 2.2 mmHg (range 20.2-28.7 mmHg). MAIN LIMITATIONS: This study included only healthy horses and a limited number of animals in the in vivo study. CONCLUSIONS: There was a strong correlation between the IOP values and manometry for all tonometers. IOP should be estimated using the same tonometer over time, and the bias of the tonometer used, such as overestimation (rebound tonometer) and underestimation (applanation tonometer), should be acknowledged. A normal reference value for each tonometer should be established in horses.

HISTORIAL: La medición de la presión intraocular (IOP) juega un rol crucial en el diagnóstico de oftalmopatías que pueden llevar a la ceguera en caballos. Los tonómetros portátiles, tales como Tonovet y Tonovet Plus (de rebote), Tono-Pen AVIA Vet (aplanación), and Kowa HA-2 (aplanación usando el método Goldmann), son usados para obtener las mediciones de IOP en medicina veterinaria. OBJETIVOS: Comparar y evaluar la precisión de cuatro tonómetros portátiles para medir IOP usando distintas metodologías en caballos sanos. DISEÑO DEL ESTUDIO: Experimento in vivo y estudio transversal de caballos sanos. MÉTODOS: IOP fue medida en 72 ojos de 36 caballos. Un estudio in vivo fue llevado a cabo en caballos sedados para comparar los valores reales de IOP obtenidos usando manometría versus aquellos obtenidos usando tonometría, y un estudio de campo fue llevado a cabo en caballos sanos no sedados con ojos normales para medir los valores de IOP obtenidos con distintos tonómetros. RESULTADOS: En el estudio in vivo, los valores promedio de IOP usando manometría ocular fueron 24.9 ± 4.0 mmHg (rango, 20.0-30.0 mmHg). Los valores de IOP promedio usando tonometría fueron: Tonovet, 25.7 ± 5.8 mmHg (rango 19.5-33.0 mmHg); Tonovet Plus, 24.8 ± 7.1 mmHg (rango 13.2-33.2 mmHg); Tono Pen AVIA Vet, 19.2 ± 4.7 mmHg (rango 13.1-26.5 mmHg); and Kowa Ha-2, 24.1 ± 1.2 mmHg (rango 22.8-25.8 mmHg). En el estudio de campo, los valores de IOP fueron: Tonovet, 30.7 ± 5.6 mmHg (rango 21.7-38.0 mmHg); Tonovet Plus, 29.6 ± 6.7 mmHg (rango 16.2-38.6 mmHg); Tono-Pen AVIA Vet, 27.3 ± 5.8 mmHg (rango 14.6-37.1 mmHg); and Kowa HA-2, 23.4 ± 2.2 mmHg (rango 20.2-28.7 mmHg). LIMITACIONES PRINCIPALES: Este estudio incluyo solo caballos sanos y un número limitado en el estudio in vivo. CONCLUSIONES: Hubo una fuerte correlación entre los valores de IOP por manometría con todos los tonómetros. IOP debería estimarse usando el mismo tonómetro a través de tiempo, y el sesgo del tonómetro usado, como la sobre estimación (tonómetro de rebote) y la baja estimación (tonómetro por aplanación), debería reconocerse. Valores normales para cada tonómetro deberían establecerse para el caballo.