Role of the Crosstalk B:Neoplastic T Follicular Helper Cells in the Pathobiology of Nodal T Follicular Helper Cell Lymphomas.

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), the most common form of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, originates from follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and is notably resistant to current treatments. The disease progression and maintenance, at least in early stages, are driven by a complex interplay between neoplastic Tfh and clusters of B-cells within the tumor microenvironment, mirroring the functional crosstalk observed inside germinal centers. This interaction is further complicated by recurrent mutations, such as TET2 and DNMT3A, which are present in both Tfh cells and B-cells. These findings suggest that the symbiotic relationship between these 2 cell types could represent a therapeutic vulnerability. This review examines the key components and signaling mechanisms involved in the synapses between B-cells and Tfh cells, emphasizing their significant role in the pathobiology of AITL and potential as therapeutic targets.

Longitudinal survey of hepatitis E virus in extensively raised pigs in Spain.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic virus of public health concern, of which pigs, wild boar and red deer are the main reservoirs. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has recently prioritized the development of monitoring programs of HEV at different stages of the pig food chain, including outdoor pig farming. Pigs managed under these extensive production systems frequently share habitat and natural resources with wild boar and red deer during fattening stages and cross-species transmission of HEV among these species has previously been suggested. In this context, we aimed to (I) to evaluate the risk of HEV circulation within the production phases of extensively raised pigs and at the domestic-wildlife interface, and (II) to identify the genotypes circulating within these hosts. A total of 1452 pigs from seven different pig farms were longitudinally sampled during the breeding, rearing, and fattening production phases. In addition, 138 and 252 sympatric wild boar and red deer, respectively, were analysed. Anti-HEV antibodies were found in 1245 (85.7 %) out of the 1452 Iberian pigs sampled. The seroprevalence was 30.4 % in the breeding phase, 95.4 % in the rearing phase and 97.0 % in the fattening phase. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among the three production phases. The seroprevalence was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in fattening pigs compared to those found in sympatric wild boar (31.9 %) and red deer (2.0 %). Three (1.0 %) out of the 293 serum pools analysed were positive for viral RNA. One of them was identified in pigs at the rearing phase (genotype 3 f) and two in wild boar (genotypes 3 f and 3 m). The high seroprevalence detected in extensively raised pigs, together with the detection of the zoonotic HEV-3 f and HEV-3 m subtypes in sympatric domestic and wild swine, highlights the risk of zoonotic transmission and the need to establish surveillance programs and control measures, particularly in breeding and rearing phase, in these epidemiological scenarios.

The Oxylipin Dependent Quorum Sensing System enhances Pseudomonas aeruginosa dissemination during burn-associated infection.

Following severe burn injury, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leading cause of life-threatening infection. Herein, we unveil how P. aeruginosa strategically employs host-derived oleic acid, released as consequence of burn-injury, to induce a hypervirulent phenotype via its Oxylipin Dependent Quorum Sensing system (ODS). ODS activation enhanced P. aeruginosa invasion of burned skin and promoted its dissemination to distant organs in vivo. ODS regulation of P. aeruginosa virulence involved the control of nitic oxide levels, a key signaling molecule in bacteria, through upregulation of the nitric oxide reductases NorCB. Immunization with OdsA, one of the enzymes involved in oxylipin generation, or treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of OdsA, protected mice against lethal P. aeruginosa infection following burn-injury. Our findings reveal a new mechanism underlying P. aeruginosa hypervirulence in burn wounds and identifies OdsA as a promising target for preventing disseminated infections following burns.

Antiangiogenic Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors have Differential Efficacy in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma in Bone.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent kidney neoplasm; bone metastasis (BM) develops in 35% to 40% of metastatic patients and results in substantial morbidity and mortality, as well as medical costs. A key feature of ccRCC is the loss of function of the von Hippel-Lindau protein, which enhances angiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor release. Consequently, antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) emerged as a treatment for ccRCC. However, limited data about their efficacy in BM is available, and no systematic comparisons have been performed. We developed mouse models of bone and lung ccRCC tumors and compared their anticancer efficacy, impact on mouse survival, and mechanisms of action, including effects on tumor cells and both immune and nonimmune (blood vessels and osteoclasts) bone stromal components. This approach elucidates the efficacy of TKIs in ccRCC bone tumors to support rational interrogation and development of therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: TKIs showed different efficacy in synchronous bone and lung metastases and did not eradicate tumors as single agents but induced extensive reprogramming of the BM microenvironment. This resulted in a significant decrease in neoangiogenic blood vessels, bone remodeling, and immune cell infiltration (including CD8 T cells) with altered spatial distribution.

Bluetongue Virus in the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), 2010-2022.

Clinical infection and death caused by bluetongue virus infection has been reported in the Eurasian lynx. Bluetongue virus surveillance in the Iberian lynx revealed widespread and repeated exposure to serotypes 1 and 4 in wild and captive populations of this species. This exposure is possibly from a spillover event from sympatric ruminants.

A Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial of Plitidepsin, a Marine-Derived Compound, in Hospitalized Adults With Moderate COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Plitidepsin has shown potent preclinical activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and was generally well tolerated in a phase I trial of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). NEPTUNO, a phase III, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of plitidepsin in the management of moderate COVID-19 in hospitalized adult patients. METHODS: Included patients had documented severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, required oxygen therapy, and had adequate organ function. The planned sample size was 609 patients. Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to at least 3 days of dexamethasone plus either plitidepsin (1.5 mg/day or 2.5 mg/day, for 3 days) or standard of care (control). The primary endpoint was the time to sustained withdrawal of supplemental oxygen. Secondary endpoints included time to sustained hospital discharge, clinical status, duration of oxygen support, percentage of patients requiring admission to the intensive care unit, and safety. RESULTS: After randomizing 205 patients, NEPTUNO was discontinued due to a notable drop in COVID-19-related hospitalizations. Available data suggest a 2-day improvement in the median time to sustained oxygen therapy discontinuation (5 vs 7 days) favoring both plitidepsin arms (hazard ratio, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, .96-1.96; P = .08 for plitidepsin 1.5 mg vs control; hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, .73-1.53; P = .78 for plitidepsin 2.5 mg vs control). Plitidepsin was generally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the trial limitations, these results suggest that plitidepsin may have a positive benefit-risk ratio in the management of patients requiring oxygen therapy. Further studies with plitidepsin, including those in immunosuppressed patients, are warranted.Results from this phase III trial suggest that plitidepsin, a first-in-class antiviral, may have a positive benefit-risk ratio in the management of hospitalized patients requiring oxygen therapy for moderate COVID-19.

Absence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in wild lagomorphs and their ticks in Spanish Mediterranean ecosystems.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an emerging tick-borne pathogen in different European countries. Since 2013, clinical and fatality cases associated with CCHFV infection have been reported in humans in Spain. During the last few years, endemic circulation of this virus has been detected in ticks and wild ungulates in this country, but the role of other sympatric wild species in the sylvatic cycle of this multi-host virus remains poorly understood. The aims of the present study were to assess exposure to CCHFV in wild lagomorphs in southern Spain, a CCHFV endemic area, and to determine the presence of the virus in ticks feeding on these species. Serum samples from 473 European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and 162 Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis), and 120 ticks feeding on 85 of these wild lagomorphs were collected on 133 hunting grounds between 2018/2019 and 2021/2022 hunting seasons. The presence of antibodies against CCHFV was assessed in all serum samples using a commercial ELISA, whereas ticks were tested for the presence of CCHFV-RNA by a multiplex RT-qPCR that detects all known genotypes of this virus. None of the 635 (0.0 %; 95 %CI: 0.0-0.6) lagomorphs tested had anti-CCHFV antibodies and CCHFV-RNA was not found in any of the 120 (0.0 %; 95 %CI: 0.0-3.0) ticks analyzed. To the best of the authors knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study conducted on CCHFV in Iberian hare worldwide. Our findings indicate absence of exposure to CCHFV in European wild rabbit and Iberian hare populations, as well as in their ticks, which suggests that they do not seem to play a relevant role in the epidemiology of CCHFV in Mediterranean ecosystems of southern Spain.

Serological and molecular survey of rat hepatitis E virus (Rocahepevirus ratti) in drug users.

ABSTRACTRat hepatitis E virus (ratHEV) is an emerging cause of acute hepatitis of zoonotic origin. Since seroprevalence studies are scarce, at-risk groups are almost unknown. Because blood-borne infections frequently occur in people with drug use, who are particularly vulnerable to infection due to lack of housing and homelessness, this population constitutes a priority in which ratHEV infection should be evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ratHEV seroprevalence and RNA detection rate in drug users as a potential at-risk population. We designed a retrospective study involving individuals that attended drug rehabilitation centres. Exposure to ratHEV was assessed by specific antibody detection using ELISA and dot blot (DB) assay and the presence of active infection by ratHEV RNA detection using RT-qPCR. Three-hundred and forty-one individuals were included, the most of them being men (67.7%) with an average age of 45 years. A total of 17 individuals showed specific IgG antibodies against ratHEV (4.6%; 95% CI; 3.1%-7.9%). One case of active ratHEV infection was identified (0.3%; 95% CI: 0.1%-1.8%). This was a 57-year-old homeless woman with limited financial resources, who had active cocaine and heroin use via parenteral route. In conclusion, we identified a potential exposure to ratHEV among drug users. Targeted studies in drug users with proper control groups are necessary to evaluate high-risk populations and transmission routes more accurately.

Monitoring of Coxiella burnetii in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus).

Coxiella burnetii is a multi-host bacterium of major public and animal health concern. This pathogen circulates among several wild species in the Iberian Peninsula, however, the role of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in the epidemiology of this emerging pathogen is still unknown. The objective of this work was to assess the circulation of C. burnetii in Iberian lynx populations from the Iberian Peninsula and to study the molecular characterisation of this pathogen in lynxes and their feeding ticks. A total of 922 lynxes, including free-ranging and captive individuals, were sampled between 2010 and 2022 for the collection of sera (n = 543), spleen samples (n = 390) and ticks (n = 357 from 61 lynxes). The overall seroprevalence was 7.7 % (42/543; 95 %CI: 5.5-10.0 %), with age being significantly associated with the C. burnetii exposure in free-ranging lynxes. A longitudinal study was also carried out to assess the dynamics of the circulation of C. burnetii in this wild host, revealing that 7 of the 37 longitudinally surveyed individuals seroconverted during the study period. The PCR prevalence was 4.4 % (17/390, 95 %CI: 2.3-6.4 %) for spleen samples and 1.1 % (4/357; 95 % CI: 0.0-2.2) in ticks. This is the first study to evaluate the circulation of C. burnetii in the Iberian lynx and to confirm the infection in this felid. The results obtained show a moderate, wide, homogeneous, and endemic circulation of this bacterium in the Iberian lynx populations.

ACE-2 Blockade & TMPRSS2 Inhibition Mitigate SARS-CoV-2 Severity Following Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Airway Epithelial Cells In Vitro.

Cigarette smoking is associated with COVID-19 prevalence and severity, but the mechanistic basis for how smoking alters SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is unknown. A potential explanation is that smoking alters the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cellular receptor and point of entry, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), and its cofactors including transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). We investigated the impact of cigarette smoking on the expression of ACE-2, TMPRSS2, and other known cofactors of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the resultant effects on infection severity in vitro. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure increased ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA expression compared to air control in ferret airway cells, Calu-3 cells, and primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells derived from normal and COPD donors. CSE-exposed ferret airway cells inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 had a significantly higher intracellular viral load versus vehicle-exposed cells. Likewise, CSE-exposure increased both SARS-CoV-2 intracellular viral load and viral replication in both normal and COPD HBE cells over vehicle control. Apoptosis was increased in CSE-exposed, SARS-CoV-2-infected HBE cells. Knockdown of ACE-2 via an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load and infection in CSE-exposed ferret airway cells that was augmented by co-administration of camostat mesylate to block TMPRSS2 activity. Smoking increases SARS-CoV-2 infection via upregulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.

Squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix with osteoclast­like giant cells: A case report.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common tumor of the uterine cervix, usually related to human papillomavirus (HPV). While osteoclast-like giant cells (OGCs) have been reported to be associated with tumors at various locations, to the best of our knowledge, only six cases have been reported in the cervix to date. The present study describes the case of a 38-year-old woman with a medical history of ectopic pregnancy and vaginal childbirth, who presented with coitorrhagia. On physical examination, a mass of ~4 cm was found in the uterine cervix. A biopsy of this lesion revealed infiltrating SCC, leading to a radical hysterectomy 2 months later. The surgical specimen displayed an exophytic lesion with a maximum diameter of 3.5 cm confined to the uterine cervix, histologically consistent with an infiltrating non-keratinizing SCC. There was a prominent intra- and peritumoral chronic inflammatory reaction, and a high number of OGCs. Immunohistochemically, tumoral cells were positive for cytokeratin ßE12, epithelial membrane antigen, p40, p63 and p16, and negative for CD68, vimentin and CD163. OGCs exhibited an inverted expression pattern, with positivity only for histiocytic markers. PCR for HPV detection revealed a HPV 34 genotype (probable high oncogenic risk). This profile suggests the non-neoplastic nature of OGCs, i.e. they should be considered as part of the immune response to the tumor. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the seventh instance of SCC with OGCs in the uterine cervix. Similar findings in other organs, such as the breast, pancreas or stomach, have been associated with a favorable prognosis. While two of the three reported cases with poor outcomes in the uterine cervix had an associated sarcomatoid component, the limited number of cases described to date in this location does not yet allow for an accurate prediction of behavior.

Ecuadorian Woods: Building Material Selection Using an Entropy-COPRAS Comparative Analysis Based on the Characterization of Ecuadorian Oak and Guayacan Timber.

Considering that global awareness for sustainable development has risen to face environmental damages, different building materials have been considered from a mechanical perspective. In this sense, considering the richness of South America regarding its woods, the Guayacan and the Ecuadorian oak timbers have not been previously characterized. The present research has performed mechanical, thermal, and moisture content characterizations to acknowledge the benefits of considering these materials for the building industries. In this sense, Guayacan has been shown to have lower thermal conductivity, making it ideal for thermal insulation; the oak from Manabi showed the best compressive strength; while the oak from El Oro stands with the best tensile strength; and the oak from Loja showed the best modulus of elasticity. On the other hand, all the materials were compared by multicriteria decision methods to select the best, by using the COPRAS method driven by the objective entropy-weighted method, showing that the oak from Loja is the best choice considering the advantage that presents with the modulus of elasticity. In this sense, it is concluded that regarding the mechanical properties, there is not much difference for the compression, bending, and tensile strength; nevertheless, for the modulus of elasticity the oak from Loja stands out, making it a factor to be considered in the selection of a wood for building applications that is corroborated through multicriteria decision methods.

Prevalence of Paslahepevirus balayani in commercial swine food products from Spain.

Paslahepevirus balayani (formerly known as hepatitis E virus) is an emerging cause of foodborne disease in Europe, transmitted mainly by the consumption of raw or undercooked pork. Since little is known about the presence of the virus in several pork products that are eaten uncooked, our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of Paslahepevirus balayani in groups of commercial pork products intended for human consumption subjected to different processing techniques. A total of 1265 samples of pork products from Spain were divided into four groups and tested for the presence of Paslahepevirus balayani RNA: unprocessed pig and wild boar meat frozen at -20 °C (n = 389), dry-cured pork products (n = 391), dry-cured and salted pork products (n = 219), and boiled products (n = 266) (none of these products contained pork liver). Five samples were positive for Paslahepevirus balayani RNA (overall prevalence: 0.4%; 95% CI: 0.17% - 0.92%). All positive samples were from unprocessed meat stored at -20 °C, with a prevalence in this group of 1.3% (95% CI: 0.42-3.44); two samples came from pigs (1.1%; 95% CI: 0.13-3.81) and three from wild boar (1.5%; 95% CI: 0.31-4.28). None of the pork samples in the other groups was positive. In conclusion, Paslahepevirus balayani was found in unprocessed swine products form Spain, but not in processed products intended to be consumed undercooked, demonstrating that transmission of this zoonotic virus by eating these pork products should be more seriously considered.

Neural landscape is associated with functional outcomes in irradiated patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

The incidence of human papilloma virus-mediated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has increased over the past 40 years, particularly among young individuals with a favorable prognosis; however, current therapy often leads to unfortunate side effects, such as dysphagia. Despite the emphasis on dysphagia in previous studies, there is an important research gap in understanding the correlation between neuronal changes and patient-reported and functional outcomes in patients with OPSCC. To address this issue, we examined pathologic tissue samples from patients with OPSCC using multiplex immunofluorescence staining and machine learning to correlate tumor-associated neuronal changes with prospectively collected patient-reported and functional outcomes. We found that tumor enrichment of adrenergic (TH+) and CGRP+ sensory-afferent nerves correlated with poorer swallowing outcomes. Functional electromyography recordings showed correlations between growing (GAP43+) and immature cholinergic (ChAT+DCX+) nerves and denervation patterns in survivors of OPSCC. A murine model of radiation-induced dysphagia further confirmed that immature cholinergic and CGRP+ nerves were correlated with impaired swallowing. Preclinical interventional studies also supported the independent contributions of CGRP+ and cholinergic (ChAT+) nerves to dysphagia in treated mouse models of OPSCC. Our results suggest that CGRP+ and ChAT+ neuronal signaling play distinct roles in tumor- and radiation-induced dysphagia in OPSCC and offer a comprehensive dataset on the neural landscape of OPSCC. These insights may guide early interventions for swallow preservation and the repurposing of neurology-related drugs, such as CGRP blockers, in clinical oncology and survivorship.

Epidemiological survey and risk factors associated with Sarcoptes scabiei in wild lagomorphs in Spanish Mediterranean ecosystems.

Although mortality caused by Sarcoptes scabiei has been reported in European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis), there is a lack of detailed information regarding the exposure of wild lagomorph species to this parasite. Here, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors associated with S. scabiei exposure in European wild rabbits and Iberian hares in Mediterranean ecosystems of southern Spain. Between 2018/2019 and 2021/2022 hunting seasons, serum samples from 464 wild rabbits and 132 Iberian hares were collected from 100 hunting grounds in Andalusia (southern Spain). Sera were tested using an in-house indirect ELISA to detect specific anti-S. scabiei antibodies based on the immunodominant protein Ssλ20ΔB3. The overall apparent individual seroprevalence was 15.9% (95/596; 95%CI: 13.0-18.9). Antibodies against S. scabiei were detected in 11.6% (54/464; 95%CI: 8.7-14.5) of the European wild rabbits and 31.1% (41/132; 95%CI: 23.2-39.0) of the Iberian hares. Species (Iberian hare), age (adults) and geographical area (western Andalusia) were identified as risk factors potentially associated with S. scabiei exposure using generalized estimating equation analysis. By applying spatial analysis, two significant cluster of high seropositivity were detected in western and central Andalusia, respectively. The seroprevalence values obtained provide evidence of endemic, widespread and heterogeneous exposure to S. scabiei among wild lagomorph populations in Spanish Mediterranean ecosystems. Our findings underscore the importance of implementing integrated surveillance programs for sarcoptic mange in wild lagomorphs as well as in other sympatric species.

The potential of miRNA-based approaches in glioblastoma: An update in current advances and future perspectives.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant central nervous system tumor. The emerging field of epigenetics stands out as particularly promising. Notably, the discovery of micro RNAs (miRNAs) has paved the way for advancements in diagnosing, treating, and prognosticating patients with brain tumors. We aim to provide an overview of the emergence of miRNAs in GBM and their potential role in the multifaceted management of this disease. We discuss the current state of the art regarding miRNAs and GBM. We performed a narrative review using the MEDLINE/PUBMED database to retrieve peer-reviewed articles related to the use of miRNA approaches for the treatment of GBMs. MiRNAs are intrinsic non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression mainly through post-transcriptional mechanisms. The deregulation of some of these molecules is related to the pathogenesis of GBM. The inclusion of molecular characterization for the diagnosis of brain tumors and the advent of less-invasive diagnostic methods such as liquid biopsies, highlights the potential of these molecules as biomarkers for guiding the management of brain tumors such as GBM. Importantly, there is a need for more studies to better examine the application of these novel molecules. The constantly changing characterization and approach to the diagnosis and management of brain tumors broaden the possibilities for the molecular inclusion of novel epigenetic molecules, such as miRNAs, for a better understanding of this disease.

Survey of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in captive and free-ranging wildlife from Spain.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), considered a zoonotic agent of wildlife origin, can infect various animal species, including wildlife in free-range and captive environments. Detecting susceptible species and potential reservoirs is crucial for preventing the transmission, spread, genetic evolution, and further emergence of viral variants that are major threats to global health. This study aimed to detect exposure or acute infection by SARS-CoV-2 in 420 animals from 40 different wildlife species, including terrestrial and aquatic mammals, from different regions of Spain during the 2020-2023 coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. In total, 8/137 animals were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against the receptor binding domain and/or viral nucleoprotein according to independent ELISAs. However, only one ELISA-positive sample of a captive bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with a low titre (SNT50 38.15) according to a virus neutralization test. Cetaceans are expected to have a high risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 according to early predictive studies due to the similarity of their angiotensin converting enzyme 2 cell receptor to that of humans. Moreover, of 283 animals analysed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using RT-qPCR, none tested positive. Our results reinforce the importance of considering cetaceans at risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and support taking preventive biosecurity measures when interacting with them, especially in the presence of individuals with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Although most animals in this study tested negative for acute infection or viral exposure, ongoing surveillance of wildlife species and potentially susceptible animals is important to prevent future spillover events and detect potential novel reservoirs.

Symptomatic spinal metastasis of a supratentorial glioblastoma in a pediatric patient: a case report and comprehensive review of the literature.

Spinal metastasis of Glioblastoma is a rare occurrence, especially in pediatric patients, and extremely rare to become symptomatic. The pathology is poorly understood and remains with unclear dissemination mechanisms. The treatment approaches are varied and multimodal therapy (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy) can be employed to manage this type of metastasis. We report a case of a 17-year-old female who underwent a gross-total resection of a right frontal glioblastoma and had adjuvant therapy with chemo- and radiotherapy. In the sixth month of follow-up, the patient presented a paraparesis, and a distant recurrence at T7-T8 was detected. The patient was treated with gross-total resection of the tumor through a laminectomy. The histopathological results were consistent with an isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wildtype GBM metastasis. The patient was treated with multimodal therapy, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. A complementary comprehensive review of current available literature on this topic is also presented.

Serosurvey of Blood Donors to Assess West Nile Virus Exposure, South-Central Spain.

We analyzed West Nile Virus (WNV) exposure from 1,222 blood donors during 2017-2018 from an area of south-central Spain. Results revealed WNV seroprevalence of 0.08% (95% CI 0.004%-0.4%) in this population. Our findings underscore the need for continued surveillance and research to manage WNV infection in this region.