Lignin side chain region participates in Cd detoxification related to the cultivar-dependent Cd accumulation in Brassica chinensis L.

To investigate the effect of lignin in the cultivar-dependent Cd detoxification of Brassica chinensis L., Cd and lignin contents, lignin composition and laccase genes expressions in low-Cd-accumulating (LAJK) and high-Cd-accumulating (HAJS) cultivars grown under control (CK) and 25 µM Cd-treatment were determined. The results showed that lignin combined about 14 % of total Cd in both LAJK and HAJS. LAC genes were more up-regulated in HAJS than in LAJK, indicating that the LAC genes were involved in the cultivar-dependent lignin functions. Higher ß-aryl ether (A) proportion in the lignin side chain region in LAJK than in HAJS were observed, whereas resinol (B) and phenylcoumaran (C) constitute much higher proportions in HAJS than in LAJK. Chemical calculation to estimate Cd affinity associating with lignin side chain region displayed that i) ß-aryl ether (A) exhibited major coupling with lignin aromatic region; ii) resinol (B) and phenylcoumaran (C) displayed major participation in complexation with Cd. We therefore conclude that Cd compartmentalization in the secondary cell wall (SCW) by coupling with lignin side chain region is responsible for Cd detoxification related to cultivar-dependent Cd accumulation of Brassica chinensis. This is the first study on lignin composition in relation to Cd retention mechanisms in SCW.

Screening of the proteins related to the cultivar-dependent cadmium accumulation of Brassica parachinensis L.

Cultivar-dependent cadmium (Cd) accumulation was principal in developing Cd-pollution safe cultivars (PSCs). Proteins related to different Cd accumulations of the low-Cd-accumulating (SJ19) and high-Cd-accumulating (CX4) cultivars were investigated by iTRAQ analysis. Higher Cd bioaccumulation factors and translocation factor in CX4 than in SJ19 were consistent with the cultivar-dependent Cd accumulations. The Cd uptake was promoted in CX4 due to its higher expression of Cd-binding proteins and the lower expression of Cd-efflux proteins in roots. What's more, significantly elevated thiol groups (PC2 and PC3) in CX4 under Cd stress might contribute to the high Cd accumulation in roots and the root-to-shoot translocation of Cd-PC complex. Up-regulated proteins involved in cellulose biosynthesis and pectin de-esterification in SJ19 enhanced the Cd sequestration of root cell walls, which was considered as the predominant strategy for reducing Cd accumulation in shoots. The present study provided novel insights in the cultivar-dependent Cd accumulation in shoots of B. parachinensis.

Cloning, characterization and expression analysis of metallothioneins from Ipomoea aquatica and their cultivar-dependent roles in Cd accumulation and detoxification.

To explore the possible roles of metallothioneins (MTs) played in cadmium (Cd) accumulation of water spinach, three IaMT genes, IaMT1, IaMT2 and IaMT3 in a high-shoot-Cd (T308) and a low-shoot-Cd accumulation cultivar (QLQ) were cloned, characterized, and quantitated. Gene expression analysis suggested that the expression of the IaMTs was differentially regulated by Cd stress in different cultivars, and T308 showed higher MTs expression overall. Furthermore, only shoot IaMT3 expression was cultivar dependent among the three IaMTs. Antioxidant analysis showed that the high production of IaMTs in T308 should be associated with its high oxidation resistance. The role of IaMTs in protecting against Cd toxicity was demonstrated in vitro via recombinant E. coli strains. The results showed that IaMT1 correlated with neither Cd tolerance nor Cd accumulation of E. coli, while IaMT2 conferred Cd tolerance in E. coli, IaMT2 and IaMT3 increased Cd accumulation in E. coli. These findings help to clarify the roles of IaMTs in Cd accumulation, and increase our understanding of the cultivar-dependent Cd accumulation in water spinach.

Ileum Histoplasmosis Mimicking Intestinal Tuberculosis and Crohn's Disease.

Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis (GIH) without pulmonary and bone marrow involvement is very rare worldwide. It can be misdiagnosed as intestinal tuberculosis or Crohn's disease. There are just few case reports of GIH in patients with a positive HIV antibody test. Here, we report a patient who presented to our hospital with repeated intestinal obstruction. The suspicious diagnosis was intestinal tuberculosis or Crohn's disease due to unspecific clinical manifestations and radiologic images. Our patient's HIV antibody test was negative. She had no medical prescriptions. Therefore, our differential diagnosis needed to include ileum histoplasmosis besides intestinal lymphoma, intestinal tuberculosis, and Crohn's disease. Finally, the patient was diagnosed with ileum histoplasmosis due to surgical resection. It is important to be aware of potential infectious diseases, such as ileum histoplasmosis, when making a differential diagnosis. Moreover, surgical resection might be the final approach for small-intestine stricture with fibrosis.

Cadmium and lead accumulations and agronomic quality of a newly bred pollution-safe cultivar (PSC) of water spinach.

Breeding for pollution-safe cultivars (PSCs) can reduce pollutant accumulation in crops. However, the PSC breeding would face the risk of nutritional quality reduction, which is usually ignored in conventional breeding programs targeting to increase crop yield or nutritional quality. Thus, the doubt whether the risk would exist has to be clarified for supporting the PSC breeding. In the present study, a newly bred Cd/Pb-PSC of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic Forsk.) and its parents (QLQ with low-Cd/Pb accumulation ability and T308 with high yield) of water spinach were employed to clarify the above-mentioned issue. Yields, and concentrations of Cd, Pb, nitrite, and organic and inorganic nutrients in shoots of the three experimental lines were determined. There were no significant differences in Cd/Pb concentration between the new PSC and QLQ, in nitrite content between the new PSC and its two parents and in yield between the new PSC and T308. It is decisively significant that shoot concentrations of organic and inorganic nutrients in the Cd/Pb-PSC were as high as those in one of its parents. It is affirmed that the breeding operations (crossing and consequently continuous selfing) for lowering Cd/Pb accumulation capacity of water spinach would not lower the nutritional values of the obtained Cd/Pb-PSCs from the breeding, which should be a pillar that supports the feasibility to minimize Cd/Pb pollution in vegetables using PSC-breeding method.

Different Proteomic Processes Related to the Cultivar-Dependent Cadmium Accumulation of Amaranthus gangeticus.

To deal with the Cd contaminant of agricultural soil, pollution-safe cultivar (PSC) is developed to minimize the Cd accumulation risk in crops. The present study aimed to investigate the different proteomic responses related to Cd accumulation in different tissues between two Amaranthus gangeticus cultivars, Pen and Nan. A significantly higher Cd accumulation in Pen than in Nan was unraveled, especially in shoot. The proportions of soluble Cd in root and stem of Nan were significantly lower than those of Pen, implying lower Cd transportation from root to shoot in Nan. Higher contents of NaCl-extracted Cd in Pen than in Nan were probably attributed to the enhancement of GSH related metabolism in Pen, which activated the transportation of Cd from root to shoot. Alteration of other proteins involved in Cd detoxification and energy production also demonstrated that Pen had exhibited a stronger tolerance than Nan in dealing with Cd stress. Thus, differences in the proteomic processes associated with biochemical differences between the two typical cultivars suggested a cultivar-dependent capacity of Cd tolerance and accumulation in amaranth for the first time.

Endoscopic therapy of colonic liver flexure mucocele.

Colorectal mucoceles usually arise in the appendix, and colonic disease is very rare. We report the first case of a mucocele of the colonic liver flexure that was treated successfully with endoscopy. A 36-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of abdominal distension persisting for 3 days. Colonoscopic examination revealed a round polyp in the hepatic flexure, and we performed hot snare polypectomy with argon plasma coagulation. Histologically, the polypectomy specimen was confirmed to be a mucocele, with no neoplastic changes. Follow-up examinations at 6 and 12 months showed no evidence of recurrence.

Recurrent upper quadrant pain: a fish bone secondary to gastric perforation and liver abscess.

A 60-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital for recurrent upper quadrant pain for 1 month. He had a past history of coronary artery disease. After admission, he repeatedly suffered from high-grade fever, chills and upper quadrant pain. Computed tomography (CT) showed a round hypodense mass in the left lobe of the liver, approximately 2.7 × 2.2 cm in size, and a fish bone was confirmed by surgery in the left lobe of liver. The patient was cured completely after surgical removal of the fish bone and liver abscess. CT scan 1 month after discharge showed that the liver abscess had disappeared completely.

Cavernous Transformation of the Portal Vein Might Increase the Risk of Liver Abscess.

Cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV) is not quite common in adults, and cases with CTPV and acute liver abscess are lacking. We report a patient with CTPV inducing extrahepatic and intrahepatic obstruction, finally leading to acute liver abscess due to bile duct infection. We aim to find out the possible relationship between CTPV and acute liver abscess. A 45-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital for recurrent upper abdominal pain and distension for one year, aggravated with fever for three years. A diagnosis of CTPV and liver abscess was made by 16-slice computed tomography. Effective antibiotics and drainage were used for this patients, and she was eventually cured. When treating patients with CTPV, extrahepatic and intrahepatic obstruction, one should be aware of the presence of acute liver abscess, and empirical antibiotics might be valuable.

[Diagnostic value of serum biochemical markers for liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis B virus].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of serum biochemical markers in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis B. METHODS: Fifty-two patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were divided into liver fibrosis group (group I) and non-liver fibrosis group (group II) according to the results of pathological biopsy, with 67 normal subjects serving as control (group III). The levels of alanine aminotransterase (ALT), aspartate aminotransterase (AST), albumin, total bilirumin, total cholesterol, alpha(2)-macrogbulin, apolipoprotient-A(1) (Apo-A(1)) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) were compared among the 3 groups, and the area under the receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve and liver fibrosis index scores were calculated for the patients with liver fibrosis at different stages. RESULTS: It was observed that the levels of ALT, total bilirumin, alpha(2)-macrogbulin, APO-A(1) and GGT were significantly correlated with the clinical staging of liver fibrosis (P<0.05). ROC area calculated in connection with the 5 serum biochemical markers was 0.83+/-0.13. When liver fibrosis index scores fell below 0.2, negative results of fibrosis diagnose were indicated with an accuracy as mush as 92.3 %, and in cases that ended up with a positive diagnose due to a score between 0.8 and 1.0, the accuracy reached 81.8 %. CONCLUSION: A combined assessment of the indices such as ALT, total bilirumin, alpha(2)-macrogbulin, APO-A(1) and GGT may help obtain an accurate diagnosis of liver cirrhosis with less need of pathological biopsy.