Association between cathepsins and benign prostate diseases: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Objectives: The relationship between cathepsins and prostate cancer (PCa) has been reported. However, there is a lack of research on cathepsins and benign prostate diseases (BPDs). This study investigated the potential genetic link between cathepsins and BPDs through the utilization of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to determine if a causal relationship exists. Methods: Publicly accessible summary statistics on BPDs were obtained from FinnGen Biobank. The data comprised 149,363 individuals, with 30,066 cases and 119,297 controls for BPH, and 123,057 individuals, with 3,760 cases and 119,297 controls for prostatitis. The IEU OpenGWAS provided the Genome-wide association data on ten cathepsins. To evaluate the causal relationship between BPDs and cathepsins, five distinct MR analyses were employed, with the primary method being the inverse variance weighted (IVW) approach. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity of the findings. Results: The examination of IVW MR findings showed that cathepsin O had a beneficial effect on BPH (IVW OR=0.94, 95% CI 0.89-0.98, P=0.0055), while cathepsin X posed a threat to prostatitis (IVW OR=1.08, 95% CI 1.00-1.16, P=0.047). Through reverse MR analysis, it was revealed that prostatitis had an adverse impact on cathepsin V (IVW OR=0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.99, P=0.035), while no favorable association was observed between BPH and cathepsins. The results obtained from MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods were consistent with the findings of the IVW approach. Based on sensitivity analyses, heterogeneity, and horizontal pleiotropy are unlikely to distort the results. Conclusion: This study offers the initial evidence of a genetic causal link between cathepsins and BPDs. Our findings revealed that cathepsin O was beneficial in preventing BPH, whereas cathepsin X posed a potential threat to prostatitis. Additionally, prostatitis negatively affected cathepsin V level. These three cathepsins could be targets of diagnosis and treatment for BPDs, which need further research.

A comprehensive review of the literature on CD10: its function, clinical application, and prospects.

CD10, a zinc-dependent metalloprotease found on the cell surface, plays a pivotal role in an array of physiological and pathological processes including cardiovascular regulation, immune function, fetal development, pain response, oncogenesis, and aging. Recognized as a biomarker for hematopoietic and tissue stem cells, CD10 has garnered attention for its prognostic potential in the progression of leukemia and various solid tumors. Recent studies underscore its regulatory significance and therapeutic promise in combating Alzheimer's disease (AD), and it is noted for its protective role in preventing heart failure (HF), obesity, and type-2 diabetes. Furthermore, CD10/substance P interaction has also been shown to contribute to the pain signaling regulation and immunomodulation in diseases such as complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and osteoarthritis (OA). The emergence of COVID-19 has sparked interest in CD10's involvement in the disease's pathogenesis. Given its association with multiple disease states, CD10 is a prime therapeutic target; inhibitors targeting CD10 are now being advanced as therapeutic agents. This review compiles recent and earlier literature on CD10, elucidating its physicochemical attributes, tissue-specific expression, and molecular functions. Furthermore, it details the association of CD10 with various diseases and the clinical advancements of its inhibitors, providing a comprehensive overview of its growing significance in medical research.

Exploring the multifaceted effects of Interleukin-1 in lung cancer: From tumor development to immune modulation.

Lung cancer, acknowledged as one of the most fatal cancers globally, faces limited treatment options on an international scale. The success of clinical treatment is impeded by challenges such as late diagnosis, restricted treatment alternatives, relapse, and the emergence of drug resistance. This predicament has led to a saturation point in lung cancer treatment, prompting a rapid shift in focus towards the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a pivotal area in cancer research. Within the TME, Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is abundantly present, originating from immune cells, tissue stromal cells, and tumor cells. IL-1's induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and chemokines establishes an inflammatory milieu influencing tumor occurrence, development, and the interaction between tumors and the host immune system. Notably, IL-1 expression in the TME exhibits characteristics such as staging, tissue specificity, and functional pluripotency. This comprehensive review aims to delve into the impact of IL-1 on lung cancer, encompassing aspects of occurrence, invasion, metastasis, immunosuppression, and immune surveillance. The ultimate goal is to propose a novel treatment approach, considering the intricate dynamics of IL-1 within the TME.

[Source Apportionment and Mixing State of Single Particles in the Nanjing Jiangbei New Area].

To characterize the ambient particles in the Nanjing Jiangbei New Area, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was deployed from December 1 to 31, 2015. A total of 7.478 million particles were analyzed with both positive and negative ion spectra. The air quality of Nanjing during the measurement period was poor, and the percentage of pollution days was 49.2%. The correlation (R) between the SPAMS particle number and PM2.5 concentration was 0.83, showing that the particle number could reflect the trend in the variation of atmospheric pollution. The dominant pollutant source at the monitoring site was coal combustion, followed by vehicle emissions and industrial emissions, with a contribution ratio of 63.5%. The increase in the PM2.5 mass concentration was accompanied by a high proportion of coal combustion or vehicle emissions. A high mixing state between EC, ECOC, and OC and NO2-, NO3-, and SO4- was observed for the sources of biomass burning, dust, vehicle emissions, coal combustion, and industrial emissions.