Trends in Parkinson's mortality in Mexico 2000-2020.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the recent trends in Parkinson's disease mortality in Mexico during 2000-2020. METHOD: The adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 inhabitants was calculated using the direct method and the world standard population. Trend analysis was performed with the Joinpoint software. RESULTS: The average mortality rate was 1.26/100,000 inhabitants (SD: 0.09), and males showed higher mortality than females (M/F ratio=1.60). Older individuals ≥70 years old showed higher mortality rates than the rest of the age groups. During the period of study, a significant increase in mortality was observed from 2000 to 2005, while from 2005 to 2020 no significant trend was observed in all the studied groups. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, males and older individuals showed the highest mortality rates. The socioeconomic regions with high levels of wellness showed the highest mortality rates levels. Parkinson's mortality rate has remained constant since 2005 in Mexico.

Mortality in residents of the urban and rural areas of Mexico, 2002-2019.

INTRODUCTION: Mortality is affected by several factors, including the place of residence. Several studies have found a gap in mortality between urban and rural residents. This study aimed to describe adjusted mortality rates in urban and rural areas of Mexico. METHODS: Adjusted mortality rate per 100 000 inhabitants was estimated in urban and rural areas of Mexico, were grouped by sex, age, and main cause of death. Trend analysis was performed with a logarithmic regression of adjusted rates. RESULTS: Mortality was higher in urban (622.1/100 000 inhabitants) than rural (549.5/100 000 inhabitants) areas of Mexico. Males showed the highest mortality rate in both studied areas, urban and rural (737.8 and 634.4/100 000 inhabitants respectively). A significant annual decrease of 0.5% in mortality rates was observed in both areas. CONCLUSION: In Mexico, there is a gap in mortality rates based on individuals' place of residence. Those who live in urban areas present the highest mortality rates.

Mortality From Alcohol-Related Liver Cirrhosis in Mexico (2000-2017).

Background: Alcohol is the main cause of liver cirrhosis. The objective of this study was to analyze the mortality rates of alcohol-related cirrhosis in Mexico from 2000 to 2017. Methods: Mortality data from alcohol-related cirrhosis were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography. Rates were adjusted to the World Standard Population and were calculated with a direct method. The differences between genders were evaluated with Student's t-test, while the ANOVA test was used for differences among age groups. A trend analysis was performed with an ln regression of adjusted mortality rates and analyzed with Student's t-test. Results: The mean age-adjusted mortality rate during the study period was 13.28 per 100,000 inhabitants. A significant decrease in mortality rates was observed, from 20.55 to 10.62 per 100,000 inhabitants. All age groups studied showed a significant decrease in mortality. The mortality rate was higher in males than in females. Conclusions: Mortality from alcohol-related cirrhosis decreased in Mexico. Males still have the highest mortality rate.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a Mentha spicata extract and evaluation of its anticancer and cytotoxic activity.

In this study, silver nanoparticles (NP) were synthesized by two methods: using an aqueous extract of Mentha spicata leaves and using citrate ions as stabilizing agent, and the cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of both NP were evaluated in vitro. The particles synthesized with the aqueous extract were spherical with a size ranging from 15 to 45 nm. These NP decreased cell viability in all of the cells studied; however, the IC50 could only be estimated in the Chang liver cells (IC50 = 21.37 µg/mL). These particles also decreased the generation of reactive oxygen species in Chang and SiHa cells. Additionally, the dispersions decreased the activity of caspase-3. There was no significant difference between the biological activities of the NP obtained with the aqueous extract and the NP synthesized using citrate ions. This study showed that an aqueous extract of M. spicata is an excellent alternative for the synthesis of silver NP. These NP showed cytotoxicity and anticancer activity in vitro. Although more experiments are required, the cell death occurs probably through a mechanism different from apoptosis.

G1359A Polymorphism of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Is Not Associated with Overweight and Dyslipidemia in Young Northeastern Mexicans.

There is extensive evidence to believe that the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in energy homeostasis through a variety of mechanisms. This study aimed to analyze the association between polymorphism rs12720071 of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CNR1) gene with dyslipidemia and overweight in young, healthy Mexicans. The association was analyzed with a logistic regression model and expressed as odds ratio (OR). A total of 148 individuals agreed to participate. Overall, the serum concentrations of lipids were found to be in the normal range. However, females presented higher levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) than males [probability value (p) = <0.05]. In addition, females presented higher risk of being overweight (BMI: >25) [OR = 3.57; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-12.20; p = 0.04], than males. Our results suggest that this polymorphism could influence BMI in young females.

No association between G1359A CB1 polymorphisms and pain in young northeastern Mexicans.

AIM: Recent studies show an association between the endocannabinoid system and pain. In this study, we analyzed the association between two CNR1 gene polymorphisms and pain perception in a northeast Mexican population. METHODS: Genotypic and allelic frequencies were obtained for both polymorphisms. Pain threshold, tolerance and perception were measured using the cold pressor task. RESULTS: No significant association between the polymorphisms and pain perception was found (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Genotypic and allelic frequencies for both polymorphisms were reported for the first time in a Mexican population; however, our results suggest that there is not a significant association between these and pain.

[Variación estacional de las amputaciones en un hospital universitario de Monterrey, México (2009-2012)]. / Seasonality variation of amputations in a university hospital from Monterrey, Mexico (2009-2012).

ANTECEDENTES: Una de las principales complicaciones de la diabetes mellitus es la amputación de alguna extremidad. En todo el mundo, la prevalencia de amputaciones asociadas a la diabetes es muy variada y tiene un impacto considerable en la calidad de vida del paciente. OBJETIVO: Analizar la frecuencia de las amputaciones en el Hospital Universitario Dr. José E. González y evaluar si se presenta un patrón estacional. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 2009 a 2012, en el que se revisaron los expedientes de pacientes diabéticos que se sometieron a amputación. La estacionalidad se analizó con la bondad de ajuste de ji al cuadrado. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 456 amputaciones. Los resultados muestran que febrero es el mes que presenta la mayor frecuencia de amputaciones. La estación anual con mayor número de amputaciones fue el invierno. CONCLUSIONES: Las amputaciones en pacientes diabéticos del área metropolitana de Monterrey presentan un patrón estacional, siendo los meses de invierno los de mayor frecuencia. BACKGROUND: The amputation of an extremity is a main complication of Diabetes mellitus. Worldwide the prevalence of amputations associated with diabetes mellitus is variable and had a considerable impact in the quality of life. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the frequency of amputations in the University Hospital, Dr José E González and evaluate if a seasonal pattern is present. METHOD: A retrospective analysis from 2009 to 2012 was carried out. Clinical files of diabetic patients undergoing to amputation were studied. The seasonality was evaluated with a chi square goodness of fit. RESULTS: A total of 456 amputations were studied. Results shown that February was the month with highest frequency of amputations while winter was the annual season with highest frequency of amputations. CONCLUSIONS: Amputations of diabetic patients from Metropolitan Monterrey Mexico show a seasonal pattern being the winter months those that present highest frequency.

Unintentional and self-poisoning mortalities in Mexico, 2000-2012.

INTRODUCTION: Poisoning remains a major worldwide public health problem. Mortality varies by country, region and ethnicity. The objective of this study is to analyze recent trends in poisoning mortality in the Mexican population. METHODS: Data regarding mortality induced by poisoning was obtained from a publicly available national database maintained by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography. RESULTS: During the period from 2000 to 2012, average mortality rates for unintentional and self-poisoning were 1.09 and 0.41 per 100000 population, respectively. The highest mortality rate for unintentional poisoning was in older individuals of both genders while the highest mortality for self-poisoning was in older men and young women. Additional studies are needed in Mexico, especially those that analyze risk factors in older individuals and young women.

Mortality assessment of patients with pancreatic cancer in Mexico, 2000-2014.

The five-year survival rate remains low for pancreatic cancer (PC). The objective of this study was to describe PC mortality rates in Mexico and its seven socioeconomic regions. The data for the deaths were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography databases. The adjusted rates were calculated using the world standard population. During the study period, the average mortality rate was 4.29 per 100,000 inhabitants. By gender, the rate was 4.35 and 4.29 per 100,000 inhabitants for men and women, respectively. Socioeconomic region 7 had the highest mortality rates. There was a significant decline in mortality rates in all of the groups.

Perception of the risk of adverse reactions to analgesics: differences between medical students and residents.

Background. Medications are not exempt from adverse drug reactions (ADR) and how the physician perceives the risk of prescription drugs could influence their availability to report ADR and their prescription behavior. Methods. We assess the perception of risk and the perception of ADR associated with COX2-Inbitors, paracetamol, NSAIDs, and morphine in medical students and residents of northeast of Mexico. Results. The analgesic with the highest risk perception in both group of students was morphine, while the drug with the least risk perceived was paracetamol. Addiction and gastrointestinal bleeding were the ADR with the highest score for morphine and NSAIDs respectively. Discussion. Our findings show that medical students give higher risk scores than residents toward risk due to analgesics. Continuing training and informing physicians about ADRs is necessary since the lack of training is known to induce inadequate use of drugs.

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Citrus sinensis.

Presently the search for new drugs from natural resources is of growing interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Natural products have been the source of new drugs since ancient times. Plants are a good source of secondary metabolites which have been found to have beneficial properties. The present study is a review of the chemistry and pharmacology of Citrus sinensis. This review reveals the therapeutic potential of C. sinensis as a source of natural compounds with important activities that are beneficial for human health that could be used to develop new drugs.

Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis and risk of persistent systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms responsible for the development of acute pancreatitis (AP) and its complications are not fully understood. AIM: To assess the role of clinical and host molecular factors for the development and outcome of persistent systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in patients with AP. METHODS: We included 191 patients with AP in the study. The considered variables were demographic characteristics, prognosis and outcome, etiology, laboratory findings and complications. Interleukin (IL) 10 (-1082 G/A, -592 C/A), TNFA-308 (G/A) and ILB-31 (C/T) polymorphisms were determined by pyrosequencing. An amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction method was used to genotype the IL8-251 (A/T) polymorphism. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics were not statistically significant risk factors for the acquisition of persistent SIRS in patients with AP. Patients with hypertriglyceridemia were more likely to develop persistent SIRS (P < 0.05). No association with the TNFA, ILB, IL8-251 (A/T) and IL10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms was detected from the allele, genotype or haplotype frequencies. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with hypertriglyceridemia-induced AP were more likely to develop persistent SIRS.

Home versus hospital mortality from cancer in Mexico (1999-2009).

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the place of death from cancer in México from 1999 to 2009 and find the associated factors. METHODS: We collected data on mortality by cancer from the national database including age, gender, area of residence, level of education, place of death, and type of cancer. RESULTS: The proportion of deaths at home and hospital was 55.67% and 39%, respectively. Factors associated with home deaths were old age, female gender, rural area of residence, and lack of formal education. There was a short but significant decrease in home deaths for cervical cancer and leukemia. CONCLUSIONS: In México, mortality in home is greater than in hospital for patients with cancer. Our results have important implications for palliative care professionals and health services of México.

Microbiological and molecular characterization of human clinical isolates of Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus sciuri.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococci reported as causative agents of nosocomial infections has risen in the last decade. The aim of this study was to characterize biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, SCCmec type, and genetic relatedness in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus sciuri recovered from humans. METHODS: Clinically relevant isolates of S. cohnii (n = 15), S. hominis (n = 9), and S. sciuri (n = 6), were collected from patients. Biofilm formation was evaluated using crystal violet staining, drug susceptibility was assessed using the broth microdilution method, and methicillin resistance was measured using the cefoxitin disk test. SCCmec was typed using 2 different methodologies, and genetic relatedness was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: Sixty percent (9/15) of S. cohnii, 33% (3/9) of S. hominis, and 50% (3/6) of S. sciuri isolates were categorized as weak producers of biofilm. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin or linezolid. All 3 species showed a high resistance (> 66%) to ampicillin, levofloxacin, erythromycin, and ceftriaxone, and the majority of the isolates were methicillin-resistant. PFGE revealed that the S. cohnii isolates comprised 1 dominant clone. CONCLUSIONS: The S. cohnii, S. hominis, and S. sciuri isolates analyzed in this study showed a high methicillin resistance and resistance to other antimicrobials. The results of this study strongly suggest that coagulase-negative staphylococci harbour new SCCmec elements. We report the first case of a clone of S. cohnii associated with human disease.

Temporal analysis of PM10 in Metropolitan Monterrey, México.

The Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA) is the third largest city in Mexico. Few studies have been carried out regarding its air pollution. The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal behavior of PM10 (particulate matter < or =10 microm in aerodynamic diameter). Data reported by the "Sistema Integral de Monitoreo Ambiental" (Integrated Environmental Monitoring System) network from 2006 to 2008 were used. PM10 levels were compared among the stations by year, season, and day of week. A bootstrap technique was used to obtain subsamples to which Student's t test and ANOVA were applied. PM10 levels were high and exceeded the annual limit of 50 microg/m3 set up by the Mexican standard Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-025-SSA1-1993. These levels could have serious health effects. The southwest zone of MMA had the highest levels of PM10 during the period studied. Winter was the most polluted season, and summer was the least polluted season. Thursday and Friday were the most polluted days, and Sunday was the least polluted day. The hours with the highest levels of PM10 were 8:00 to 10:00 a.m., whereas nighttime hours were the cleanest.