Defining the role of multiparametric MRI in predicting prostate cancer extracapsular extension.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the predictive factors of prostate cancer extracapsular extension (ECE) in an institutional cohort of patients who underwent multiparametric MRI of the prostate prior to radical prostatectomy (RP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Overall, 126 patients met the selection criteria, and their medical records were retrospectively collected and analysed; 2 experienced radiologists reviewed the imaging studies. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the variables associated to ECE at whole-mount histology of RP specimens; according to the statistically significant variables associated, a predictive model was developed and calibrated with the Hosmer-Lomeshow test. RESULTS: The predictive ability to detect ECE with the generated model was 81.4% by including the length of capsular involvement (LCI) and intraprostatic perineural invasion (IPNI). The predictive accuracy of the model at the ROC curve analysis showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83 [95% CI (0.76-0.90)], p < 0.001. Concordance between radiologists was substantial in all parameters examined (p < 0.001). Limitations include the retrospective design, limited number of cases, and MRI images reassessment according to PI-RADS v2.0. CONCLUSION: The LCI is the most robust MRI factor associated to ECE; in our series, we found a strong predictive accuracy when combined in a model with the IPNI presence. This outcome may prompt a change in the definition of PI-RADS score 5.

[Diabetes in Mexico. CARMELA study].

BACKGROUND: Diabetes has demonstrated an epidemic behavior in Mexico, which is among the top countries with the highest number of patients with diabetes. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Mexico City and its relation with some cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 1,772 adults of both genders, aged 25 to 64 years, were randomly selected. Type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose prevalence were estimated as well as its relation with some cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, abdominal obesity and the common carotid artery intima-media thickness. RESULTS: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 9.7% in women and 8.0% in men. An age effect was evident. The proportion of patients who were unaware of having diabetes was 26%. The main risk factors related to diabetes were age, abdominal obesity, hypertension, low high-density cholesterol lipoproteins (HDL-c) and hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolic control was low. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Mexico is high and is a major health problem. Its close relation with cardiovascular risk factors demand health policies aimed to diminish risk factors related to its occurrence.

[Coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality trends at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. An ecological study of trends]. / "Morbilidad y mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Estudio ecológico de tendencias en población amparada por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social entre 1990 y 2008"

OBJECTIVE: To analyze secular trends of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in Mexicans protected by the Mexican Institute of Social Security. METHODS: An ecological trend analysis study was conducted on coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the Mexican population protected by the Institute. All deaths were adjusted for miscoding and misclasification and rates were age - adjusted according to the age distribution proposed by the World Health Organization. Hospital discharges, as well as the number of patients seeking medical care for coronary heart disease, were analyzed as an indirect incidence measure. Fatality rates and the mean number of hospitalization days were also estimated. RESULTS: Coronary heart disease mortality has shown a stable trend at the end of last century and a descending trend in the in the first year of this century, both in males (r=0.84;r2=0.70; p <0.001) as in females (r = -0.76; r2 =0.57; p <0.001). There is an age-effect on mortality; mortality is higher in males, mainly at younger ages (male-female rate = 3.44). Fatality rates have progressively decreased and the mean age of death has increased by four years in the last two decades. CONCLUSIONS: The stable trend and later descent on coronary heart disease mortality may be best explained by an increase in the quality of health care and secondary prevention. Nevertheless, there is a need to strengthen primary prevention by modifying exposure to major cardiovascular risk factors in Mexicans.

Morbilidad y mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Estudio ecológico de tendencias en población amparada por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social entre 1990 y 2008 / Coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality trends at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. An ecological study of trends

Objetivo. Analizar el comportamiento secular de la morbilidad y mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en la población amparada por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico de tendencias de la mortalidad y morbilidad por cardiopatía isquémica en los derechohabientes del Instituto. Las defunciones se corrigieron por la clasificación inapropiada y las tasas se ajustaron por edad con la distribución por edad propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se analizaron los egresos hospitalarios y la demanda de atención por cardiopatía isquémica e infarto, como medición indirecta de la incidencia. Se estimó la letalidad y el promedio de días de estancia hospitalaria. Resultados. La mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica mostró una estabilización en los últimos años del siglo pasado y una tendencia al descenso en los primeros años de este siglo tanto en hombres (r = -0.84; r² =0.70; p <0.001) como en mujeres (r = -0.76; r² =0.57; p <0.001). La mortalidad tiene un efecto de edad y es mayor en hombres, sobre todo a edades tempranas (razón hombre-mujer = 3.44). La letalidad ha disminuido progresivamente y la edad promedio de muerte se ha incrementado en cuatro años en las dos últimas décadas. Conclusiones. La estabilización y posterior descenso de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica probablemente se explique por mejoría en la atención y en la prevención secundaria. No obstante, es necesario fortalecer la prevención primaria modificando la exposición a los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

Objective: To analyze secular trends of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in Mexicans protected by the Mexican Institute of Social Security. Methods: An ecological trend analysis study was conducted on coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the Mexican population protected by the Institute. All deaths were adjusted for miscoding and misclassification and rates were age-adjusted according to the age distribution proposed by the World Health Organization. Hospital discharges, as well as the number of patients seeking medical care for coronary heart disease, were analyzed as an indirect incidence measure. Fatality rates and the mean number of hospitalization days were also estimated. Results: Coronary heart disease mortality has shown a stable trend at the end of last century and a descending trend in the first years of this century, both in males (r= -0.84; r²=0.70; p <0.001) as in females (r = -0.76; r² =0.57; p <0.001). There is an age-effect on mortality; mortality is higher in males, mainly at younger ages (male-female rate = 3.44). Fatality rates have progressively decreased and the mean age of death has increased by four years in the last two decades. Conclusions: The stable trend and later descent on coronary heart disease mortality may be best explained by an increase in the quality of health care and secondary prevention. Nevertheless, there is a need to strengthen primary prevention by modifying exposure to major cardiovascular risk factors in Mexicans.

Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and related risk factors in an urban Mexican population.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a growing and often underdiagnosed health problem that predicts cardiovascular events and mortality. Estimating its prevalence in the general population is a major issue for assessing health needs and planning health services. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of PAD and its risk factors in an urban Mexican population. A random sample of 400 adult subjects was selected from a Family Medical Unit of the Mexican Institute of the Social Security. Clinical examination was performed and a questionnaire was applied to all subjects. After an overnight fast, serum glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations were measured. Blood pressure was taken and the ankle-brachial index (ABI) was calculated by Doppler examination in both sides. PAD was diagnosed if one of the ABIs was less than 0.90. Prevalence was estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI95%), and odds ratios (OR) with CI95% were obtained to assess association with some atherogenic risk factors in a multiple logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of PAD was 10.0% (CI95%, 7.24%-13.37%), and it was higher in men. Most subjects with PAD had no signs or symptoms, although the presence of either signs or symptoms was more frequent in subjects with PAD. The main risk factors related to PAD were serum triglycerides > or = 150 mg/dL (OR 2.25; CI95% 1.0-5.1), heavy smoking (OR 2.5; CI95% 0.9-6.7) and a history of diabetes mellitus for longer than 7 years (OR 1.9; CI95% 0.6-5.8). The prevalence of PAD is high in this Mexican urban population. Asymptomatic PAD may be highly frequent, and low-cost, noninvasive Doppler ultrasonography should be considered as an adequate screening procedure in primary care to detect individuals at high risk for major cardiovascular events.