Pesticide contamination of lactating mothers' milk in Latin America: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of contamination by pesticides and their metabolites in the milk of lactating mothers in Latin America. METHODS: In this systematic review, the PubMed, LILACS, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched up to January 2022 to identify observational studies. The Mendeley software was used to manage these references. The risk of bias assessment was evaluated according to the checklist for prevalence studies and writing design, by the Prisma guidelines. RESULTS: This study retrieved 1835 references and analyzed 49 studies. 69.38% of the analyzed studies found a 100% prevalence of breast milk contamination by pesticides among their sample. Main pesticides include dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its isomers (75.51%), followed by the metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) (69.38%) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (46.93%). This study categorized most (65.30%) studies as having a low risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: This review shows a high prevalence of pesticide contamination in the breast milk of Latin American women. Further investigations should be carried out to assess contamination levels in breast milk and the possible effects of these substances on maternal and child health.

Perfil epidemiológico da tuberculose no município de Barreiras (BA), no período de 2008 a 2018 / Epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in Barreiras (BA) from 2008 to 2018 / Perfil epidemiológico de la tuberculosis en el municipio de Barreiras (Bahía) en el periodo de 2008 a 2018

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil epidemiológico da tuberculose em Barreiras (BA) entre 2008 e 2018. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, de série histórica, cujos dados foram obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), no Sistema de Informação Sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e no Centro de Saúde Leonídia Ayres de Almeida. Foram calculados coeficientes de incidência e de mortalidade. A espacialização da distribuição dos casos por bairros foi elaborada no software ArcGIS 10.2. Nos 537 casos analisados, predominaram homens (57%) de 35-49 anos de idade (26,8%), idosos (> 60 anos) apresentaram incidência e mortalidade superiores à média nacional, e 3,7% dos pacientes estavam coinfectados com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Foi predominante a forma pulmonar da tuberculose (84,5%); constatou-se baciloscopia positiva em 50,5% dos casos e radiografia suspeita em 82,7%. Metade dos casos concentravam-se em sete bairros. Os resultados apontam a necessidade de desenvolver mais ações de saúde para controle da tuberculose entre homens adultos, idosos e nos bairros com mais infectados, além da importância de reavaliar os métodos diagnósticos utilizados em Barreiras.

This article sought to describe the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil, between 2008 and 2018. An epidemiological, descriptive, historical series study was conducted with data obtained from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), the Mortality Information System (SIM), and the Leonídia Ayres de Almeida Health Center. Incidence and mortality coefficients were calculated. Spatial distribution of cases by neighborhood was developed using ArcGIS v.10.2 software. In the 537 cases analyzed, men (57%) aged 35 to 49 years (26.8%) predominated, older adults (> 60 years) presented incidence and mortality higher than the national average, and 3.7% of patients were co-infected with HIV virus. Pulmonary tuberculosis was predominant (84.5%). Positive smear microscopy was found in 50.5% of cases and suspected radiography in 82.7%. Half of the cases were concentrated in seven neighborhoods. Results show the need for more health actions to control tuberculosis among adult men, older adults and in the most infected neighborhoods, besides the importance of reassessing the diagnostic methods used in Barreiras.

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo describir el perfil epidemiológico de la tuberculosis en Barreiras, en Bahía (Brasil), entre 2008-2018. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo, de serie histórica, cuyos datos se obtuvieron del Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación (Sinan), del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) y del Centro de Salud Leonídia Ayres de Almeida. Se calcularon los coeficientes de incidencia y mortalidad. La distribución espacial de casos por vecindario se desarrolló utilizando el software ArcGIS v.10.2. En los 537 casos analizados predominaron los hombres (57%), de entre 35-49 años (26,8%); los ancianos (> 60 años) tuvieron una incidencia y mortalidad superior a la media nacional; y el 3,7% de los pacientes fueron coinfectados por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). La forma pulmonar (84,5%) fue la más prevalente; se constató baciloscopia positiva en el 50,5% de los casos y sospecha de radiografía en el 82,7%. La mitad de los casos se concentraron en siete barrios. Los resultados indican que son necesarias más acciones de salud para controlar la tuberculosis en hombres adultos, ancianos y en los barrios con más contagios, además de una reevaluación de los métodos diagnósticos utilizados en Barreiras.