RESUMEN
In response to stress, eukaryotes activate the integrated stress response (ISR) via phosphorylation of eIF2α to promote the translation of pro-survival effector genes, such as GCN4 in yeast. Complementing the ISR is the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway, which regulates eIF4E function. Here, we probe translational control in the absence of eIF4E in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Intriguingly, we find that loss of eIF4E leads to de-repression of GCN4 translation. In addition, we find that de-repression of GCN4 translation is accompanied by neither eIF2α phosphorylation nor reduction in initiator ternary complex (TC). Our data suggest that when eIF4E levels are depleted, GCN4 translation is de-repressed via a unique mechanism that may involve faster scanning by the small ribosome subunit due to increased local concentration of eIF4A. Overall, our findings suggest that relative levels of eIF4F components are key to ribosome dynamics and may play important roles in translational control of gene expression.
Asunto(s)
Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Estrés Fisiológico , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Fosforilación , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/genética , Factor 4F Eucariótico de Iniciación/metabolismo , Factor 4F Eucariótico de Iniciación/genética , Biosíntesis de Proteínas , Regulación Fúngica de la Expresión Génica , Factor 4E Eucariótico de Iniciación/metabolismo , Factor 4E Eucariótico de Iniciación/genética , Factor 2 Eucariótico de Iniciación/metabolismo , Factor 2 Eucariótico de Iniciación/genética , Transducción de Señal , Ribosomas/metabolismo , Ribosomas/genética , Factor 4A Eucariótico de Iniciación/metabolismo , Factor 4A Eucariótico de Iniciación/genéticaRESUMEN
To facilitate long-term survival, cells must exit the cell cycle and enter quiescence, a reversible non-replicative state. Budding yeast cells reprogram their gene expression during quiescence entry to silence transcription, but how the nascent transcriptome changes in quiescence is unknown. By investigating the nascent transcriptome, we identified over a thousand noncoding RNAs in quiescent and G1 yeast cells, and found noncoding transcription represented a larger portion of the quiescent transcriptome than in G1. Additionally, both mRNA and ncRNA are subject to increased post-transcriptional regulation in quiescence compared to G1. We found that, in quiescence, the nuclear exosome-NNS pathway suppresses over one thousand mRNAs, in addition to canonical noncoding RNAs. RNA sequencing through quiescent entry revealed two distinct time points at which the nuclear exosome controls the abundance of mRNAs involved in protein production, cellular organization, and metabolism, thereby facilitating efficient quiescence entry. Our work identified a previously unknown key biological role for the nuclear exosome-NNS pathway in mRNA regulation and uncovered a novel layer of gene-expression control in quiescence.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Procesamiento Postranscripcional del ARN , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , ARN Mensajero/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
Quiescence is a conserved cellular state wherein cells cease proliferation and remain poised to re-enter the cell cycle when conditions are appropriate. Budding yeast is a powerful model for studying cellular quiescence. In this work, we demonstrate that the pH of the YPD media strongly affects quiescence entry efficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Adjusting media pH to 5.5 significantly improves quiescence entry efficiency compared to unadjusted YPD media. Thermotolerance of the produced quiescence yeast are similar, suggesting the media pH influences the quantity of quiescent cells more than quality of quiescence reached.
RESUMEN
Astrocytes are active partners in neural information processing [1, 2]. However, the roles of astrocytes in regulating behavior remain unclear [3, 4]. Because astrocytes have persistent circadian clock gene expression and ATP release in vitro [5-8], we hypothesized that they regulate daily rhythms in neurons and behavior. Here, we demonstrated that daily rhythms in astrocytes within the mammalian master circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), determine the period of wheel-running activity. Ablating the essential clock gene Bmal1 specifically in SCN astrocytes lengthened the circadian period of clock gene expression in the SCN and in locomotor behavior. Similarly, excision of the short-period CK1ε tau mutation specifically from SCN astrocytes resulted in lengthened rhythms in the SCN and behavior. These results indicate that astrocytes within the SCN communicate to neurons to determine circadian rhythms in physiology and in rest activity.
