Bone Destruction-Chemotactic Osteoprogenitor Cells Deliver Liposome Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Osteosarcoma and Osteoporosis.

Therapeutic efficacy of skeletal diseases is usually limited by unfavorable drug delivery due to incapable bone targeting and low bone affinity of conventional drug carriers, as well as relatively reduced vascularization and dense structure of bone tissues. Due to CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)/CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) signal axis-guided recruitment, osteoprogenitor cells (OPCs) can actively migrate to bone disease nidus. Here, drugs-loaded nanoliposomes are prepared and decorated onto OPCs by biotin-streptavidin linkage for precise bone disease targeting and effective drug delivery. In mouse models of tibia defect and orthotopic osteosarcoma, superior targeting property of OPCs-based drug delivery systems toward diseased bone niduses is verified. By encapsulating antitumor and antiosteoporosis drugs into nanoliposomes, OPCs-based drug delivery systems effectively inhibit disease development and restore bone destruction in mouse models of orthotopic osteosarcoma and ovariectomized osteoporosis. This study reveals a cell-based drug delivery system for precise bone disease targeting and highly effective drug delivery, which will find great potential as a universal drug delivery platform for targeting treatment of various bone diseases.

Impact of diabetes mellitus and hypertension on renal function during first-line targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective multicenter study.

Background: Renal function deterioration during systemic therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is a long-term concern in treatment planning. Although hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the most common factors that affect chronic kidney disease (CKD) development and progression, their impact on renal function during targeted therapy is unclear. This study investigated whether DM and HTN were associated with a decline in renal function during first-line targeted therapy for mRCC. Methods: This retrospective multicenter study analyzed patients receiving first-line targeted therapy for mRCC. They were classified as follows: group 1: HTN-, DM-; group 2: HTN+, DM-; group 3: HTN-, DM+; and group 4: HTN+, DM+. Changes in renal function and factors affecting progression to stage 4 CKD after targeted therapy were analyzed. Results: Among the 424 enrolled patients, 303 (71.5%) and 121 (28.5%) were treated with sunitinib and pazopanib, respectively [median duration: 10.3 months, interquartile range (IQR), 3.1-37.0 months]. Although all groups showed a decreased mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after treatment (P<0.001 for group 1, group 2, and group 4, P=0.02 for group 3, respectively), there were no significant differences in changes in eGFR (∆eGFR) between groups (P=0.10). However, actual renal function change calculated using percent ∆eGFR (%∆eGFR) showed differences between groups (P=0.02); the %∆eGFR of group 4 was significantly lower compared with group 1 (P=0.008). The mean progression time to stage 4 CKD in group 4 (38.6 months) was significantly shorter compared to the other groups (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis identified increased age (P=0.008), increased number of metastatic sites (P=0.047), and DM and HTN coexistence (P<0.001) as predictors of progression to stage 4 CKD. Conclusions: Patients with DM and HTN experienced further decline in renal function and had a higher risk of progression to stage 4 CKD after targeted therapy compared to patients without these risk factors. Recognition and proactive management of DM and HTN are necessary to facilitate the proper administration of life-prolonging oncological treatments.

Research progress on ultrasound and molecular markers for prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects.

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital anomalies that result from the failure of early neural tube closure during fetal neurogenesis. They are the most common and severe congenital malformations of the central nervous system. Identifying reliable prenatal diagnostic ultrasound and molecular markers that can predict NTDs is of paramount importance. Early diagnosis of NTDs allows embryonic treatment and prevention strategies, which are crucial for reducing the disability rate associated with these malformations, reducing the burden on individuals and on society. The purpose of this comprehensive review was to summarize the ultrasound biomarkers between 11 and 13 weeks of gestation and the molecular biomarkers used in the diagnosis of NTDs, providing additional insights into early screening for NTDs.

Shugan Jieyu capsule effects on peripheral blood micro-124, micro-132, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with mild to moderate depression.

BACKGROUND: To assess the effectiveness of Shugan Jieyu capsules on peripheral blood miR-124, miR-132, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients with mild to moderate depression following coronary artery intervention [percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)] for coronary heart disease. AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Shugan Jieyu capsules and their effects on the peripheral blood levels of miR-124, miR-132, and BDNF in patients with mild to moderate depression following PCI for coronary heart disease. METHODS: Patients with mild-to-moderate depression of the liver-qi stagnation type after PCI for coronary heart disease at the 305th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army were enrolled from June 2022 to November 2023 and randomly assigned to two groups: Experimental (treated with Shugan Jieyu capsules) and control (treated with escitalopram oxalate tablets). This study compared the antidepressant effects of these treatments using 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17) scores, metabolic equivalents, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, BDNF, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, miR-124 and miR-132 levels, distribution of immune-related lymphocyte subsets, and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores before and after 6 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed in any index between the two groups before treatment (P > 0.05). After treatment, the total efficacy rates were 93.33% and 90.00% in the experimental and control groups, respectively. Experimental group had significantly lower scores for the main and secondary syndromes compared to the control group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the metabolic equivalents between the two groups before and after treatment (P > 0.05). The levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and miR-132 were significantly lower, whereas those of miR-124, BDNF, CD3+T lymphocytes, CD3+CD4+T helper lymphocytes, and CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ cells were significantly higher in the experimental group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions during experimental group was significantly lower than that in control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Shugan Jieyu capsules have good efficacy in patients with mild-to-moderate depression after PCI, and its mechanism may contribute to the regulation of miR-124, miR-132, BDNF levels, and lymphoid immune cells.

A diverse Fusarium community is responsible for contamination of rice with a variety of Fusarium toxins.

Rice plays an important role in the daily diet in China and therefore its quality and safety have been of great concern. However, few systematic studies have investigated Fusarium community and toxins in rice grains. Here, we collected 1381 rice samples from Jiangsu Province in eastern China and found a higher frequency of zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FBs), and beauvericin (BEA). The positive samples were individually contaminated with a minimum of one and a maximum of ten toxins. Fusarium was isolated and identified as the major fungus, which exhibited temporal and geographical distribution. The most prevalent species complexes within this genus were Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC), and Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC). Nevertheless, the amplicon sequence analysis revealed a low relative abundance of Fusarium in the rice panicles, and the fungal community exhibited an irregular change along with the symptom's emergence. In vitro toxigenic profiles of Fusarium strains showed significant complexity and specificity depending on the type and content. FIESC strains were non-pathogenic to wheat heads and weakly pathogenic to maize ears, respectively, accumulating lower amounts of toxins than F. asiaticum and F. fujikuroi. There was no significant variation in the ability to cause panicle blight in rice among the various species tested. Our study provides detailed information about the contamination of Fusarium toxins and community in rice after harvest. This information is valuable for understanding the relationship between Fusarium and rice and for developing effective control strategies.

Validation of the Chinese orthostatic discriminant and Severity Scale (ODSS) for detection of orthostatic intolerance syndrome.

Background: Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is the inability to tolerate orthostatic stress during any postural change. The etiology of OI varies, and methods to obtain a specific diagnosis and plan appropriate treatment are important. The tools available within the Chinese context to swiftly identify orthostatic intolerance syndrome (OIS) are currently limited. Methods: Patients with OI symptoms were included in this study and categorized into two groups based on the results of the supine-to-stand test. Those with abnormal test results were assigned to the OIS group, while those with normal test results were placed in the non-OIS group. We evaluated the internal consistency and predictive value of the Chinese Orthostatic Discriminant and Severity Scale (ODSS) by comparing patients' scores with their physiological measurements collected during orthostatic stress tests and the results of other available questionnaires, including the orthostatic Symptom Questionnaire and Orthostatic Grading Scale (OGS). Results: Patients with OIS scored significantly higher on all three questionnaires and showed significant differences in autonomic responses during orthostatic stress tests compared with non-OIS patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the orthostatic score from the ODSS had moderate predictive value for the supine test (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.754). Further subgroup analysis revealed that the orthostatic score from the ODSS had uniquely high specificity and sensitivity for identifying patients with orthostatic hypotension with abnormal cerebral blood flow (OH-U, AUC = 0.919). Conclusions: We conclude that the Chinese version of the ODSS has sufficient reliability and validity to distinguish patients with OIS and could possibly be used as a diagnostic tool for OH-U patients. Thus, the Chinese ODSS offers a beneficial screening tool for quickly assessing whether patients have OIS that requires further clinical assessment.

Evaluation of tissue conditioner-assisted complete denture restoration: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effect of three impression methods, conventional, closed-mouth, and tissue conditioner, on complete denture fabrication. METHODS: 60 subjects (edentulous with severely resorbed alveolar ridges - Atwood classification III or IV) who visited the Prosthodontic Department of Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, China, between January 2022 and June 2023, were selected for this study. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 20: a conventional impression group (CI group), a closed-mouth impression group (CM group), and a tissue conditioner group (TC group). Three months after denture restoration was completed, denture quality was assessed by clinicians in terms of marginal extension, retention, and stability. In addition, patients completed the oral health impact profile-edentulous (OHIP-EDENT) questionnaire to provide subjective satisfaction evaluations of the final denture restoration outcomes. RESULTS: The comprehensive denture quality evaluation results showed that the TC group had the lowest score, which was significantly lower than that of the CM (P= 0.014) and CI (P< 0.001) groups. The average score of the CM group was also significantly lower than that of the CI group (P= 0.004), indicating that tissue conditioner restoration was the most effective method. The OHIP-EDENT scores gradually decreased across the groups from CI to CM to TC (P= 0.001), indicating patients' oral health was significantly improved using tissue conditioner. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Tissue conditioner is a suitable dynamic functional impression method. It can significantly improve the effects for edentulous patients and increase their satisfaction.

Exploring the immunometabolic potential of Danggui Buxue Decoction for the treatment of IBD-related colorectal cancer.

Danggui Buxue (DGBX) decoction is a classical prescription composed of Astragali Radix (AR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR), used to enrich blood, and nourish Qi in Chinese medicine, with the potential to recover energy and stimulate metabolism. Chronic inflammation is a risk factor in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related colorectal cancer (CRC). More importantly, AR and ASR have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities, as well as prefiguring a potential effect on inflammation-cancer transformation. We, therefore, aimed to review the immunometabolism potential of DGBX decoction and its components in this malignant transformation, to provide a helpful complement to manage the risk of IBD-CRC. The present study investigates the multifaceted roles of DGBX decoction and its entire components AR and ASR, including anti-inflammation effects, anti-cancer properties, immune regulation, and metabolic regulation. This assessment is informed by a synthesis of scholarly literature, with more than two hundred articles retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases within the past two decades. The search strategy employed utilized keywords such as "Danggui Buxue", "Astragali Radix", "Angelicae Sinensis Radix", "Inflammation", and "Metabolism", alongside the related synonyms, with a particular emphasis on high-quality research and studies yielding significant findings. The potential of DGBX decoction in modulating immunometabolism holds promise for the treatment of IBD-related CRC. It is particularly relevant given the heterogeneity of CRC and the growing trend towards personalized medicine, but the precise and detailed mechanism necessitate further in vivo validation and extensive clinical studies to substantiate the immunometabolic modulation and delineate the pathways involved.

Revealing the key antioxidant compounds and potential action mechanisms of Chinese Cabernet Sauvignon red wines by integrating UHPLC-QTOF-MS-based untargeted metabolomics, network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches.

In recent years, red wine drinking has become more popular in China owing to its antioxidant effects. However, the key antioxidant compounds and their action mechanisms of Chinese red wines are still unclear. Herein, the antioxidant activities and chemical compositions of 45 Chinese Cabernet Sauvignon red wine samples were determined using chemical antioxidant assays and an UHPLC-QTOF-MS-based untargeted metabolomics method. The key antioxidant compounds in red wines and potential action mechanisms were revealed by integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches. Results showed that there are 8 key antioxidant compounds in the red wine samples. These compounds are involved in several metabolic pathways in the body, particularly PI3K/AKT. What's more, they bind to the core antioxidant targets through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. Among them, myricetin, laricitrin, 2,3,8-tri-O-methylellagic acid and AKT1 have the highest binding energies. This study could provide the theoretical basis for further investigation of physiological activities and functions of Chinese red wines.

Left Ventricular Papillary Muscle: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Multimodal Evaluation.

As an integral part of the mitral valve apparatus, the left ventricle papillary muscle (PM) controls mitral valve closure during systole and participates in the ejection process during left ventricular systole. Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most immediate and predominant result when the PM is structurally or functionally abnormal. However, dysfunction of the PM is easily underestimated or overlooked in clinical interventions for MR-related diseases. Therefore, adequate recognition of PM dysfunction and PM-derived MR is critical. In this review, we systematically describe the normal anatomical variations in the PM and the pathophysiology of PM dysfunction-related diseases and summarize the commonly used parameters and the advantages and disadvantages of various noninvasive imaging modalities for the structural and functional assessment of the PM.

Aloe vera and tea polyphenols composite coating delays passion fruit senescence by promoting phenolic and flavonoid accumulation.

Passion fruits are highly perishable during postharvest storage and transportation, prompting the exploration of natural preservatives. This study investigates the synergistic effects of Aloe vera (ALV) and tea polyphenols (TP) coatings on quality retention, ripening modulation, and associated regulatory mechanisms in stored "golden" passion fruit (Passiflora spp.) at 10 °C. The application of a composite coating comprising 40 % ALV and 0.1 g/L TP led to notable improvements in fruit preservation over a 28-day storage period. At the day of 28, quantitatively, the ALV + TP treatment reduced weight loss by 41.60 %, shrinkage index by 28.13 %, and decay index by 50 %, significantly outperforming the control and individual treatments; the treated fruits exhibited enhanced firmness, reduced ethylene production, and the respiration peak was delayed about 6 days. Metabolomic analysis revealed pronounced alterations in key metabolic pathways, notably phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Specifically, significant increases in metabolites such as phenolic acids (Feruloylmalic acid and Acropyrone) and flavonoids (Okanin-4'-O-glucoside, Apigenin-8-C-Arabinoside, Quercetin-3-O- (2'-O-galloyl) galactoside, and Catechin callate) were observed. Concurrently, transcript levels of key biosynthetic genes including cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (PeC4H), 4-coumarate-coenzyme a ligase (PeC4L), hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (PeHCT) and flavonol synthase (PeFLS) were significantly up-regulated by ALV + TP coating, indicating a robust activation of these pathways. The findings underscore the effectiveness of the ALV + TP composite coating as an environmentally friendly strategy for enhancing postharvest quality by promoting the accumulation of beneficial phenolic acids and flavonoids in passion fruits.

Disruption of DNA-PKcs-mediated cGAS retention on damaged chromatin potentiates DNA damage-inducing agent-induced anti-multiple myeloma activity.

BACKGROUND: Targeting DNA damage repair factors, such as DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), may offer an opportunity for effective treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). In combination with DNA damage-inducing agents, this strategy has been shown to improve chemotherapies partially via activation of cGAS-STING pathway by an elevated level of cytosolic DNA. However, as cGAS is primarily sequestered by chromatin in the nucleus, it remains unclear how cGAS is released from chromatin and translocated into the cytoplasm upon DNA damage, leading to cGAS-STING activation. METHODS: We examined the role of DNA-PKcs inhibition on cGAS-STING-mediated MM chemosensitivity by performing mass spectrometry and mechanism study. RESULTS: Here, we found DNA-PKcs inhibition potentiated DNA damage-inducing agent doxorubicin-induced anti-MM effect by activating cGAS-STING signaling. The cGAS-STING activation in MM cells caused cell death partly via IRF3-NOXA-BAK axis and induced M1 polarization of macrophages. Moreover, this activation was not caused by defective classical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ). Instead, upon DNA damage induced by doxorubicin, inhibition of DNA-PKcs promoted cGAS release from cytoplasmic chromatin fragments and increased the amount of cytosolic cGAS and DNA, activating cGAS-STING. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of DNA-PKcs could improve the efficacy of doxorubicin in treatment of MM by de-sequestrating cGAS in damaged chromatin.

Risk factors for suspected pulmonary embolism in children: Complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

PURPOSE: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is not a rare complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) in children. We sought to determine the incidence of PE in children with MPP who underwent clinically indicated CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and to evaluate the risk factors for PE. METHODS: All 106 children with MPP who were clinically suspected of having PE and who underwent CTPA were retrospectively enrolled from June 2018 to December 2021. The clinical features, laboratory data, and radiological parameters were recorded (e.g., lung consolidation involved and the Qanadli score). A Cox proportional hazards model and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to evaluate the risk factors and prognostic discriminatory capacity for PE. RESULTS: PE was detected in 26 of 106 (24.5 %) children (mean age, 6.2 years ± 3.3 years; 53 boys). Sixteen of the 26 (61.5 %) children with PE were boys. The mean age of the children with PE was 8.1 ± 2.9 years, and the mean Qanadli score was 15.3 ± 10.2. Children with PE had higher D-dimer levels (9.3 ± 7.1 mg/Lvs. 3.6 ± 3.8 mg/L) and a greater frequency of lung lobe consolidation (25 (96.2 %) vs. 64 (80.0 %)) (all P < 0.05). For children with MPP, age (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.96 (95 % CI1.04, 3.71; P = 0.037), D-dimer level (HR = 1.52, 95 % CI: 1.03, 2.24; P = 0.029), and bilateral lung consolidation (HR = 2.41, 95 % CI: 1.03, 5.58; P = 0.043) were found to be independent predictors of PE. CONCLUSION: Clinical and CT radiological predictors could be used to predict PE in children with MPP. The use of risk factor assessment as a tool has the potential to guide more appropriate use of CTPA in children.

In Situ Sprayed Exosome-Cross-Linked Gel as Artificial Lymph Nodes for Postoperative Glioblastoma Immunotherapy.

One key challenge in postoperative glioblastoma immunotherapy is to guarantee a potent and durable T-cell response, which is restricted by the immunosuppressive microenvironment within the lymph nodes (LNs). Here, we develop an in situ sprayed exosome-cross-linked gel that acts as an artificial LN structure to directly activate the tumor-infiltrating T cells for prevention of glioma recurrence. Briefly, this gel is generated by a bio-orthogonal reaction between azide-modified chimeric exosomes and alkyne-modified alginate polymers. Particularly, these chimeric exosomes are generated from dendritic cell (DC)-tumor hybrid cells, allowing for direct and robust T-cell activation. The gel structure with chimeric exosomes as cross-linking points avoids the quick clearance by the immune system and thus prolongs the durability of antitumor T-cell immunity. Importantly, this exosome-containing immunotherapeutic gel provides chances for ameliorating functions of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through accommodating different intracellular-acting adjuvants, such as stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists. This further enhances the antitumor T-cell response, resulting in the almost complete elimination of residual lesions after surgery. Our findings provide a promising strategy for postsurgical glioma immunotherapy that warrants further exploration in the clinical arena.

Flexible Janus Black Silicon Photothermal Conversion Membranes for Highly Efficient Solar-Driven Interfacial Water Purification.

Photothermal conversion materials are critical in the development of solar-driven interfacial evaporation techniques; however, achieving a high energy conversion efficiency remains challenging owing to the high cost and instability of light-absorbing materials, in addition to the difficulties of simultaneously improving light absorption while suppressing heat loss. A black silicon (Si) powder with a porous structure was prepared by chemical etching of a low-cost commercial micron-sized Al-Si alloy, and a flexible Janus black Si photothermal conversion membrane was constructed. The partially broken spherical particles and porous structure obtained after etching enhanced the refraction of light from the Si powder, imparting the prepared membrane with an average light absorption rate of 95.95% over the solar spectrum. Evaporation from the membrane increased the intermediate water content and reduced the equivalent evaporation enthalpy. The thermal conduction loss was inhibited through a one-dimensional water transport structure, and the membrane achieved a water evaporation rate of 2.17 kg m-2 h-1 and a photothermal efficiency of 94.95% under 1 sun illumination. Benefiting from the broadband absorption and high photothermal efficiency of black Si powder, surface modification of hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane, and directional salt-out structure design, the evaporation rate of the Janus black Si membrane-based system in a 10% NaCl solution was maintained >2.10 kg m-2 h-1 after 7 days of continuous evaporation cycles. The removal rate of metal ions from simulated seawater and from practical wastewater containing complex heavy metals reached >99.9%, indicating the promising potential of black Si membrane for application in solar-driven interfacial water purification.

Unveiling the structural properties and induced resistance activity in rice of Chitin/Chitosan-Glucan Complex of Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA inner cell wall.

Phytopathogen cell wall polysaccharides have important physiological functions. In this study, we isolated and characterized the alkali-insoluble residue on the inner layers of the Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA cell wall (RsCW-AIR). Through chemical composition and structural analysis, RsCW-AIR was mainly identified as a complex of chitin/chitosan and glucan (ChCsGC), with glucose and glucosamine were present in a molar ratio of 2.7:1.0. The predominant glycosidic bond linkage of glucan in ChCsGC was ß-1,3-linked Glcp, both the α and ß-polymorphic forms of chitin were presented in it by IR, XRD, and solid-state NMR, and the ChCsGC exhibited a degree of deacetylation measuring 67.08 %. RsCW-AIR pretreatment effectively reduced the incidence of rice sheath blight, and its induced resistance activity in rice was evaluated, such as inducing a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, leading to the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and the up-regulation of SA-related gene expression. The recognition of RsCW-AIR in rice is partially dependent on CERK1.

Efficient Electrochemical Microsensor for the Simultaneous Measurement of Hydrogen Peroxide and Ascorbic Acid in Living Brains.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ascorbic acid (AA), acting as two significant indicative species, correlate with the oxidative stress status in living brains, which have historically been considered to be involved mainly in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease (PD). The development of efficient biosensors for the simultaneous measurement of their levels in living brains is vital to understand their roles played in the brain and their interactive relationship in the progress of these diseases. Herein, a robust ratiometric electrochemical microsensor was rationally designed to realize the determination of H2O2 and AA simultaneously. Therefore, a specific probe was designed and synthesized with both recognition units responsible for reacting with H2O2 to produce a detectable signal on the microsensor and linkage units helping the probe modify onto the carbon substrate. A topping ingredient, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was added on the surface of the electrode, with the purpose of not only facilitating the oxidation of AA but also absorbing methylene blue (MB), prompting to read out the inner reference signal. This proposed electrochemical microsensor exhibited a robust ability to real-time track H2O2 and AA in linear ranges of 0.5-900 and 10-1000 µM with high selectivity and accuracy, respectively. Eventually, the efficient electrochemical microsensor was successfully applied to the simultaneous measurement of H2O2 and AA in the rat brain, followed by microinjection, and in the PD mouse brain.

Advancements in Brain Research: The In Vivo/In Vitro Electrochemical Detection of Neurochemicals.

Neurochemicals, crucial for nervous system function, influence vital bodily processes and their fluctuations are linked to neurodegenerative diseases and mental health conditions. Monitoring these compounds is pivotal, yet the intricate nature of the central nervous system poses challenges. Researchers have devised methods, notably electrochemical sensing with micro-nanoscale electrodes, offering high-resolution monitoring despite low concentrations and rapid changes. Implantable sensors enable precise detection in brain tissues with minimal damage, while microdialysis-coupled platforms allow in vivo sampling and subsequent in vitro analysis, addressing the selectivity issues seen in other methods. While lacking temporal resolution, techniques like HPLC and CE complement electrochemical sensing's selectivity, particularly for structurally similar neurochemicals. This review covers essential neurochemicals and explores miniaturized electrochemical sensors for brain analysis, emphasizing microdialysis integration. It discusses the pros and cons of these techniques, forecasting electrochemical sensing's future in neuroscience research. Overall, this comprehensive review outlines the evolution, strengths, and potential applications of electrochemical sensing in the study of neurochemicals, offering insights into future advancements in the field.