Association between Periodontal Diseases and the Risk of Site-Specific Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The association between periodontal diseases and the risk of gastrointestinal cancers, especially site-specific gastrointestinal cancers, remains unclear. Here, we comprehensively searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from inception to April 2024 to identify relevant studies. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted to confirm the robustness of the main findings in different populations. This study was reported according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. In total, we identified 19 studies, including 16.6 million participants. Individuals with periodontal diseases had an increased risk of overall gastrointestinal cancers compared with those without periodontal diseases (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.16-1.49). Periodontal diseases significantly increased the risk of esophageal cancer by 39% (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.15-1.68), gastric cancer by 13% (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.26), colorectal cancer by 21% (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.39), pancreatic cancer by 35% (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.00-1.82), and liver cancer by 9% (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04-1.13). The risk of gastrointestinal cancers was significantly increased by periodontitis (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.14-1.85), gingivitis (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.04), and periodontitis/gingivitis (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.07-1.51). Furthermore, severe periodontal diseases showed a significantly increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer (HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.07-2.99). Results of sensitivity analyses for site-specific gastrointestinal cancers were robust with the main findings. In summary, periodontal diseases, especially severe periodontitis, increase the risk of overall and site-specific gastrointestinal cancers. Interventions to prevent and manage periodontal diseases may reduce the risk of developing gastrointestinal cancers.

[Analysis of the correlation between fatty liver index and myocardial remodeling].

Objective: To analyze the correlation between fatty liver index (FLI) and myocardial remodeling. Methods: For cross-sectional study, cluster sampling was used to conduct a follow-up study of "Risk evaluation of cancers in Chinese diabetic individuals: A longitudinal (REACTION) study" among communities of Gucheng and Pingguoyuan of Beijing from April 2015 to September 2015. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 8 848 participants were selected. Biochemical indicators such as body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were detected to calculate the FLI. The correlation between FLI and myocardial remodeling was analyzed. Interventricular septal thickness (IVS), left atrial diameter (LAD), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and the presence of diastolic dysfunction were measured by color doppler ultrasound. The participants were divided into Q1 group (FLI<30, 4 529 cases), Q2 group (30≤FLI<60, 2 762 cases), and Q3 group (FLI≥60, 1 557 cases) based on FLI levels. Single factor analysis of variance was used for inter-group comparison, logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between FLI and myocardial remodeling. Results: A total of 8 848 subjects were selected for the study (3 110 male and 5 738 female, mean age: 59.96 years). The IVS of Q1, Q2, and Q3 groups were (9.35±1.08), (9.73±1.22), and (10.07±1.31) mm, respectively. The LAD were (30.94±3.90), (33.37±4.12), and (34.98±4.47) mm, respectively. The LVEDD were (42.51±5.05), (44.43±5.10), and (46.06±5.52) mm, respectively. All increased with the increase of FLI (all P<0.001). FLI was an independent risk factor for IVS thickening, LAD increase, LVEDD increase, and diastolic function decrease. The respective risks for IVS thickening, LAD increase, LVEDD increase, and diastolic function decrease in a population with intermediate and higher FLI levels was 1.62 times (95%CI 1.39-1.89) and 2.53 times (95%CI 2.13-3.00); 2.71 times (95%CI 2.39-3.06) and 5.00 times (95%CI 4.12-6.08); 2.36 times (95%CI 1.85-3.00) and 4.33 times (95%CI 3.33-5.62); and 1.90 times (95%CI 1.63-2.19) and 1.95 times (95%CI 1.60-2.37) than those with lower FLI levels. Conclusion: There is a certain relevance between FLI and myocardial remodeling.

[Research progress on the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus].

Both periodontitis and diabetes are chronic inflammatory diseases, which are widely prevalent in the world. For more than 50 years, the research on the relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes has been actively carried out. The epidemiological correlation between these diseases has been basically identified, but the impact of periodontal therapy on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes has been controversial for a long time. Glycaemic control is a key issue in the care of people with diabetes. If the positive effect of periodontal therapy on improving glycemic control in diabetic patients compared with no active treatment can be identified, it will help establish periodontal therapy as an effective auxiliary measure for glycaemic control of diabetes patients, and further confirm the relationship between dental health and systemic diseases. Through reviewing the literature, it has been basically determined that the glycaemic control of diabetes patients can be improved within 6 months after the commencement of non-surgical periodontal therapy. In addition, the guidelines of diabetes and suggestions involved periodontal therapy that are constantly put forward by various countries and health organizations at all levels,while in China with extremely heavy in the burden of diabetes, also should propose the guidelines and suggestions of diabetes in accordance with China's national conditions. Both periodontitis and diabetes are diseases with special emphasis on prevention. To clarify the relationship between periodontitis and diabetes can give enlightenment in preventing the occurrence and development of the two diseases.

[The triglyceride glucose index predicts the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the Beijing community: a prospective cohort study].

Objective: To explore the characteristics of the association between the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk in a community population. Method: This was a prospective cohort study. From December 2011 to April 2012, the first investigation was conducted among subjects with more than 40-year old who were from Shijingshan district and Pingguoyuan community in Beijing. The second investigation was conducted from April to October 2015. All the subjects were divided into three groups according to the tertile of the TyG index at baseline. The multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model was established to explore the correlation between the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve of the TyG index group was drawn. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age, gender, body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and hyperlipidemia to determine the correlation characteristics between the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease among subgroups. Results: A total of 9 577 subjects were finally included to analyze. The mean follow-up time of this study was (34.14±3.84) months. During the follow-up, 363 subjects (3.8%) occurred nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease. The multivariate Cox regression analysis results showed that the hazard ratio (HR) of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the high TyG index group was 1.54 (95%CI 1.19-1.98), 1.60 (95%CI 1.23-2.10), and 1.57 (95%CI 1.20-2.05) in the three models, compared with the low TyG index group. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease increased from the low-TyG index group to the high-TyG index group (P=0.015). In the six subgroups analysis, only gender was shown to have a significant interaction effect with the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk. In the female population, the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease is significantly increased with the increase in the TyG index level (P<0.001). Conclusions: A high TyG index is independently related to the increased risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the Beijing community population. Gender has a significant interaction with the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk. Therefore, the TyG index may be a useful marker to predict the nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk of a community population.

[Correlation analysis of anterior pituitary hormone and tumor size in patients with pituitary adenomas].

Objective: To summarize the correlation between anterior pituitary function and tumor size in patients with different hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. Methods: This was a retrospective case series study. The clinical data of 1 946 patients with pituitary adenoma hospitalized in the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2020, were collected. The correlation between tumor size and anterior pituitary hormone levels was analyzed using Spearman rank correlation analysis in different types of pituitary adenomas. Results: The median age of the 1 946 patients was 45.1 years, of which 857 (44.0%) were men. The maximum tumor diameter of the patients [M (Q1, Q3)] was 22 (14, 30) mm. Tumor size in nonfunctioning adenomas (n=1 191) was negatively correlated with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (r=-0.11, P<0.001), growth hormone (r=-0.13, P<0.001), and luteinizing hormone (men: r=-0.26, P<0.001, women: r=-0.31, all P<0.001). The tumor size of somatotropic adenomas (n=297) was positively correlated with growth hormone (r=0.46, P<0.001), but negatively correlated with male testosterone (r=-0.41, P<0.001). The tumor size of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas (n=155) was positively correlated with the ACTH level at 8∶00 AM (r=0.25, P<0.001); however, no correlation was found with cortisol at 8∶00 AM (P>0.05). The tumor size of prolactinomas (n=303) was positively correlated with the prolactin level (men: r=0.34, P=0.001; women: r=0.13, P=0.070). Conclusions: The correlation between the function of the anterior pituitary and size of the tumor depends on the cellular origin of the pituitary adenoma and specific type of hormone secretion. In somatotroph adenomas, ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, and prolactinomas, there is a positive correlation between tumor size and level of hormones secreted by the corresponding tumors. In patients with nonfunctioning adenomas, the tumor size was negatively correlated with the hormone levels of the pituitary-adrenal and pituitary-growth hormone axes.

[Cross-sectional associations between reproductive lifespan duration and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio].

Objective: To investigate the association between reproductive lifespan duration (RLD) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) in a Chinese postmenopausal population. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 11 055 naturally postmenopausal women from seven regions of China from May to December 2011. RLD was divided into four groups. Propensity score matching was performed to reduce bias, and logistic regressions and stratifications were conducted to investigate the association between RLD and increased UACR (≥30 mg/g). Mediation effect analysis was performed to quantify the effect of RLD on cardiovascular disease (CVD) induced by elevated UACR. Results: There were 2 373 participants with a RLD of 18-31 years, 2 888 participants with a RLD of 32-34 years, 2 472 participants with a RLD of 35-36 years, and 3 322 participants with a RLD of 37-50 years. The shortest RLD (18-31 years) group was characterized with older age (P<0.001), a higher incidence of CVD (P=0.025), and the highest level of UACR (P<0.001). After adjusting for confounders, women with a longer RLD (37-50 years group) exhibited a lower risk of UACR elevation compared with those with the shortest RLD (18-31 years group) (OR=0.72, 95%CI 0.64-0.82, P<0.001). Every 1-year extension in RLD was linked to a 2% reduction in the risk of UACR elevation (OR=0.98, 95%CI 0.97-0.99, P<0.001). Stratified analysis revealed a more significant association between RLD and UACR in women who were a normal weight (P=0.003) or overweight (P=0.001), in those without CVD history (P=0.001), and in those with impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.004). The mediation casual analysis showed that 3.0% of proteinuria inducing CVD events was mediated by RLD (P=0.048). Conclusion: A longer RLD (37-50 years) is associated with a lower UACR in Chinese postmenopausal women.

[Study on nomograph predicting the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Beijing community adults].

Objective: Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting the 4-year incidence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a Chinese population was attempted. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in Shijingshan District Pingguoyuan Community (Beijing, China) from December 2011 to April 2012 among adults aged≥40 years not suffering from T2DM. Finally, 8 058 adults free of T2DM were included with a median duration of follow-up of 4 years. Participants were divided into a modeling group and verification group using simple random sampling at a ratio of 7∶3. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional risk models were applied to identify the independent risk predictors in the modeling group. A nomogram was constructed to predict the 4-year incidence of T2DM based on the results of multivariate analysis. The Concordance Index and calibration plots were used to evaluate the differentiation and calibration of the nomogram in both groups. Results: A total of 5 641 individuals were in the modeling group and 2 417 people were in the validation group, of which 265 and 106 had T2DM, respectively, at 4-year follow-up. In the modeling group, age (HR=1.349, 95%CI 1.011-1.800), body mass index (HR=1.347, 95%CI 1.038-1.746), hyperlipidemia (HR=1.504, 95%CI 1.133-1.996), fasting blood glucose (HR=4.189, 95%CI 3.010-5.830), 2-h blood glucose level according to the oral glucose tolerance test (HR=3.005, 95%CI 2.129-4.241), level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HR=3.162, 95%CI 2.283-4.380), and level of γ-glutamyl transferase (HR=1.920, 95%CI 1.385-2.661) were independent risk factors for T2DM. Validation of the nomogram revealed the Concordance Index of the modeling group and validation group to be 0.906 (95%CI 0.888-0.925) and 0.844 (95%CI 0.796-0.892), respectively. Calibration plots showed good calibration in both groups. Conclusion: These data suggest that our nomogram could be a simple and reliable tool for predicting the 4-year risk of developing T2DM in a high-risk Chinese population.

[Diagnosis and treatment of 21-hydroxylase deficiency with testicular adrenal rest tumors:a report of three cases and literature review].

Objective: To provide insight into the diagnosis for clinicians, the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment history of 3 patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) and testicular adrenal rest tumors (TART) were analyzed. Methods: The clinical, laboratory and imaging data of 3 male patients with 21-OHD and TART, confirmed with CYP21 gene sequencing, from May 2010 to May 2021 in the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. The treatment strategy and clinical outcome were followed up. Results: All the 3 patients were first diagnosed with bilateral adrenal mass at the age of 27-42 years old. They were 145-162 cm tall. The levels of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) of the 3 patients were relatively high, and that of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) of the 3 patients were low. Testosterone level of 1 patient was significantly elevated, and that of the other 2 patients was below the lower limit of normal range. Testicular ultrasound showed heterogeneous hyperechoic masses in both testes. CT of the adrenal glands showed bilateral adrenal enlargement with mass. All 3 patients were treated with dexamethasone. After 4-96 months of follow-up, 17-hydroxyprogesterone level was kept above the median normal level. One of the patients got married and had a baby after treatment. The sizes of adrenal hyperplasia and testicular masses reduced to various degrees with the change of the testicular masses being proportional to that of adrenal hyperplasia. Conclusions: Patients with 21-OHD are prone to have TART, leading to the impaired testicular function. Early glucocorticold therapy is beneficial to the reduction of TART and restoration of testicular function.

[Expert consensus on the management of diabetic patients with cardiovascular diseases].

Diabetes is the most important comorbidity of cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality and disability of patients with type 2 diabetes. In order to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease, the National Health Commission Capacity Building and Continuing Education Center organized the experts from the field of cardiology and endocrinology systematically reviewing the research progresses and expert experiences of relevant disciplines from home and abroad, and formulated this consensus. This consensus covers the diagnosis, drug treatment, and risk factor management for patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease (including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure) from the perspective of cardiovascular disease and diabetes management aiming to strengthen the comprehensive management of patients and ultimately to improve the prognosis of patients. The management of cardiovascular diseases mainly includes the management of blood pressure, blood lipids, anti-thrombosis, anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-ventricular remodeling and so on. Diabetes management mainly includes lifestyle intervention (including diet, exercise, weight loss, etc.), anti-hyperglycemia therapy (including drugs and insulin), blood glucose monitoring, and hypoglycemic prevention. In addition, specific clinical recommendations are given to patients with special health care needs such as diabetic nephropathy, elderly (>75 years), and cardiovascular critical illness.

A histological study of mouse tissues and water loss following lyophilization.

Lyophilization is a practical method for product storage and transportation; it commonly is used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Lyophilization also is used for preserving biological samples such as serum, plasma and animal tissues. We found that lyophilization does not affect the stability of RNAs and proteins in tissue samples. To investigate histological characteristics, we prepared lyophilized tissues for paraffin sectioning and hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining. We also measured water loss from organs during lyophilization. We used immunohistochemistry of frozen brain sections to identify potential protective effects of three concentrations of sucrose, glucose and trehalose against the effects of lyophilization. H & E staining revealed vacuoles in heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and brain after lyophilization without pretreatments, especially heart and kidney. We found that 10% solutions of sucrose, glucose and trehalose helped preserve tissue morphology. Immunohistochemistry of frozen brain tissue showed that 10% glucose and 30% sucrose preserved cellular characteristics and immunogenicity following lyophilization. Lyophilization removed > 70% of the water from organs, and lyophilized tissues without protectants were not suitable for histological study. Overall, we found that 10% glucose helped preserve both optimal tissue morphology and immunogenicity of freeze-dried tissue.

[Differences of brain functional alterations between subtypes of Cushing's syndrome patients].

Objective: To compare the differences of brain functional damage of subtypes of patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS). Methods: A total of 11 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent CS patients and 29 ACTH-independent CS patients were recruited from Chinese PLA General Hospital between September 2015 and March 2017 with confirmed CS. The psychiatric scales and brain task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were evaluated. Results: A total of 40 patients (34 females, 6 males) with a mean age of (39.20±12.10) years and a median education level of 12 (9, 16) years were enrolled. ACTH-dependent patients had significantly worse performance than the ACTH-independent patients in response to the depression evaluation (64.6±6.1 vs 56.2±12.8, P=0.008), positive emotion (17.8±4.2 vs 24.3±7.2, P=0.008) and CS life quality [31(29,33) vs 42(29,51), P=0.040]. In the reaction to positive target pictures, ACTH-dependent CS patients showed stronger activation in left superior temporal gyrus compared with patients in ACTH-independent group, while the activation degree of their bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, bilateralsuperior frontal gyrus and left middle frontal gyrus was much worse. In the reactions to negative target pictures, ACTH-dependent CS patients had weaker activation in bilateral cerebellum, left superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, left precuneus and right postcentral gyrus, compared with patients in the ACTH-independent CS group (P<0.01, AlphaSim corrected). The activation degree of some regions whose brain function was different between the two groups was correlated to the cortisol level, ACTH level, 24 h urinary free cortisol (UFC) level, depression evaluation and negative emotion assessment (all P<0.05). Conclusions: The severity of the depression and the life quality of patients in ACTH-dependent group are worse than ACTH-independent CS patients. The brain function of ACTH-dependent CS patients is much weaker.

CalliSpheres® drug-eluting beads (DEB) transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is equally efficient and safe in liver cancer patients with different times of previous conventional TACE treatments: a result from CTILC study.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) in liver cancer patients with different times of previous conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) treatments. METHODS: 367 liver cancer patients about to receive DEB-TACE treatment were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. All patients were divided into no previous cTACE group (NPC group), 1-2 times previous cTACE group (PC group) and triple or above previous cTACE group (TPC group) according to the times of previous cTACE treatments. RESULTS: There was no difference in complete response (CR) (P = 0.671) and objective response rate (ORR) (P = 0.062) among three groups. Additionally, no difference in overall survival (OS) among groups (P = 0.899) was found. As to liver function, most liver function indexes were deteriorative at 1 week after DEB-TACE operation, but returned to baseline at 1-3 months after DEB-TACE operation in all three groups, while percentage of abnormal total bile acid (TBA) patients was higher in TPC group than NPC and PC groups at 1-3 month post-DEB-TACE (P = 0.018). As for safety profiles, the incidence of pain during DEB-TACE operation was lower in TPC group compared to NPC and PC groups (P = 0.005), while no difference of other adverse events was found during and 1 month post-DEB-TACE treatment among three groups. CONCLUSION: DEB-TACE treatment was equally efficient and tolerated in liver cancer patients with different times of previous cTACE treatments.

[Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of acquired aplastic anemia in children: a single center retrospective analysis].

Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with different intensity conditioning regimen in the treatment of childhood aplastic anemia (AA) . Methods: Thirty-seven AA patients who underwent haploidentical transplantation in BaYi Children's Hospital Affiliated to PLA Army General Hospital from January 2013 to January 2017 were enrolled. According to the dosage of conditioning regimen, 34 patients excluding 3 other conditioning regimens were divided into high-dosage group (regimen 2, 22 cases) and low-dosage group (regimen 3, 12 cases). The data of Engraftment, graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), hematopoietic reconstitution, relapse, infection, overall survival (OS) were analyzed. The comparison between the two groups was tested by χ(2) test. Results: A total of 35 of 37 patients achieved primary engraftment; 2 cases died of regimen-related toxicity and severe infection before the infusing of the grafts. The activation rate of CMV and EBV was 60% (21/35) . Post-transplant lymphocyte disease (PTLD) of lung occurred in one case. The cumulative incidences of acute GVHD grade Ⅰ-Ⅳ and chronic GVHD were 29% (10/35) and 34% (12/35) respectively and the incidence of extensive chronic GVHD was 6% (2/35) . The median follow-up time was 18.8 (2.9-44.1) months, the OS was 92% (34/37) .All survived patients were no longer dependent on blood transfusion and none of them had recurrence. Comparing the rates of overall survival(86%(19/22) vs.100%(12/12)) and rates of chronic GVHD(40%(8/20) vs. 17%(2/12)) in regimen 2 and regimen 3 group, there were no significant difference (χ(2)=1.742, 1.841, all P>0.05) . Significant difference was found at the incidence of Ⅰ-Ⅳ acute GVHD (10% (2/20) vs. 50% (6/12) ,χ(2)=6.200, P=0.013). Conclusions: Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is effective and safe. It is suitable for patients who are not eligible for matched donor transplantation. Application of reduced dose preconditioning in haploid transplantation is worth exploring.

Anti-nociceptive effects of caloric restriction on neuropathic pain in rats involves silent information regulator 1.

BACKGROUND: Caloric restriction (CR) increases both average and maximum lifespan, retards physiological signs of ageing, and delays the onset of several diseases and may mediate neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain seriously affects the quality of life of patients. In this study, we investigated whether CR exerts anti-nociceptive effects on neuropathic pain, and probed its potential mechanisms. METHODS: Adult rats were divided into two dietary groups: an ad libitum (AL)-fed group and a CR group, which was provided with 60% of the food intake of AL rats for 6 weeks. The effects of 6-week CR on pain behaviour and neuro-inflammation induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve were evaluated. RESULTS: Rats subjected to a CR diet had reduced hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli after nerve-constriction injury. CR increased the silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) expression, and suppressed the nerve-constriction-induced production of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor kappa B accompanied by suppression of mature interleukin-1ß production in the ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn. The inhibition of SIRT1 reversed the effects of caloric restriction on pain behaviours. Moreover, CR decreased the phosphorylation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits and the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, decreased the sensory neurone excitability, and inhibited the nerve-constriction-induced glial-cell activation. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the effects of CR on pain behaviours in a rat model of nerve injury are via inhibition of excessive neuro-inflammation induced by the injury. CR may be of benefit in patients with neuropathic pain.

[Clinical characteristics of central diabetes insipidus: a retrospective analysis of 230 cases].

Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and etiologies of central diabetes insipidus (CDI). Methods: The clinical data of 230 patients with CDI in the Department of Endocrinology of Chinese PLA General Hospital from 2008 June to 2014 December were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results: The three most common causes of CDI were idiopathic CDI, lymphocytic hypophysitis and intracranial germ cell tumors. Among all the CDI, the idiopathic CDI accounted for 37.48%. There were significant differences in age onset and gender distribution among the different causes of CDI. The patients with intracranial germ cell tumors [age of onset(19.2±10.2) years] were younger than the other types of CDI. Germ cell tumors patients were more common in male, and lymphocytic hypophysitis patients were more common in female. The most frequent abnormality of anterior pituitary in patients with CDI was growth hormone deficiency, followed by hypogonadism, adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism. The dysfunction of thyroid axis and adrenal axis in patients with germ cell tumor was more common than those in patients with idiopathic and lymphocytic hypophysitis. Conclusions: The most common causes of central diabetes insipidus were idiopathic CDI, lymphocytic hypophysitis and intracranial germ cell tumors. There were differences in age of onset, gender distribution and abnormal production of anterior pituitary hormones among all causes of CDI patients.