Unraveling brain aging through the lens of oral microbiota.

The oral cavity is a complex physiological community encompassing a wide range of microorganisms. Dysbiosis of oral microbiota can lead to various oral infectious diseases, such as periodontitis and tooth decay, and even affect systemic health, including brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have highlighted how oral microbes might be involved in brain aging and neurodegeneration, indicating potential avenues for intervention strategies. In this review, we summarize clinical evidence demonstrating a link between oral microbes/oral infectious diseases and brain aging/neurodegenerative diseases, and dissect potential mechanisms by which oral microbes contribute to brain aging and neurodegeneration. We also highlight advances in therapeutic development grounded in the realm of oral microbes, with the goal of advancing brain health and promoting healthy aging.

Isomer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and red blood cell indices in adults: The Isomers of C8 Health Project in China.

This study aimed to explore the isomer-specific, sex-specific, and joint associations of PFAS and red blood cell indices. We used data of 1,238 adults from the Isomers of C8 Health Project in China. Associations of PFAS isomers and red blood cell indices were explored using multiple linear regression models, Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression models and subgroup analysis across sex. We found that serum concentration of linear (n-) and branched (Br-) isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) were significantly associated with red blood cell indices in single-pollutant models, with stronger associations observed for n-PFHxS than Br-PFHxS, in women than in men. For instance, the estimated percentage change in hemoglobin concentration for n-PFHxS (3.65%; 95% CI: 2.95%, 4.34%) was larger than that for Br-PFHxS (0.96%; 95% CI: 0.52%, 1.40%). The estimated percentage change in red blood cell count for n-PFHxS in women (2.55%; 95% CI: 1.81%, 3.28%) was significantly higher than that in men (0.12%; 95% CI: -1.04%, 1.29%) (Pinter < 0.001). Similarly, sex-specific positive association of PFAS mixture and outcomes was observed. Therefore, the structure, susceptive population, and joint effect of PFAS isomers should be taken into consideration when evaluating the health risk of chemicals.

CRISPR screening uncovers nucleolar RPL22 as a heterochromatin destabilizer and senescence driver.

Dysfunction of the ribosome manifests during cellular senescence and contributes to tissue aging, functional decline, and development of aging-related disorders in ways that have remained enigmatic. Here, we conducted a comprehensive CRISPR-based loss-of-function (LOF) screen of ribosome-associated genes (RAGs) in human mesenchymal progenitor cells (hMPCs). Through this approach, we identified ribosomal protein L22 (RPL22) as the foremost RAG whose deficiency mitigates the effects of cellular senescence. Consequently, absence of RPL22 delays hMPCs from becoming senescent, while an excess of RPL22 accelerates the senescence process. Mechanistically, we found in senescent hMPCs, RPL22 accumulates within the nucleolus. This accumulation triggers a cascade of events, including heterochromatin decompaction with concomitant degradation of key heterochromatin proteins, specifically heterochromatin protein 1γ (HP1γ) and heterochromatin protein KRAB-associated protein 1 (KAP1). Subsequently, RPL22-dependent breakdown of heterochromatin stimulates the transcription of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), triggering cellular senescence. In summary, our findings unveil a novel role for nucleolar RPL22 as a destabilizer of heterochromatin and a driver of cellular senescence, shedding new light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the aging process.

Filicinic acid based meroterpenoids from Hypericum elodeoides and their anti-Alzheimer's disease effects.

(±)-Elodeoidileons A-L (1-12), 12 pairs of previously undescribed filicinic acid based meroterpenoids were isolated from Hypericum elodeoides with unique linear or angular 6/6/6 ring core. Modern spectroscopic techniques, modified Mosher's method and quantum chemical calculations were used to identify the planner structures and configurations of 1-12. Additionally, the potential biosynthetic pathways for 1-12 were anticipated. Moreover, biological activity assessments suggested that 1a, 5a, and 11b could activate Retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα) transcription and enhance the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) protein's expression. Fluorescence titration assay suggested that 1a might have a direct interaction with the RXRα-LBD protein, with an estimated Kd value of 5.85 µM. Moreover, molecular docking study confirmed the binding of 1a to RXRα and further validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Thus, compound 1a may promote ß-amyloid (Aß) clearance by targeting RXRα and upregulating the expression of the ABCA1 protein, showing promise as anti-Alzheimer's agent.

Realization of chiral two-mode Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick models via acoustics.

Thechirality-controlled two-mode Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick (LMG) modelsare mimicked in a potential hybrid quantum system, involving two ensembles of solid-state spins coupled to a pair of interconnected surface-acoustic-wave cavities. With the assistance of dichromatic classical optical drives featuring chiral designs, it can simulate two-mode LMG-type long-range spin-spin interactions with left-right asymmetry. For applications, this unconventional LMG model can not only engineer both ensembles of collective spins into two-mode spin-squeezed states but also simulate novel quantum critical phenomena and time crystal behaviors, among others. Since this acoustic-based system can generate ion-trap-like interactions without requiring any additional trapping techniques, our work is considered a fresh attempt at realizing chiral quantum manipulation of spin-spin interactions using acoustic hybrid systems.

Metformin decelerates aging clock in male monkeys.

In a rigorous 40-month study, we evaluated the geroprotective effects of metformin on adult male cynomolgus monkeys, addressing a gap in primate aging research. The study encompassed a comprehensive suite of physiological, imaging, histological, and molecular evaluations, substantiating metformin's influence on delaying age-related phenotypes at the organismal level. Specifically, we leveraged pan-tissue transcriptomics, DNA methylomics, plasma proteomics, and metabolomics to develop innovative monkey aging clocks and applied these to gauge metformin's effects on aging. The results highlighted a significant slowing of aging indicators, notably a roughly 6-year regression in brain aging. Metformin exerts a substantial neuroprotective effect, preserving brain structure and enhancing cognitive ability. The geroprotective effects on primate neurons were partially mediated by the activation of Nrf2, a transcription factor with anti-oxidative capabilities. Our research pioneers the systemic reduction of multi-dimensional biological age in primates through metformin, paving the way for advancing pharmaceutical strategies against human aging.

Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus by multiple biomarkers at early gestation.

BACKGROUND: It remains unclear which early gestational biomarkers can be used in predicting later development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We sought to identify the optimal combination of early gestational biomarkers in predicting GDM in machine learning (ML) models. METHODS: This was a nested case-control study including 100 pairs of GDM and euglycemic (control) pregnancies in the Early Life Plan cohort in Shanghai, China. High sensitivity C reactive protein, sex hormone binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor I, IGF binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2), total and high molecular weight adiponectin and glycosylated fibronectin concentrations were measured in serum samples at 11-14 weeks of gestation. Routine first-trimester blood test biomarkers included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum lipids and thyroid hormones. Five ML models [stepwise logistic regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), random forest, support vector machine and k-nearest neighbor] were employed to predict GDM. The study subjects were randomly split into two sets for model development (training set, n = 70 GDM/control pairs) and validation (testing set: n = 30 GDM/control pairs). Model performance was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) in receiver operating characteristics. RESULTS: FPG and IGFBP-2 were consistently selected as predictors of GDM in all ML models. The random forest model including FPG and IGFBP-2 performed the best (AUC 0.80, accuracy 0.72, sensitivity 0.87, specificity 0.57). Adding more predictors did not improve the discriminant power. CONCLUSION: The combination of FPG and IGFBP-2 at early gestation (11-14 weeks) could predict later development of GDM with moderate discriminant power. Further validation studies are warranted to assess the utility of this simple combination model in other independent cohorts.

Outdoor light at night is a modifiable environmental factor for metabolic syndrome: The 33 Communities Chinese Health Study (33CCHS).

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a significant public health problem and presents an escalating clinical challenge globally. To combat this problem effectively, urgent measures including identify some modifiable environmental factors are necessary. Outdoor artificial light at night (LAN) exposure garnered much attention due to its impact on circadian rhythms and metabolic process. However, epidemiological evidence on the association between outdoor LAN exposure and MetS remains limited. To determine the relationship between outdoor LAN exposure and MetS, 15,477 adults participated the 33 Communities Chinese Health Study (33CCHS) in 2009 were evaluated. Annual levels of outdoor LAN exposure at participants' residential addresses were assessed using satellite data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS). Generalized linear mixed effect models were utilized to assess the association of LAN exposure with MetS and its components, including elevated waist circumference (WC), triglycerides (TG), blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Effect modification by various social demographic and behavior factors was also examined. Overall, 4701 (30.37 %) participants were defined as MetS. The LAN exposure ranged from 6.03 to 175.00 nW/cm2/sr. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of MetS each quartile increment of LAN exposure were 1.43 (95 % CI: 1.21-1.69), 1.44 (95 % CI: 1.19-1.74) and 1.52 (95 % CI: 1.11-2.08), respectively from Q2-Q4. Similar adverse associations were also found for the components of MetS, especially for elevated BP, TG and FBG. Interaction analyses indicated that the above associations were stronger in participants without habitual exercise compared with those with habitual exercise (e.g. OR were 1.52 [95 % CI: 1.28-1.82] vs. 1.27 [95 % CI, 1.04-1.55], P-interaction = 0.042 for MetS). These findings suggest that long-term exposure to LAN can have a significant deleterious effect on MetS, potentially making LAN an important modifiable environmental factor to target in future preventive strategies.

Blueberry extract attenuates DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice through inhibiting ER stress-mediated colonic apoptosis in mice.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, debilitating condition with limited therapeutic options. Dietary components like blueberries have emerged as potential modulators of inflammation and tissue repair in gastrointestinal diseases. This study investigated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis mediated protective effects of blueberries in ameliorating dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD. Firstly, a total of 86 anthocyanin compounds were identified in blueberry extract by LC-MS spectroscopy, including 35 cyanidin, 9 delphinidin, 14 malvidin, 10 peonidin, and 9 petunidin. Then, the animal study showed that blueberry supplementation notably ameliorated DSS-induced IBD symptoms, as evidenced by improved histopathological scores and a reduced disease activity index (DAI) score. Additionally, blueberries attenuated ER stress by inhibiting the colonic PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway. Furthermore, blueberries inhibited the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein, caspase-3, and decreased colonic apoptosis, as evidenced by TUNEL assay results. However, it did not affect the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, bcl-2 and bcl-xl. Finally, blueberries enhanced the intestinal barrier by upregulating ZO-1, claudin-1, occludin, and E-cadherin. In conclusion, blueberries demonstrate therapeutic potential against DSS-induced IBD-like symptoms in mice, possibly by regulating ER stress-mediated apoptosis pathways. These findings suggest that blueberries might be an effective dietary intervention for IBD management.

Exposure to greenspaces sourced soils improves mice gut microbiota.

Greenspaces are important components of our living environment and have been linked to various human health. However, the mechanisms underlying the linkages remain unclear. Enriching microbiota has emerged as a novel mechanism, but the corresponding evidence is still limited. We collected soil samples from forest land, grassland, and barren land in Zunyi City, southwestern China and prepared soil solutions. A total of 40 BALB/c mice were evenly divided into normal control group, model control group, forest soil group, grassland soil group, and barren land soil group. After establishing the pseudo germ-free mouse model, different soil solutions were administered through gavage, lasting for seven weeks. Fecal samples were collected and a 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis was performed. Then, alpha- and beta-diversity were calculated and employed to estimate the effects of soil exposures on mice gut microbial diversity and composition. Further, Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of soil exposures on gut microbiota specific genera abundances and functional pathways. Compared to mice exposed to barren land soils, those exposed to soils sourced from forest land showed an increase of 0.43 and 70.63 units in the Shannon index and the Observed ASVs, respectively. In addition, exposure to soils sourced from forest land and grassland resulted in healthier changes (i.e., more short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria) in gut microbiota than those from barren land. Furthermore, mice exposed to forest soil and grassland soil showed enrichment in 5 and 3 pathways (e.g., butanoate metabolism) compared to those exposed to barren land soil, respectively. In conclusion, exposure to various greenspaces soils may modify the gut microbial communities of mice, potentially fostering a more beneficial microbiota profile. Further better-designed studies are needed to validate the current findings and to explore the effects of greenspace related gut microbiota on human health.

The Regulatory Role and Mechanism of Circadian Rhythm in Hemoglobin Co-cultured Neurovascular Unit.

Objective: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), the second most common subtype of stroke, exacerbates the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to vasogenic edema, plasma protein extravasation, and infiltration of neurotoxic substances. The clearance capacity of the brain plays a crucial role in maintaining BBB homeostasis and facilitating patient recovery after hemorrhage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of circadian rhythms on BBB function, neuronal damage, and clearance capabilities. Methods: The transwell model and hemoglobin were co-cultured to simulate the BBB environment after ICH. After intervention with different light groups, neuronal apoptosis was determined, glial phagocytosis was analyzed, the expression of endogenous clearing-related proteins aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence dual standard method, and the expression of the tight junction protein occludin and melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) was quantitatively analyzed. Results: Circadian rhythms play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the BBB, reducing oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage, and improving microglial phagocytosis. Meanwhile, the expression of occludin and MTNR1A in neurovascular unit (NVU) co-cultured with hemoglobin improved the expression of AQP4 and LRP1, the key proteins in the NVU's endogenous brain clearance system. Conclusion: Circadian rhythm (alternating black and white light) protects the NVU BBB function after ICH, promotes the expression of proteins related to the clearance of the hematoma, provides new evidence for the clinical treatment of patients recovering from ICH, and improves the circadian rhythm to promote brain metabolism and hematoma clearance.

Hierarchically porous and flexible chitin-fiber/melamine-sponge composite filter with high-loading of PdAu nanoparticles for effective hydrodechlorination of chlorophenols.

Hydrodechlorination has emerged as a promising technique for detoxifying chlorophenols (CPs) in wastewater, but it suffers from sluggish reaction kinetics and limited durability due to the lack of effective and stable catalysts. Herein, a composite filter consisting of melamine-sponge (MS), chitin fiber (CF) and ultrafine PdAu nanoparticles (PdAu/CF-MS) has been designed for continuous hydrodechlorination of CPs by using formic acid as a H-donor and sodium formate as a promoter. Benefitting from the dense active sites, rich porosity, and synergetic interaction of Pd/Au, the PdAu/CF-MS filter exhibits excellent hydrodechlorination performance (∼ 100 % conversion) towards 4-chlorophenol (1 mM, fluxes below 6100 mL·h-1·g-1) and outstanding durability (over 500 h at 61 mL·h-1·g-1), surpassing most reported counterparts (usually deactivated within 200 h or several cycles). Moreover, other CPs can also be effectively dechlorinated by the PdAu/CF-MS filter. The catalytic system proposed herein will provide a promising candidate for the detoxification of wastewater containing toxic CPs.

Metabolic pathways altered by air pollutant exposure in association with coagulation function among the rural elderly.

Air pollution exposure has been linked with coagulation function. However, evidence is limited for the relationships between air pollution, coagulation function and metabolomics in humans. We recruited a panel of 130 rural elderly from the Chayashan township in China, all of whom were free of pre-existing cardiovascular diseases and had provided residential address information. We conducted clinical examinations and collected blood samples from these rural elderly for the detection of coagulation biomarkers (e.g, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, thrombin time, and prothrombin time) and untargeted metabolites in both December 2021 and August 2022. We used mini ambient air quality monitor to measure the mean levels of five air pollutants (e.g., PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO and O3) during 1 to 2 weeks before blood sample collection. The Mummichog pathway analysis was used to identified potential metabolic features and pathways. In this study, we identified 5 pathways associated with both air pollution and coagulation function, and further pinpointed eight metabolic features within these pathways. The majority of these features were lipids, including arachidonic acid and linoleic acid. Overall, the findings of this study offer insights into potential mechanisms, particularly lipid metabolism, that may underlie the association between air pollution and coagulation function.

Serum activin A as a prognostic biomarker for community acquired pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: It is essential to develop new biomarker with effective prognostic roles because of the unclear clinical use of the current community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) predictors. AIM: To evaluate the association between serum activin A levels and prognosis in CAP patients. METHODS: A total of 168 CAP individuals grouped according to the severity and prognosis of illness condition, and 48 healthy individuals as the control group were enrolled in this study. Circulating concentrations of activin A were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassays. The interaction between activin A levels and etiologies of CAP was determined. Based on the severity of CAP, 110 patients (65.48%) were categorized into group-I, 42 (25%) cases were grouped into group-II, and 16 (9.52%) cases were categorized into group-III. RESULTS: Serum activin A levels were higher in patients with CAP than controls, but independent of etiology. Moreover, the scores of Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and CURB-65 positively correlated with the increasing levels of serum activin A, and were at their highest peak in individuals in group-III (P < 0.001). Combining activin A with CURB-65 or PSI was more effective in improving predictive property (P < 0.01). According to Cox proportional regression analysis, after adjusting clinical parameters, we confirmed that activin A showed a powerful predictive property for hospital mortality in CAP patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Higher level of serum activin A was associated with poor prognosis of CAP. Activin A can be used as a more valuable biomarker of prognosis in CAP patients.

Analysis of ventricular-vascular properties during preeclampsia: an echocardiography study.

The aim of the study is to analyze ventricular-vascular properties with different ventricular-arterial coupling (VAC) ratio in the preeclamptic women. Seventy-seven pregnant women with preeclampsia and eighty-nine with normal pregnancy were performed echocardiography. VAC was defined as the ratio between aortic elastance (Ea) and left ventricular (LV) end-systolic elastance (Ees). Using the VAC value of 0.8 as the cut-off near uncoupling, the preeclampsia cases were divided into two subgroups: VAC ratio ≥ 0.8 and <0.8. Cardiac structure and function, VAC properties, as well as four components of the LV pressure-strain loop, including global myocardial work index (GWI), constructive work (GCW), wasted work (GWW), and work efficiency (GWE) were determined. The preeclampsia with VAC ≥ 0.8 had an enlarger indexed ventricular volume and a thicker relative ventricular wall than the VAC < 0.8. The Ees significantly increased in the subgroup with VAC < 0.8 and decreased in the VAC ≥ 0.8, while the Ea increased in both of them. The preeclampsia with VAC ≥ 0.8 showed an obvious augmentation in GWI, GCW and GWE, along with a similar GWW compared to those with VAC < 0.8. There were variable relationships between the LV pressure-strain components and VAC properties. Thus, the preeclampsia with VAC ≥ 0.8 undergoes a more adverse remodeling and a greater impact on cardiac contractility. The increased stiffness of the heart and arterial system, and increased resistance of peripheral vessels net lead to the deteriorative ventricular efficiency with elevated myocardial oxygen consumption during a preeclampsia pregnancy.

Therapeutic implication of targeting mitochondrial drugs designed for efferocytosis dysfunction.

Efferocytosis refers to the process by which phagocytes remove apoptotic cells and related apoptotic products. It is essential for the growth and development of the body, the repair of damaged or inflamed tissues, and the balance of the immune system. Damaged efferocytosis will cause a variety of chronic inflammation and immune system diseases. Many studies show that efferocytosis is a process mediated by mitochondria. Mitochondrial metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and communication between mitochondria and other organelles can all affect phagocytes' clearance of apoptotic cells. Therefore, targeting mitochondria to modulate phagocyte efferocytosis is an anticipated strategy to prevent and treat chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we introduced the mechanism of efferocytosis and the pivoted role of mitochondria in efferocytosis. In addition, we focused on the therapeutic implication of drugs targeting mitochondria in diseases related to efferocytosis dysfunction.

Exploring the heterogeneous targets of metabolic aging at single-cell resolution.

Our limited understanding of metabolic aging poses major challenges to comprehending the diverse cellular alterations that contribute to age-related decline, and to devising targeted interventions. This review provides insights into the heterogeneous nature of cellular metabolism during aging and its response to interventions, with a specific focus on cellular heterogeneity and its implications. By synthesizing recent findings using single-cell approaches, we explored the vulnerabilities of distinct cell types and key metabolic pathways. Delving into the cell type-specific alterations underlying the efficacy of systemic interventions, we also discuss the complexity of integrating single-cell data and advocate for leveraging computational tools and artificial intelligence to harness the full potential of these data, develop effective strategies against metabolic aging, and promote healthy aging.

[Orthopedic robot-assisted endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for lumbar disc herniation with lumbar instability].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the safety and effectiveness of the robot-assisted system for transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation with lumbar instability. METHODS: From October 2021 to March 2023, 26 patients with single-segment lumbar disc herniation and lumbar spinal instability were treated with robot-assisted system for transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incision length, postoperative drainage volume, postoperative ambulation activity time, postoperative hospitalization time were record. The intervertebral space height and the lumbar lordosis angle before and after surgery were observed and compared. Pain level was evaluated using the visual analogue scale(VAS). The clinical efficacy was evaluated by Oswestry disability index(ODI). The interbody fusion was evaluated by Brantigan Steffee criteria. RESULTS: All patients successfully completed the operation, the operation time ranged form 105 to 109 min with an average of (150.8±24.1) min. Intraoperative blood loss ranged form 35 to 88 ml with an average of (55.5±16.4) ml. Incision length ranged form 1.4 to 3.5 cm with an average of (2.3±0.8) cm. Postoperative drainage volume ranged form 15 to 40 ml with an average of (28.5±7.8) ml. Postoperative ambulation time ranged form 15 to 30 h with an average of (22.8±4.5) h. Postoperative hospitalization time was 3 to 7 d with an average of (4.2±1.3) d. Total of 26 patients were followed up, the duration ranged from 12 to 16 months with an average of (14.0±1.3) months. The VAS and ODI at 1 week [(2.96±0.72) points, (41.63±4.79)%] and 12 months[(1.27±0.60) points, (13.11±2.45)%] were significantly different from those before surgery[(6.69±0.93) points, (59.12±5.92)%], P<0.01. The height of the intervertebral space (11.95±1.47) mm and lumbar lordosis (57.46±7.59)° at 12 months were significantly different from those before surgery [(6.67±1.20) mm, (44.08±7.79)°], P<0.01. At 12 months after surgery, all patients had no pedicle screw rupture or dislocation of the fusion cage, and the intervertebral fusion was successful. According to Brantigan-Steffee classification, 17 cases were grade D and 9 cases were grade E. CONCLUSION: Robot-assisted system for transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic for the treatment of single-segment lumbar disc herniation with lumbar instability improved the accuracy and safety of the operation, and the clinical effect of early follow-up is accurate.

Optimization of saponin extraction from the leaves of Panax notoginseng and Panax quinquefolium and evaluation of their antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Panax notoginseng and Panax quinquefolium are important economic plants that utilize dried roots for medicinal and food dual purposes; there is still insufficient research of their stems and leaves, which also contain triterpenoid saponins. The extraction process was developed with a total saponin content of 12.30 ± 0.34% and 12.19 ± 0.64% for P. notoginseng leaves (PNL) and P. quinquefolium leaves (PQL) extracts, respectively. PNL and PQL saponin extracts showed good antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and RAW264.7 cells. A total of 699 metabolites were identified in PNL and PQL saponin extracts, with the majority being triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids and amino acids. Fourteen ginsenosides, 18 flavonoids or alkaloids, and 16 amino acids were enriched in both saponin extracts. Overall, the utilization of saponins from medicinal plants PNL and PQL has been developed to facilitate systematic research in the functional food and natural product industries.