Immediate and contributory causes of death in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: Accurate determination of the immediate causes of death in patients with COVID-19 is important for optimal care and mitigation strategies. METHODS: All deaths in Qatar between March 01, 2020, and August 31, 2022, flagged for likely relationship to COVID-19 were reviewed by two independent, trained reviewers using a standardized methodology to determine the immediate and contributory causes of death. RESULTS: Among 749 flagged deaths, the most common admitting diagnoses were respiratory tract infection (91%) and major adverse cardiac event (MACE, 2.3%). The most common immediate causes of death were COVID-19 pneumonia (66.2%), MACE (7.1%), hospital-associated pneumonia (HAP, 6.8%), bacteremia (6.3%), disseminated fungal infection (DFI, 5.2%), and thromboembolism (4.5%). After COVID-19 pneumonia, MACE was the predominant cause of death in the first 2 weeks but declined thereafter. No death occurred due to bacteremia, HAP, or DFI in the first week after hospitalization, but became increasingly common with increased length of stay in the hospital accounting for 9%, 12%, and 10% of all deaths after 4 weeks in the hospital, respectively. CONCLUSION: Nearly one-third of patients with COVID-19 infection die of non-COVID-19 causes, some of which are preventable. Mitigation strategies should be instituted to reduce the risk of such deaths.

Evaluation of mortality attributable to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administration using national level data from Qatar.

Accurate determination of mortality attributable to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is critical in allaying concerns about their safety. We reviewed every death in Qatar that occurred within 30 days of any SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administration between January 1, 2021 and June 12, 2022. Probability of association with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was determined by four independent trained reviewers using a modified WHO algorithm. Among 6,928,359 doses administered, 138 deaths occurred within 30 days of vaccination; eight had a high probability (1.15/1,000,000 doses), 15 had intermediate probability (2.38/1,000,000 doses), and 112 had low probability or no association with vaccination. The death rate among those with high probability of relationship to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was 0.34/100,000 unique vaccine recipients, while death rate among those with either high or intermediate probability of relationship to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was 0.98/100,000 unique vaccine recipients. In conclusion, deaths attributable to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are extremely rare and lower than the overall crude mortality rate in Qatar.

The burden of adult asthma in a high GDP per capita country: the QASMA study.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a major health problem worldwide. Suboptimal asthma care and poor asthma control are common even in developed countries. Qatar has the highest gross domestic product per capita in the world and high per capita health expenditure. No prior study has assessed the burden of adult asthma in this country. OBJECTIVES: To assess asthma control, patients' level of education about asthma, and level of asthma care in a country with the highest gross domestic product per capita in the world. METHODS: A face-to-face, cross-sectional study of 520 adults with physician-diagnosed asthma conducted in various health care facilities in Qatar. RESULTS: Thirty-three percent, 41%, and 26% of patients had uncontrolled, controlled, and partly controlled asthma, respectively. Only 4.9% of patients had previously received a written asthma management plan, 3.5% had a flow meter at home, and 37.2% had a spirometry performed in the previous 5 years. In addition, 42.9% misunderstood the role of reliever and controller medications. Inhaler technique was incorrect in 47% of these patients. There was a significant association between the type of physician practice and level of asthma control, with worst control being at the general practice level. Moreover, 57.3% of patients had at least 1 asthma-related visit to the emergency department in 1 year and 18.7% had more than 3 visits. CONCLUSION: The very high gross domestic product per capita in Qatar and the high health expenditure per capita do not seem to have led to better asthma care and control. A comprehensive national asthma service improvement program is much needed.