Effects of photobiomodulation on oxidative stress in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The present study aimed to evaluate photobiomodulation effects on oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Thirty-one male Wistar rats were used and divided into 4 groups: group 1 - animals without diabetes mellitus 2 without laser 21 J/cm2 (C-SHAM), group 2 - animals with diabetes mellitus 2 without laser 21 J/cm2 (C-DM2), group 3 - animals without diabetes mellitus 2 with laser 21 J/cm2 (L-SHAM), group 4 - animals with diabetes mellitus 2 with laser 21 J/cm2 (L-DM2). The protocol was performed 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. The animals that received photobiomodulation had one dose irradiated at two spots in the right gastrocnemius muscle. Twenty-four hours after the last intervention, the animals were euthanized. Heart, diaphragm, liver, right gastrocnemius, plasma, kidneys, weighed, and stored for further analysis. In rats with DM2, photobiomodulation promoted a decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay (TBARS) in plasma levels. On the other hand, photobiomodulation demonstrated an increase in non-protein thiol levels (NPSH) in the heart, diaphragm and gastrocnemius. Moreover, photobiomodulation produced in the heart, diaphragm and plasma levels led to an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD). Interestingly, photobiomodulation was able to increase superoxide dismutase in rats without DM2 in the heart, diaphragm, gastrocnemius and kidneys. These findings suggested that 6 weeks of photobiomodulation in rats with DM2 promoted beneficial adaptations in oxidative stress, with a decrease in parameters of oxidant activity and an increase in antioxidant activity.

Phytochemical characterisation, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro toxicity of Richardia brasiliensis gomes crude extracts.

Richardia brasiliensis is a species used in folk medicine and rich in active compounds. In this study, the extracts were submitted to UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and total polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids assays. Besides, it was determined its antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress markers and toxicological profile. Fourteen polyphenols were found and, in the dosages, a slight change in the concentrations in each extract was observed. Regarding the antioxidant capacity, the responses were different in the methods used. There was an increase in lipid peroxidation, and NO, however total ROS remained unchanged. The cells remained more than 90% viable and the extracts did not cause damage to single strands of DNA, with the exception of the crude autumn and spring extracts at 500 µg/mL. The results found in this study suggest that extracts are potentially toxic to human leukocyte cells in high concentrations; however, more studies should be performed in different cell lines.

Caffeic acid and ferulic acid can improve toxicological damage caused by iron overload mediated by carbonic anhydrase inhibition.

The iron ion is an essential element for most forms of life, however, it can damage biological systems when found in free form. Chelation therapy is very important, but it is precarious. Caffeic and ferulic acid are antioxidant compounds with many properties described in research such as anti-inflammatory, antiobesogenic, antithrombotic, vasodilator, and anti-tumor. The aim of the study was to evaluate presenting an in silico approach on the toxicity and bioavailability of caffeic and ferulic acid, subsequently, evaluating them in an iron overload model in vivo and providing a pharmacophoric model through molecular docking. The predictive in silico test did not show relevant toxicity of the compounds, therefore, the in vivo test was performed. The rats received dextran iron and the test groups received caffeic and ferulic acid orally for six weeks. Biochemical, hematological parameters, and tissue oxidative stress marker were analyzed. The experimental model showed increased serum iron levels and changes in several serum parameters such as glucose (215.8 ± 20.3 mg/dL), ALT (512.2 ± 128.7 U/L), creatine kinase (186.8 ± 30.1 U/L), and creatine kinase isoform MB (373.3 ± 69.7 U/L). Caffeic acid and, to a lessed degree, ferullic acid, attenuated the effects of iron overload on the rat serum biochemical parameters. Docking showed a pharmacophoric model where carbonic anhydrase interacted with the test molecules and caffeic acid showed less energy expenditure in this interaction. The results illustrate a new therapeutic action of phenolic compounds on iron overload. The possible interference of carbonic anhydrase in iron metabolism needs to be elucidated.

Richardia brasiliensis Gomes: phytochemical characterization, antiproliferative capacity and in vitro and in vivo toxicity.

Richardia brasiliensis, known as poaia branca, is a medicinal species widely distributed throughout Brazil and used in folk medicine. However, studies on its toxicity are practically non-existent, and little is known about its biological activity. This study aimed to investigate its phytochemical compounds, assess its in vitro and in vivo toxicities, and determine its antiproliferative activity. UHPLC-ESI-HRFTMS performed the phytochemical characterization, and the antiproliferative activity was analyzed in different tumor cell lines. In vitro toxicity was evaluated in PBMC cells, and in vivo acute and repeated dose toxicity was evaluated according to OECD guidelines. It was identified alkaloids and terpenes as significant compounds. Regarding its antiproliferative activity, the human melanoma strain decreased its viability by about 95%. In vitro toxicity showed that the extracts maintained the viability of PBMCs; however, higher concentrations were able to increase the production of dsDNA quantity. In vivo tests showed no mortality nor signs of toxicity; the alterations found in hematological and biochemical parameters are within the standards for the species. The results indicate that R. brasiliensis has a good effect against the tumor cell line; still, more studies on its toxicity at higher concentrations are needed.

Tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) extract: phytochemical characterization, acute and subacute oral toxicity studies in Wistar rats.

Natural products are often used by the population to treat and/or prevent several disorders. Tucumã is an Amazonian fruit widely consumed by local population and no in vivo toxicity studies regarding its safety are available in the literature to date. Therefore, the phytochemical characterization, acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicities of crude extract of tucumã's pulp (CETP) in Wistar rats were evaluated. For the CETP preparation, tucumã pulp was crushed and placed into sealed amber glass jars containing absolute ethanol solution for extraction. CETP phytochemical analyses evidenced the presence of carotenoids, flavonoids, unsaturated and satured fatty acids, and triterpenes. In the acute toxicity, female rats from the test group were treated with CETP at single dose of 2000 mg/kg. For the repeated dose toxicity, CETP was administered to male and female rats at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg, for 28 days. Body weight was recorded during the experiment and blood, liver and kidney were collected for further analysis. No mortality or toxicity signs were observed during the studies. CETP was classified as safe (category 5, OECD guide), in acute toxicity. In repeated dose study was observed alterations in some biochemical parameters, as well as in oxidative damage and enzymatic activity. Histopathological findings showed renal damage in male rats at higher dose. The data obtained suggest that CETP did not induced toxicity after exposure to a single or repeated doses in female rats. However, in males may be considered safe when given repeatedly in low doses.

In silico and in vivo protective effect of Morus nigra leaves on oxidative damage induced by iron overload.

Morus nigra L. is a plant popularly known as 'amoreira preta', very used in folk medicine. Iron overload (hemochromatosis) is a clinical condition that causes damage to various tissues due to oxidative stress. Therapy to control iron overload is still unsatisfactory. The protective effect on oxidative stress induced by iron overload was verified. Phytochemical characterization was evaluated by UHPLC-MS/MS. The in silico toxicity predictions of the main phytochemicals were performed via computer simulation. To induce iron overload, the animals received iron dextran (50 mg/kg/day). The test groups received doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg of M. nigra extract for six weeks. Body weight, organosomatic index, serum iron, hepatic markers, cytokines, interfering factors in iron metabolism, enzymatic and histopathological evaluations were analyzed. Vanillic acid, caffeic acid, 6-hydroxycoumarin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, quercitrin, resveratrol, apigenin and kaempferol were identified in the extract. In addition, in silico toxic predictions showed that the main compounds presented a low probability of toxic risk. The extract of M. nigra showed to control the mediators of inflammation and to reduce iron overload in several tissues. Our findings illustrate a novel therapeutic action of M. nigra leaves on hemochromatosis caused by iron overload.

Hydroalcoholic extract of leaf of Arachis hypogaea L. (Fabaceae) did not induce toxic effects in the repeated-dose toxicity study in rats.

Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut) leaf is traditionally used for the treatment of insomnia in Asia. However, studies describing the safety and toxicity profile for this plant preparation are limited. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the toxicity of peanut leaf hydroalcoholic extract (PLHE) repeated treatment. The extract was administered orally (100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg) in male and female Wistar rats for 28 days (OECD guideline 407). PLHE treatment did not cause mortality or weight variation in the animals. Also, there was no alteration on locomotor activity (open field test), motor coordination (rotarod test), or anxiety behaviour (elevated plus-maze test). Male rats had a reduction in relative liver weight (100 mg/kg) and an increase in total kidney weight (1000 mg/kg), but there was no change in biochemical and haematological parameters after PLHE treatment. Free extracellular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) levels was also evaluated, but PLHE treatment did not increase this parameter in rat organs. Also, the dose of 1000 mg/kg of PLHE significantly increased the total thiols in the liver of females compared with the control animals. Thus, PLHE did not induce toxicity after repeated exposure for 28 days in rats.

Peanut leaf extract has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity but no acute toxic effects.

Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut) leaves have been popularly used for the treatment of insomnia and inflammation, but no toxicological study has been performed for this plant preparation. This study aimed to examine the phytochemical composition of peanut leaf hydroalcoholic extract (PLHE) and describe its potential toxic effects and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The qualitative chemical analysis of PLHE by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS allowed the identification of eight metabolites types (totaling 29 compounds). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay revealed that PLHE had strong antioxidant effects; it also exhibited nitric oxide (NO)-scavenging capacity. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposed to PLHE showed no reduced cell viability or increased free double-stranded DNA, NO, or reactive species production. PLHE reversed the cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory (release of interleukin-1ß), and pro-oxidant effects of H2O2 on human PBMCs. Acute PLHE toxicity analysis was performed in vivo using the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 423 guidelines. PLHE single injection (2000 mg/kg, intragastric) did not cause mortality or morbidity or induce changes in hematological or biochemical parameters after 14 days of administration. Thus, PLHE could be a source of bioactive compounds and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties without elicitin cytotoxicity or genotoxicity in human PBMCs or acute toxicity in rats.

Antidiabetic effects of Olea europaea L. leaves in diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. It has broad occurrence worldwide, affecting millions of people, and can cause serious complications. The olive (Olea europaea L.) has important pharmacological functions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities. Olive leaves are used in traditional medicine for diabetes and hypertension. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the effect of the ethanolic extract of olive leaves (EEOL) on the metabolism of rats with diabetes induced by a high-fat diet and low dose of streptozotocin (STZ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were either given normal feed or a high-fat diet (70% standard laboratory feed, 15% sucrose, 10% lard and 5% yolk powder) for four weeks, followed by administration of STZ (35 mg/kg, via ip). Animals with fasting glucose levels above 200 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Animals were divided into 5 groups, which received ethanol (10 mL/kg), metformin (250 mg/kg), or EEOL at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg during 10 weeks by oral gavage. Blood samples were used to measure hematological and biochemical parameters, and kidneys were removed for posterior analysis. Body weight was recorded weekly. RESULTS: A significant decrease in body weight was observed among diabetic animals treated with ethanol and EEOL compared to the control group. Moreover, animals treated with EEOL showed an improvement in glucose levels and in levels of inflammatory and metabolic markers when compared to diabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a potential anti-diabetic activity of olive leaves, however more studies are needed to validate clinical effects.

Acute and subacute toxicity and chemical constituents of the hydroethanolic extract of Verbena litoralis Kunth.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Verbena litoralis Kunth is a native species of South America, popularly known as gervãozinho-do-campo or erva-de-pai-caetano. It is used in gastrointestinal disorders, as detoxifying the organism, antifebrile properties and amidaglitis. AIM OF THE STUDY: To identify the chemical constituents of the hydroethanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of V. litoralis and to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity in male and female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The single dose (2000 mg/kg) of the extract was administered orally to male and female rats. In the subacute study the extract was given at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg during 28 days orally. Biochemical, hematological and histological analyzes were performed, oxidative stress markers were tested and chemical constituents were identified through UHPLC-ESI-HRMS RESULTS: Six classes of metabolites were identified: iridoids glycosides, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids-derived, phenylethanoid-derived, cinnamic acid-derived and triterpenes. In the acute treatment, the extract was classified as safe (category 5), according to the OECD guide. Our results demonstrated that subacute administration of the crude extract of V. litoralis at 400 mg/kg resulted in an increase in AST in males, whereas ALT enzyme showed a small increase in males that received 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the extract. CONCLUSIONS: The extract of the aerial parts of Verbena litoralis did not present significant toxicity when administered a single dose. However, when different doses were administered for 28 days, were observed changes in hematological, biochemical and histological parameters in rats.

Safety assessment of Morus nigra L. leaves: Acute and subacute oral toxicity studies in Wistar rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Morus nigra L. is a plant native to Asia, and well adapted to the Brazilian climate. It is popularly known as "amoreira preta", and is part of the National List of Plants of Interest to the Brazilian Unified Health System. It is used in folk medicine mainly to soften the effects of menopause, as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antihypertensive. However, information on safe doses and use is still precarious. AIM OF THE STUDY: To identify the chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Morus nigra L. leaves (EEMN), as well as perform a toxicological study in male and female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chemical composition of the extract was performed by HPLC/DAD. In the acute study, the dose administered was 2000 mg/kg, and signs of toxicity and mortality was observed. In the sub-acute study, the extract was administered at doses of 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg for 28 days. Behavioral changes, object recognition test, renal and hepatic tissue assessments, biochemical and hematological parameters were determined. The extract was administered orally to male and female rats in both studies. RESULTS: Quercetin and caffeic acid showed as major compounds in the extract. In the acute treatment, the extract was classified as safe (category 5), according to the protocol. In the subacute study, there was a decrease in AST in males (750 and 1000 mg/kg) and females (1000 mg/kg), reduction of total cholesterol in females (750 and 1000 mg/kg), and increase in renal and hepatic change the LPO levels. CONCLUSION: The present investigation showed that EEMN did not present significant toxic effects when administered orally. Moreover, presented a potentially protective action of organs and possesses hypocholesterolemic activity, thus, it is shown as a promising natural source to be used in pharmacology.

Safety assessment of ethanolic extract of Olea europaea L. leaves after acute and subacute administration to Wistar rats.

Olea europaea L., popularly known as olive, is a plant widely used worldwide. Its leaves, fruit and oil are extensively consumed and present important pharmacological properties. However, studies regarding the toxicity of olive leaves are still limited in the literature. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate acute and subacute oral toxicities of the ethanolic extract of olive leaves (EEO) in Wistar rats through histopathology and biochemical and hematological parameters. Acute toxicity was assessed using a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of EEO administered by oral gavage to male and female rats. To assess subacute toxicity, EEO was administered during 28 days at different doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) to male and female rats. At the end of the experiments, the liver and kidney were removed and examined microscopically, and blood was collected for hematological and biochemical parameters. A single dose of 2000 mg/kg did not induce mortality or any signs of toxicity among the animals treated. Animals exposed to EEO during 28 days did not present sign of abnormalities. Results demonstrated that EEO did not induce toxicity after exposure to single and repeated doses. However, more studies are needed to fully understand implications for human safety.

Traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, biological activity and toxicology of tropaeolum majus L: a review / Usos tradicionales, botánica, fitoquímica, actividad biológica y toxicología de tropaeolum majus L: una revisión

Tropaeolum majus presents medicinal, nutritional and ornamental value. Plant extracts and fractions have been found to exhibit diuretic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Moreover, protective effects on blood and liver, scurvy’s treatment, antithrombin activity and prevention against macular degeneration have also been observed. T. majus contains biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, glucosilonates, fatty acids, essential oil, chlorogenic acid, aminoacids, cucurbitacins, proteins and carotenoids. Acute and subchronic studies demonstrated a lack of toxic effects, but the extracts of this plant can have deleterious consequences during the pregnancy. The revised databases were SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Portal da Capes, considering studies between 1963 and 2014 and by searching for terms like Tropaeolum majus, Tropaeolaceae, Tropaeolum majus constituents, Tropaeolum majus use and Tropaeolum majus toxicity.

Tropaeolum majus presenta valor medicinal, alimenticio y ornamental. A partir del extracto y las fracciones de la planta se han encontrado actividades biológicas, que incluyen efecto diurético, antihipertensivo, anti-inflamatorio, antimicrobiano y antioxidante. Además, efectos protectores sobre la sangre y el hígado, tratamiento del escorbuto, actividad antitrombina y prevención contra la degeneración macular. T. majus contiene compuestos biológicamente activos como flavonoides, glucosilonates, ácidos grasos, aceite esencial, ácido clorogénico, aminoácidos, cucurbitacinas, proteínas y carotenoides. Estudios de toxicidad aguda y subcrónica demostraron una falta de efectos toxicológicos, pero los extractos de esta planta pueden tener consecuencias perjudiciales durante el embarazo. Las bases de datos revisadas fueron SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect y Portal da Capes, teniendo en cuenta los estudios entre 1963 y 2014 y mediante la búsqueda de términos como Tropaeolum majus, Tropaeolaceae, Tropaeolum majus constituyentes, Tropaeolum majus usos y Tropaeolum majus toxicidad.

Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a University Hospital in the South of Brazil

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) stand out as one of the main agents causing nosocomial and community infections. This retrospective study aimed to analyze the MRSA predominance in a university hospital in the south of Brazil and it was carried out for five years (from 2007 to 2011). 616 MRSA (33,3% of the total) were isolated and an important reduction in the MRSA predominance was observed along the study. Although it was registered a reduction in the MRSA predominance, male adult patients (41-70 years old), who were in the Medical Clinic and Adult ICU, had the highest infection rates and concerning MRSA isolates rates, these were higher in blood and tracheal aspirates. In conclusion, studies of this type are becoming relevant to recognize pathogens like MRSA and to determine its predominance.

Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à meticilina (MRSA) destacam-se mundialmente como um dos mais frequentes patógenos nosocomiais e comunitários. Este estudo retrospectivo teve por objetivo analisar a prevalência de MRSA em um hospital universitário no sul do Brasil. Durante cinco anos (2007 a 2011), 616 MRSA (33,3% do total de S. aureus) foram isolados, sendo que sua frequência de isolamento apresentou considerável redução no decorrer do estudo. Nossos resultados demonstraram que as maiores taxas de isolamento dos MRSA ocorreram em amostras de sangue e secreção traqueal. As infecções prevaleceram em pacientes adultos (41 a 70 anos), do sexo masculino, internados na Clínica Médica e UTI adulto. Estudos como este se tornam importantes para o reconhecimento de patógenos resistentes, como o MRSA, e para a determinação da sua prevalência.