Position Statement on the Use of Myocardial Strain in Cardiology Routines by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology's Department Of Cardiovascular Imaging - 2023. / Posicionamento do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre o Uso do Strain Miocárdico na Rotina do Cardiologista ­ 2023.

Central Illustration : Position Statement on the Use of Myocardial Strain in Cardiology Routines by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology's Department Of Cardiovascular Imaging - 2023 Proposal for including strain in the integrated diastolic function assessment algorithm, adapted from Nagueh et al.67 Am: mitral A-wave duration; Ap: reverse pulmonary A-wave duration; DD: diastolic dysfunction; LA: left atrium; LASr: LA strain reserve; LVGLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; TI: tricuspid insufficiency. Confirm concentric remodeling with LVGLS. In LVEF, mitral E wave deceleration time < 160 ms and pulmonary S-wave < D-wave are also parameters of increased filling pressure. This algorithm does not apply to patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), mitral annulus calcification, > mild mitral valve disease, left bundle branch block, paced rhythm, prosthetic valves, or severe primary pulmonary hypertension.

Figura Central : Posicionamento do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre o Uso do Strain Miocárdico na Rotina do Cardiologista ­ 2023 Proposta de inclusão do strain no algoritmo integrado de avaliação da função diastólica, adaptado e traduzido de Nagueh et al. 67 AE: átrio esquerdo; Ap: duração da onda A reversa pulmonar; Am: duração da onda A mitral; DD: disfunção diastólica; FEVEr: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo reduzida; IT: insuficiência tricúspide; SAEr: strain do AE de reservatório; SLGVE: strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo. Se remodelamento concêntrico, confirmar com SLGVE. Na presença de FEVEr, tempo de desaceleração da onda E mitral (TDE) < 160 ms e onda S < D pulmonar também são parâmetros de pressão de enchimento aumentada. Esse algoritmo não se aplica a pacientes com fibrilação atrial (FA), calcificação do anel mitral ou valvopatia mitral maior que discreta, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE), ritmo de marca-passo, próteses valvares ou hipertensão pulmonar (HP) primária grave.

Características clínicas e demográficas dos pacientes com endocardite infecciosa em um serviço de cardiologia pediátrica / Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with infective endocarditis treated at a pediatric cardiology service / Características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa en un servicio de cardiología pediátrica

A endocardite infecciosa, um processo infeccioso da superfície do endocárdio, vem apresentando maiores taxas de incidência na população pediátrica, sendo considerada importante causa de mortalidade. A partir deste trabalho, busca-se descrever as principais características clínicas e demográficas dos pacientes com endocardite e avaliar os fatores preditores de óbito nessa população. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectiva, baseado na avaliação de prontuários do período de 2010 a 2016, em hospital terciário. A amostra contou com pacientes menores de 18 anos com diagnóstico de endocardite, pelos critérios de Duke. Os dados foram analisados com o programa estatístico SPSS 20.0. Para a análise inferencial bivariada foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. O grupo de estudo incluiu 31 pacientes; 61,3% do sexo masculino. Todos os pacientes tinham cardiopatia prévia, sendo 74,2% cardiopatia congênita e 25,8% cardiopatia reumática crônica. Cirurgia prévia esteve presente em 45,2%; hemocultura positiva em 54,8%; vegetações visíveis ao ecocardiograma transtorácico em 83,9% e complicações em 38,7%, sendo a embolização a principal complicação (22,6%). Houve associação, estatisticamente significante, entre prótese valvar como sítio de endocardite e embolização, quando associadas ao óbito, com proporções de 100% (p = 0,001) e 60% (p = 0,029), respectivamente. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 16,1%. Conclui-se que a cardiopatia prévia é o principal fator predisponente para a endocardite infecciosa, principalmente cardiopatia congênita. Contudo, a cardiopatia reumática crônica ainda é um fator de risco importante. A mortalidade da endocardite infecciosa é elevada, e os preditores são: prótese valvar como sítio da endocardite e embolização sistêmica.

Infective endocarditis, an infectious process of the endocardial surface, has shown higher incidence rates in the pediatric population, constituting an important cause of mortality. Thus, this retrospective cohort study describes the main clinical and demographic characteristics of endocarditis patients, and evaluates the predictors of death in this population. Data were collected from medical records produced by a tertiary hospital, from 2010 to 2016. The sample included patients under 18 years of age diagnosed with endocarditis according to Duke's criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical program. Bivariate inferential analysis used the chi-squared test. Values p <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The study group included 31 patients, 61.3% male. All patients had prior heart disease, with 74.2% having congenital heart disease and 25.8% having chronic rheumatic heart disease. Of the 31 patients, 45.2% presented prior surgery, 54.8% had positive blood culture, 83.9% showed vegetations visible on transthoracic echocardiography, and 38.7% presented complications, with embolization being the main one (22.6%). Results showed a statistically significant association between valvular prosthesis as an endocarditis site and embolization when associated with mortality at 100% (p = 0.001) and 60% (p = 0.029) proportions, respectively. Mortality rate was 16.1%. In conclusion, prior heart disease is the main predisposing factor for endocarditis, mainly congenital heart disease. However, chronic rheumatic heart disease remains an important risk factor. Mortality of endocarditis is high, having valvar prosthesis as an endocarditis site and systemic embolization as predictors.

La endocarditis infecciosa es una infección en la superficie del endocardio, la cual se viene presentando mayores tasas de incidencia en la población pediátrica y es considerada una importante causa de mortalidad. En este trabajo se pretende describir las principales características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes con endocarditis, así como evaluar los factores predictores de defunción en esa población. Se realizó una cohorte retrospectiva, basada en la evaluación de los historiales de los pacientes en el período de 2010 a 2016, en un hospital terciario. La muestra constó de pacientes menores de 18 años con el diagnóstico de endocarditis por los criterios de Duke. Los datos se analizaron mediante el programa estadístico SPSS 20.0. Para el análisis inferencial bivariado se utilizó la prueba del chi-cuadrado. Los valores de p <0,05 fueron considerados estadísticamente significantes. El grupo del estudio incluyó a 31 pacientes, 61,3% del sexo masculino. Todos los pacientes tenían cardiopatía previa, el 74,2% cardiopatía congénita y el 25,8% cardiopatía reumática crónica. La cirugía previa estuvo presente en el 45,2%, hemocultura positiva en el 54,8%, vegetaciones visibles al ecocardiograma transtorácico en el 83,9% y complicaciones en el 38,7%, con la embolización como la principal complicación (22,6%). Se observó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre prótesis valvular como sitio de endocarditis y embolización cuando la asociaron a la muerte, con proporciones del 100% (p=0,001) y del 60% (p=0,029), respectivamente. La tasa de mortalidad fue del 16,1%. Por lo tanto, la cardiopatía previa es el principal factor predisponente para la endocarditis, principalmente la cardiopatía congénita. Sin embargo, la cardiopatía reumática crónica sigue siendo un factor de riesgo importante. La mortalidad de la endocarditis es elevada, y sus predictores son prótesis valvular como sitio de la endocarditis y embolización sistémica.

Clinical and Epidemiological Profiles of Patients Admitted to a Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit

Abstract Background: Congenital and acquired heart diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality in children. In critical congenital heart defects, when treatment is not adequate, clinical manifestations may lead to death in the neonatal period. Objective: To establish the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients admitted to the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (UTI) in a tertiary hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from January 2013 to December 2014, based on analysis of patients' medical records. The study sample was composed of 307 children and adolescents with congenial and acquired heart diseases. The score Risk Adjustement for Congenital Heart Surgery 1 (RACHS-1) was used for categorization of the various surgical procedures. Descriptive statistics were calculated using the Satistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Categorical variables were compared using the Pearson's chi-square test, considering a level of significance of 5%. Results: There was a predominance of patients aged between 28 days and one year (44%). Congenital heart diseases (91.9%) prevailed over acquired heart diseases (8.1%). Extracorporeal circulation was used in 138 patients who underwent surgical procedures, lasting from 12 to 261 minutes. Most patients (88.9%) were discharged from the ICU and 11.1% died. Using the score RACHS-1, corrective cardiac surgery was performed in 75.8% and paliative surgery in 24.2% of the patients. Conclusions: Patients aged between 28 days to one year, with cyanotic congenital heart disease, undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation duration longer than 120 minutes are at a higher risk of death.

Mortality for Critical Congenital Heart Diseases and Associated Risk Factors in Newborns. A Cohort Study / Mortalidade para Cardiopatias Congênitas e Fatores de Risco Associados em Recém-Nascidos. Um Estudo de Coorte

Abstract Background: Congenital heart diseases are the most common type of congenital defects, and account for more deaths in the first year of life than any other condition, when infectious etiologies are ruled out. Objectives: To evaluate survival, and to identify risk factors in deaths in newborns with critical and/or complex congenital heart disease in the neonatal period. Methods: A cohort study, nested to a randomized case-control, was performed, considering the Confidence Interval of 95% (95% CI) and significance level of 5%, paired by gender of the newborn and maternal age. Case-finding, interviews, medical record analysis, clinical evaluation of pulse oximetry (heart test) and Doppler echocardiogram were performed, as well as survival analysis, and identification of death-related risk factors. Results: The risk factors found were newborns younger than 37 weeks (Relative Risk - RR: 2.89; 95% CI [1.49-5.56]; p = 0.0015), weight of less than 2,500 grams (RR: 2.33 [; 95% CI 1.26-4.29]; p = 0.0068), occurrence of twinning (RR: 11.96 [95% CI 1.43-99.85]; p = 0.022) and presence of comorbidity (RR: 2.27 [95% CI 1.58-3.26]; p < 0.0001). The incidence rate of mortality from congenital heart disease was 81 cases per 100,000 live births. The lethality attributed to critical congenital heart diseases was 64.7%, with proportional mortality of 12.0%. The survival rate at 28 days of life decreased by almost 70% in newborns with congenital heart disease. The main cause of death was cardiogenic shock. Conclusion: Preterm infants with low birth weight and comorbidities presented a higher risk of mortality related to congenital heart diseases. This cohort was extinguished very quickly, signaling the need for greater investment in assistance technology in populations with this profile.

Resumo Fundamento: As cardiopatias congênitas configuram o tipo mais comum de defeitos congênitos, sendo responsáveis por mais mortes no primeiro ano de vida do que em qualquer outra condição, quando etiologias infecciosas são excluídas. Objetivo: Avaliar a sobrevida e identificar os fatores de risco nos óbitos em recém-nascidos com cardiopatia congênita crítica e/ou complexa no período neonatal. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo de coorte, aninhado a um caso-controle aleatorizado, considerando Intervalo de Confiança de 95% (IC95%) e nível de significância de 5%, pareado por sexo do recém-nascido e idade materna. Foram feitas buscas ativas de casos, entrevistas, análise de prontuário, avaliação clínica da oximetria de pulso (teste do coraçãozinho) e do ecoDopplercardiograma, bem como análise de sobrevida e identificação dos fatores de risco relacionados ao óbito. Resultados: Os fatores de risco encontrados foram recém-nascidos com menos de 37 semanas (Risco Relativo − RR: 2,89; IC95% 1,49-5,56; p = 0,0015), peso inferior a 2.500 g (RR: 2,33; IC95% 1,26-4,29; p = 0,0068), ocorrência de gemelaridade (RR: 11,96; IC95% 1,43-99,85; p = 0,022) e presença de comorbidade (RR: 2,27; IC95% 1,58-3,26; p < 0,0001). A taxa de incidência de mortalidade por cardiopatias congênitas foi de 81 casos por 100 mil nascidos vivos. A letalidade atribuída às cardiopatias congênitas críticas foi de 64,7%, com mortalidade proporcional de 12,0%. A taxa de sobrevida aos 28 dias de vida diminuiu em quase 70% nos recém-nascidos com cardiopatias congênitas. A principal causa de óbito foi o choque cardiogênico. Conclusão: Recém-nascidos prematuros, com baixo peso e presença de comorbidades apresentaram maior risco de mortalidade relacionada às cardiopatias congênitas. Esta coorte se extinguiu muito rapidamente, sinalizando para a necessidade de maior investimento em tecnologia assistencial em populações com este perfil.

Mortality for Critical Congenital Heart Diseases and Associated Risk Factors in Newborns. A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart diseases are the most common type of congenital defects, and account for more deaths in the first year of life than any other condition, when infectious etiologies are ruled out. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate survival, and to identify risk factors in deaths in newborns with critical and/or complex congenital heart disease in the neonatal period. METHODS: A cohort study, nested to a randomized case-control, was performed, considering the Confidence Interval of 95% (95% CI) and significance level of 5%, paired by gender of the newborn and maternal age. Case-finding, interviews, medical record analysis, clinical evaluation of pulse oximetry (heart test) and Doppler echocardiogram were performed, as well as survival analysis, and identification of death-related risk factors. RESULTS: The risk factors found were newborns younger than 37 weeks (Relative Risk - RR: 2.89; 95% CI [1.49-5.56]; p = 0.0015), weight of less than 2,500 grams (RR: 2.33 [; 95% CI 1.26-4.29]; p = 0.0068), occurrence of twinning (RR: 11.96 [95% CI 1.43-99.85]; p = 0.022) and presence of comorbidity (RR: 2.27 [95% CI 1.58-3.26]; p < 0.0001). The incidence rate of mortality from congenital heart disease was 81 cases per 100,000 live births. The lethality attributed to critical congenital heart diseases was 64.7%, with proportional mortality of 12.0%. The survival rate at 28 days of life decreased by almost 70% in newborns with congenital heart disease. The main cause of death was cardiogenic shock. CONCLUSION: Preterm infants with low birth weight and comorbidities presented a higher risk of mortality related to congenital heart diseases. This cohort was extinguished very quickly, signaling the need for greater investment in assistance technology in populations with this profile.

Incidência de síndromes genéticas associadas às cardiopatias congênitas / Incidence of genetic syndromes associated with congenital heart diseases

Introdução: as anomalias cardíacas podem se apresentar isoladamente ou fazer parte de síndromes cromossômicas ou gênicas. As principais causas dos defeitos cardíacos congênitos estão relacionadas com a interação entre os agentes ambientais e os fatores genéticos. Objetivo: conhecer a incidência das síndromes genéticas associadas às cardiopatias congênitas. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo seccional descritivo, com base em prontuários de pacientes portadores de cardiopatias congênitas, no período 2013 a 2014. Resultados: foram avaliados 307 prontuários, dos quais 52,4% eram de pacientes do sexo masculino e 47,6% de pacientes do sexo feminino, com idades entre zero e 15 anos. As síndromes genéticas associadas às cardiopatias foram evidenciadas em 50 pacientes, com a seguinte distribuição: Síndrome de Down, 13%; Síndrome de Kartagener, 1,3%; Síndrome de Edwards, 1%; Síndrome de Noonan, 0,7%; e Síndrome Di George (0,3%). Conclusão: a síndrome de Down prevaleceu sobre as demais síndromes associadas às cardiopatias congênitas.

Introduction : Cardiac abnormalities may either present itself singly, or as part of chromosomal or genetic syndromes. The main causes of congenital heart defects are related to the interaction between environmental agents and genetic factors. Objective: To know the incidence of genetic syndromes associated with congenital heart diseases. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, based on medical records of patients with congenital heart defects, between 2013 and 2014. Results: 307 medical records were evaluated. 52.4% were male patients and 47.6% femal patients aged between zero and fifteen years old. The genetic syndromes associated with heart diseases were evidenced in fifty patients, according to the following distribution: Down syndrome, 13%; Kartagener syndrome, 1.3%; Edwards syndrome, 1%; Noonan syndrome, 0.7%; And Di George Syndrome (0.3%). Conclusion: Down syndrome prevailed over the other syndromes associated with congenital heart diseases.

ERICA: prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We evaluated 37,504 adolescents who were participants in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, school-based, national study. The adolescents, aged from 12 to 17 years, lived in cities with populations greater than 100,000 inhabitants. The sample was stratified and clustered into schools and classes. The criteria set out by the International Diabetes Federation were used to define metabolic syndrome. Prevalences of metabolic syndrome were estimated according to sex, age group, school type and nutritional status. RESULTS Of the 37,504 adolescents who were evaluated: 50.2% were female; 54.3% were aged from 15 to 17 years, and 73.3% were from public schools. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 2.6% (95%CI 2.3-2.9), slightly higher in males and in those aged from 15 to 17 years in most macro-regions. The prevalence was the highest in residents from the South macro-region, in the younger female adolescents and in the older male adolescents. The prevalence was higher in public schools (2.8% [95%CI 2.4-3.2]), when compared with private schools (1.9% [95%CI 1.4-2.4]) and higher in obese adolescents when compared with nonobese ones. The most common combinations of components, referring to 3/4 of combinations, were: enlarged waist circumference (WC), low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) and high blood pressure; followed by enlarged WC, low HDL-c and high triglycerides; and enlarged WC, low HDL-c, high triglycerides and blood pressure. Low HDL was the second most frequent component, but the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome (26.8%) was observed in the presence of high triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS ERICA is the first Brazilian nation-wide study to present the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and describe the role of its components. Despite the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome being low, the high prevalences of some components and participation of others in the syndrome composition shows the importance of early diagnosis of this changes, even if not grouped within the metabolic syndrome.

ERICA: prevalences of hypertension and obesity in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and obesity and the population attributable fraction of hypertension that is due to obesity in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS Data from participants in the Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which was the first national school-based, cross-section study performed in Brazil were evaluated. The sample was divided into 32 geographical strata and clusters from 32 schools and classes, with regional and national representation. Obesity was classified using the body mass index according to age and sex. Arterial hypertension was defined when the average systolic or diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the reference curve. Prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of arterial hypertension and obesity, both on a national basis and in the macro-regions of Brazil, were estimated by sex and age group, as were the fractions of hypertension attributable to obesity in the population. RESULTS We evaluated 73,399 students, 55.4% female, with an average age of 14.7 years (SD = 1.6). The prevalence of hypertension was 9.6% (95%CI 9.0-10.3); with the lowest being in the North, 8.4% (95%CI 7.7-9.2) and Northeast regions, 8.4% (95%CI 7.6-9.2), and the highest being in the South, 12.5% (95%CI 11.0-14.2). The prevalence of obesity was 8.4% (95%CI 7.9-8.9), which was lower in the North region and higher in the South region. The prevalences of arterial hypertension and obesity were higher in males. Obese adolescents presented a higher prevalence of hypertension, 28.4% (95%CI 25.5-31.2), than overweight adolescents, 15.4% (95%CI 17.0-13.8), or eutrophic adolescents, 6.3% (95%CI 5.6-7.0). The fraction of hypertension attributable to obesity was 17.8%. CONCLUSIONS ERICA was the first nationally representative Brazilian study providing prevalence estimates of hypertension in adolescents. Regional and sex differences were observed. The study indicates that the control of obesity would lower the prevalence of hypertension among Brazilian adolescents by 1/5.

Implante transcateter da valva pulmonar. Protocolo clínico de tratamento e requisitos para credenciamento de centros e operadores no Brasil / Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation. Clinical treatment protocol and accreditation requirements for centers and interventionists in Brazil

O implante transcateter da valva pulmonar (ITVP) evoluiu significativamente desde sua introdução, no início dos anos 2000. Atualmente, esta técnica é uma opção segura e eficaz para o tratamento das disfunções valvares graves (estenose e/ou insuficiência) em biopróteses ou condutos cirúrgicos em posição pulmonar, em vários centros do mundo. No Brasil, os resultados iniciais com este procedimento em centros de referência foram similares àqueles observados na experiência global. O ITVP tem se demonstrado factível, seguro e eficaz em mãos treinadas na nossa realidade. Porém, antes da aplicação disseminada desta técnica em outros centros em nosso país, houve a necessidade de se estabelecerem alguns critérios para a seleção do paciente, a técnica de implante e o seguimento clínico, assim como para o treinamento e o credenciamento de novos operadores e centros. As orientações aqui descritas foram determinadas por um grupo de especialistas com experiência renomada em cardiopatias congênitas e ITVP, tendo sido encaminhadas ao Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM). Representantes das diferentes sociedades médicas foram envolvidas na preparação deste documento, incluindo a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), a Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Invasiva (SBHCI) e a Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (SBCCV). Acreditamos que a rígida aderência às recomendações listadas neste documento oficial seja crucial para a segurança do paciente e para que ótimos resultados sejam alcançados imediatamente e a longo prazo. Uma vez consolidado em nosso meio, o ITVP abrirá caminho para a introdução de novas terapias valvares em cardiopatias congênitas

Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation (TPVI) has evolved significantly since its introduction in the early 2000s. Currently, this technique is a safe and effective option for the treatment of severe valve dysfunction (stenosis and/or regurgitation) in bioprostheses or surgical conduits in pulmonary position, in several centers worldwide. In Brazil, the initial results with this procedure in reference centers were similar to those observed in the overall experience. TPVI was proven to be feasible, safe, and effective in trained hands in Brazil. However, prior to the widespread application of this technique to other centers in this country, it was necessary to establish some criteria for patient selection, implantation technique, and clinical follow-up, as well as for the training and accreditation of new interventionists and centers. The guidelines described here were determined by a group of experts with well-known experience in congenital heart disease and TPVI, and were referred to the Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM, portuguese for Federal Council of Medicine). Representatives of the different medical societies were involved in the creation of this document, including the Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC, portuguese for Brazilian Society of Cardiology), the Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Invasiva (SBHCI, portuguese for Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Invasive Cardiology), and the Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (SBCCV, portuguese for Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery). The authors believe that strict adherence to the recommendations contained in this official document is crucial for patient safety and for optimal results to be achieved in both the short and long term. Once consolidated in Brazil, TPVI will open doors for the introduction of new valve therapies in congenital cardiopathies