Influence of the casing layer on the specific volatile compounds and microorganisms by Agaricus bisporus.

One of the major variables affecting yield of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus is the casing layer, which directly affects the productivity and mass. Here, volatile organic compounds were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction and high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the microbial community diversity. The relationship between mushroom yield at different cropping stages and the contents of volatile organic compounds and microorganisms in three different casing layers: peat, peat + soil and soil were systematically evaluated. The result shows that Benzaldehyde and (E)-2-octenal which stimulate yield, obviously increased as mushrooms grew, while 3-octanone, which inhibits yield, decreased over time in all three casing layers. However, there was not a strong correlation between the concentration of volatile compounds and yield. In addition, more than 3,000 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by performing high throughput sequencing of the microbes were obtained in the three casing layers. Interestingly, the microbial community compositions were very similar between the three casing layers at a later cropping stage, but the community richness varied significantly in different casing layers and at different cropping stages. At the phylum level, the communities had similar structures but were quantitively very different, and this was even more obvious at the genus level. Principal component analysis revealed significant alterations in microbial community structure in different casing layers. Sphingomonas, Dongia and Achromobacter were the dominant genera at cropping stage 1, and the stage 3 were abundant in Saccharibacteria_norank, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium and Brevundimonas, which was positively correlated with yield, while the abundance of Pseudomonas at stage 1 and Lactococcus and Bacillus at stage 3 was negatively correlated with yield. These results provide a guide for the development and agricultural application of microbial agents for yield improvement in the production of A. bisporus.

Effects of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor on Proliferation and Apoptosis of B Cells in Bone Marrow of Healthy Donors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on the proliferation and apoptosis of bone marrow (BM) B cells from healthy donors and its mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proliferation ability and apoptosis of BM cells from healthy donors before and after in vivo G-CSF application were determined by multiparameter flow cytometry. The gene expression of B cells was detected by RNA-Seq. In vitro experiments were performed to investigate the effects of G-CSF on the proliferation and apoptosis of BM B cells through which gene. RESULTS: Treating healthy donors with G-CSF significantly decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of BM B cells. The proliferation of CD19+CD27- B cell subgroup and CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cell subset were also decreased. G-CSF also significantly altered proapoptotic genes, cell cycle arrest genes, and DNA replication and cell cycle genes, especially significantly increased SOCS1 expression of BM B cells. In vitro experiments showed that SOCS1 overexpression did not affect B cell proliferation ability and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that extensive effects of G-CSF on BM B cells, such as inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and altering a series of gene expression.

[Effect of PDK1 on Notch1-Induced Mouse T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of PDK1 in T-ALL development through establishing the Notch1-induced T-ALL mouse model by using Mx1-cre; LoxP system to knock-out PDK1. METHODS: Cell cycle and apoptosis of leukemic cells were detected by flow cytometry, and relative expression of tumor-related genes and transcription factors of leukemic cells were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: Notch1-induced T-ALL mouse model with inducible knock-out of PDK1 was established successfully. Compared to T-ALL control mouse model, PDK1 knock-out mice showed a significant longer survival time (P<0.01). There was no difference of cell cycle between control and PDK1 knock-out mice, and the apoptosis rate of leukemic cells in PDK1 knock-out mice was higher than that of control mice (P<0.001). PDK1 knock-out resulted in decreased expression of tumor-related genes and transcription factors, such as c-Myc and NF-κB (P<0.01), and increased expression level of P53 (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: PDK1 knock-out can inhibit the development of T-ALL, and its mechanism may be the leukemia progression inhibited by regulating the apoptosis and expression of multiple related genes and transcription factors.

[Function of mTORC2 and its roles in hematological malignancies].

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) is an important center for regulating cellular growth, survival and metabolism. mTORC plays a vital role in maintenance of normal physiological activities and homeostasis in organism. According to protein components, mTORC can be divided into two distinct protein complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. The main protein components of mTORC2 include mTOR, Rictor, mLST8, Deptor, mSin1, Protor and Hsp70. By means of activating AKT, PKCα, SGK1 and so on, the mTORC regulates many vital activities:embryonic development, cytoskeletal reconstitution,cell migration and protein post-translational modification. The abnormality of mTORC2 signaling pathway has been confirmed to be associated with tumorigenesis, therefore, further understanding the components, functions and signalling pathway of mTORC2 will provide a new insights in developing targeted cancer therapy. In this review, the structure and signalling pathway of mTORC2 and its roles in hematological malignancies are discussed and summarised.

Removal of high concentrated ammonia nitrogen from landfill leachate by landfilled waste layer.

The landfill of municipal solid waste (MSW) could be regarded as denitrification reactor and involved in ammonia nitrogen biological removal process. In this research, the process was applied to municipal solid waste collected in Shanghai, China, which was characterized by high food waste content. The NH4(+) removal efficiency in the system of SBR nitrifying reactor followed by fresh and matured landfilled waste layer in series was studied. In the nitrifying reactor, above 90% of NH4(+) in leachate was oxidized to NO2(-) and NO3(-). Then high concentrated NO2 and N3(-) were removed in the way of denitrification process in fresh landfilled waste layer. At the same time, degradation of fresh landfilled waste was accelerated. Up to the day 120, 136.5 gC/(kg dry waste) and 17.9 gN/(kg dry waste) were converted from waste layer. It accounted for 50.15% and 86.89% of the total carbon and nitrogen content of preliminary fresh waste, which was 4.42 times and 5.17 times higher than that of reference column respectively. After filtering through matured landfilled waste, BOD5 concentration in leachate dropped to below 100 mg/L, which would not affect following nitrification adversely. Because the matured landfilled waste acted as a well methanogenic reactor, 23% of carbon produced accumulatively from fresh landfilled waste degradation was converted into CH4.