RESUMEN
PIP: Preliminary results of the 1989 population census of Albania are presented, and trends since 1945 are reviewed. Information is included on population size and growth, sex structure, and urbanization. Special attention is given to ethnic minority groups.^ieng
Asunto(s)
Censos , Etnicidad , Grupos Minoritarios , Densidad de Población , Crecimiento Demográfico , Distribución por Sexo , Urbanización , Albania , Cultura , Demografía , Países Desarrollados , Europa (Continente) , Geografía , Población , Características de la Población , Dinámica Poblacional , Investigación , Factores Sexuales , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
PIP: Emigration trends among the Turkish minority population in Bulgaria are reviewed for the period 1878-1951. Seven phases of emigration are identified, and their causes are discussed.^ieng
Asunto(s)
Emigración e Inmigración , Etnicidad , Grupos Minoritarios , Asia , Asia Occidental , Bulgaria , Cultura , Demografía , Países Desarrollados , Países en Desarrollo , Europa (Continente) , Europa Oriental , Población , Características de la Población , Dinámica Poblacional , TurquíaRESUMEN
Urinary excretion of Cytomegalovirus and the presence of serum antibodies against CMV were examined in 79 HIV-1-infected patients at different stages of the disease, as well as in 27 heterosexual and 52 male homosexual controls and correlated to clinical and laboratory results. HIV-1-infected and healthy individuals differed significantly with regard to cutaneous delayed type reactions, absolute numbers of CD4+ cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratios. IgG antibodies against CMV were found in 87% of homosexual and in 52% of heterosexual controls, and in all HIV-1-infected homosexuals. CMV excretion in the urine was exclusively found in HIV-1-infected individuals where the incidence correlated with the CDC-defined disease stage (stage II: 6%, stage III/IV A: 22%, stage IV B/C: 55%). HIV-1-infected patients excreting CMV in the urine also exhibited distinctly decreased numbers of CD4+ cells and significantly decreased CD4+/CD8+ ratios compared to those without CMV viruria.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/complicaciones , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/etiología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/análisis , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Femenino , Homosexualidad , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad Tardía/inmunología , Masculino , Pruebas Cutáneas , Linfocitos T/clasificaciónAsunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/análisis , Antígenos Virales/inmunología , VIH/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Escherichia coli/genética , VIH/genética , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH , Antígenos VIH , Humanos , Técnicas Inmunológicas , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunologíaAsunto(s)
Serodiagnóstico de la Sífilis/métodos , Cromatografía en Gel , Reacciones Falso Negativas , Reacciones Falso Positivas , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/aislamiento & purificación , Inmunoglobulina M/aislamiento & purificación , Factor Reumatoide , Treponema pallidum/inmunología , UltracentrifugaciónRESUMEN
Under routine laboratory conditions ELISA was tested for suitability for serological demonstration of specific antibodies of the immunoglobulin classes G and M against mumps virus. Sera from patients with known clinical and virological data were used. The results of ELISA were compared with those of CFT. 45 paired sera were tested in ELISA IgG, 87 first sera in ELISA IgM. Both tests were highly sensitive, antibodies were detected earlier and with higher titers than with the CFT. The ELISA IgM is particularly suitable for early diagnosis of mumps infection with the first serum. In addition 23 paired sera from patients with acute parainfluenza virus infection were examined for cross-reacting antibodies. Low anti-mumps IgG antibody titers were found in some sera. These findings reduced the mumps specificity of the IgG test. In five serum samples from one patient--obtained before, during, and after an infection with mumps--the course of IgG and IgM antibodies could be demonstrated. Advantages and limitations of ELISA IgG and IgM are summarized.
Asunto(s)
Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Virus de la Parotiditis/inmunología , Formación de Anticuerpos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Paperas/diagnósticoRESUMEN
The frequency of non-A, non-B hepatitis (n = 325) was determined among all cases (n = 1368) of acute viral hepatitis observed in the Hannover are abetwen 1975 and 1978. Hepatitis A was excluded by demonstration of anti-HAV-IgM, hepatitis B by demonstration of HBs antigen or an isolated occurrence of anti-HBc at the beginning of the disease. Non-A, non-B hepatitis occurred predominantly in adults and showed no seasonal variability. As a consequence of results of followup investigations in 174 hepatitis patients 2 years after the onset of the disease it can be assumed that non-A, non-B hepatitis tends to lead to chronic courses more frequently than hepatitis B.
Asunto(s)
Hepatitis C/diagnóstico , Hepatitis Viral Humana/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Niño , Enfermedad Crónica , Estudios de Seguimiento , Alemania Occidental , Hepatitis C/epidemiología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , PronósticoRESUMEN
The influenza surveillance in Lower Saxony is based mainly on laboratory investigations, and especially those which involve the isolation of influenza viruses throughout the year. These investigations have provided information on the circulation of influenza viruses and of the antigenic drift during the Hong Kong period which resulted in many different variants. Since the advent of the Hong Kong virus subtype, a high excess mortality was observed only in the winter of 1969-70. In most of the other years there was a low excess mortality which coincided with the circulation of the influenza A viruses in the population. During the last winter 1978, influenza A viruses were not isolated before February. In February and March, the two distinct subtypes H3N2 and H1N1 circulated simultaneously. The influenza A(H1N1) virus attacked only children and young adults whereas the patients infected with influenza A(H3N2) virus ranged over all age groups.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A , Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Niño , Preescolar , Variación Genética , Alemania Occidental , Humanos , Lactante , Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Gripe Humana/microbiología , Gripe Humana/mortalidad , Persona de Mediana Edad , SerotipificaciónRESUMEN
329 patients with acute ouvert viral hepatitis which occurred in the Hannover area 1975 were classified according to virological data. The proportions of type A and type non A - non B hepatitis were each approximately 20 percent of the total cases (n = 60). Viral hepatitis B was the most frequent type of viral hepatitis (n = 209). 174 individuals of the 329 hepatitis patients were reexamined serologically two years after the onset of the acute disease. 7 out of 105 patients with hepatitis B (6,7%) and 5 out of 40 patients with hepatitis non A - non B (12,5%) revealed a serological pattern compatible with chronic hepatitis. In contrast none of 29 patients with hepatitis A indicated chronic liver disease. The frequency of anti-HAV was also determined in 41 patients with HBsAg positive and HBsAg negative histologically proven chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. All patients were under 35 years of age. An equal proportion of anti-HAV was found in both groups. These results suggest that hepatitis A practically never results in chronic hepatitis, while hepatitis non A - non B can run a chronic course with a frequency similar to that of hepatitis B.
Asunto(s)
Hepatitis Viral Humana/complicaciones , Hepatitis/etiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antivirales/aislamiento & purificación , Niño , Enfermedad Crónica , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hepatitis A/complicaciones , Hepatitis A/enzimología , Hepatitis A/inmunología , Hepatitis B/complicaciones , Hepatitis B/enzimología , Hepatitis B/inmunología , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina M/análisis , Persona de Mediana EdadAsunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Alemania Occidental , Humanos , Lactante , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Hbs-Ag, anti-Hbs, anti-Hbc and anti-HA were determined and the concentration of IgM measured in the sera of cases of acute infectious hepatitis which occurred in the Hannover area in 1975. Although there was a high degree of contamination with hepatitis A virus among the population, acute infectious hepatitis A was rare (n = 56). The hepatitis A virus is principally transmitted by contact with infection or while traveling in southern Europe. The greatest part of infectious hepatitis is due to hepatitis virus B (n = 211). Non-A, non-B hepatitis was less frequently observed (n = 62). A high percentage of patients with serum hepatitis and non-A, non-B hepatitis gave a history of parenteral exposure to possibly infectious material.
Asunto(s)
Hepatitis Viral Humana/epidemiología , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Anciano , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Alemania Occidental , Hepatitis A/diagnóstico , Hepatitis B/diagnóstico , Anticuerpos contra la Hepatitis B/análisis , Antígenos de la Hepatitis B/análisis , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/análisis , Hepatitis Viral Humana/sangre , Hepatitis Viral Humana/inmunología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The hypothesis of a decline in the incidence of hepatitis A infections in Germany in recent decades was confirmed by determining the prevalence of hepatitis A antibody (anti-HAV) in sera collected in 1965 and in 1975 under the same conditions in North Germany. The prevalence of anti-HAV correlated with the year of birth and was independent of the time of serum sampling. The force of infection fell from 0.04 in 1945 to 0.005 in 1965 as judged from a catalytic epidemic model with a sigmoidal decrease.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Hepatitis A/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antivirales/análisis , Niño , Femenino , Alemania Occidental , Hepatitis A/inmunología , Hepatovirus/inmunología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The natural incidence of the etiologically distinct types of viral hepatitis was determined by investigating acute phase sera of symptomatic hepatitis cases occuring in the Hannover area in 1975 for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen, antibodies to hepatitis A, hepatitis B core and surface antigens, and by measuring the IgM serum levels. Fourteen different seroepidemiologic patterns were recognized. Although there was a high prevalence of hepatitis A antibody in the population, the frequency of hepatitis A was low (n = 56) suggesting that the hepatitis A virus does not play a major role in symptomatic hepatitis in the Hannover area at present. Spread of the hepatitis A virus was mostly associated with person-to-person contact or tourist travel in southern Europe. Hepatitis B was the predominant type of hepatitis (n = 211). Hepatitis non-A, non-B was observed infrequently (n = 62). A high percentage of patients with hepatitis B and hepatitis non-A, non-B reported parenteral exposure to potentially contaminated materials. No other findings, however, suggested an infectious etiology of hepatitis non-A, non-B.