RESUMEN
Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) latex is a natural latex produced from its root, and its extraction optimization process is mainly studied in the present paper. The composition of fresh roots of TKS was quantitatively analyzed, and the results showed that the moisture content of the fresh root was approximately 70 %, and the rubber content averaged to 6 % (dry weight ratio). An optimal process route for extracting the TKS latex was finally determined, making the extraction efficiency reach about 80 %, and a new latex extraction process was established and optimized and named "the process of Buffer Extraction TKS Latex (BETL)". Hevea latex, extracted TKS latex and TKS latex collected directly from the broken roots were compared for study. The results showed that, like Hevea latex, the appearance of TKS latex was milky white; and after centrifugation, both showed four layers from top to bottom: rubber particles, Frey-Wyssling particles, C-serum and lutoids. The results of the composition analysis showed that the concentration of TKS latex ranged from 54.54 % to 68.25 %, which is close to that of concentrated Hevea latex; the moisture content of TKS latex was between 31.75 % and 45.46 %. The protein content of TKS latex was 13.51 mg/mL, which was lower than that of Hevea latex at the same rubber hydrocarbon concentration. The molecular structures and properties of Hevea latex, the extracted TKS latex, and the collected TKS latex were characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, GPC, TG, SEM and LPSA, and the results showed that the main components and structure of the three latexes were similar, which are all cis-1,4-polyisoprene, and include the proteins and lipids. The distributions molecular weights of the three latexes all showed a bimodal distribution, but the molecular weight of the latex collected from TKS was lower, which indicates the larger molecules were difficult to flow outside the root automatically. The Hevea latex and TKS latex rubber particles were both core-shell structure and the size distribution were bimodal, which was consistent with the GPC analysis results.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Venipuncture is a common procedure in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and causes significant pain for neonates. AIM: To evaluate the effect of maternal voice on pain caused by venipuncture (including peripheral venipuncture and femoral venipuncture) in neonates hospitalized in the NICU. DESIGN: Experimental, randomized controlled study. SETTING: The study was conducted in the NICU of two hospitals in China from November 2017 to January 2019. METHODS: One hundred and sixteen neonates were randomly assigned to the maternal voice or routine care groups. The maternal voice group received recorded maternal voice intervention before, during, and after venipuncture. Three phases of procedures were videotaped. Neonatal Infant Acute Pain Assessment Scale (NIAPAS) was assessed by the same evaluator at different phases. RESULTS: The study showed that NIAPAS scores, behavioral indicator scores, and physiological indicator scores in the maternal voice group were significantly lower compared with those in the routine care group. CONCLUSION: Recorded maternal voice can improve pain caused by venipuncture in neonates. These are simple, rapid, and cost-effective methods that nurses can implement during venipuncture in neonates.
