RESUMEN
Hemostasis is the first step of emergency medical treatment. It is particularly important to develop rapid-acting and efficacious hemostatic materials. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), sodium alginate (SA) and Resina Draconis (RD) were composited uniformly by polyelectrolyte blending. Their composite sponges (CMCS/SA/RD) were prepared by freeze-induced phase separation. CMCS/SA/RD sponges were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and their blood absorption and hemolysis ratio were analyzed. The hemostatic effect of the composite sponges was evaluated by coagulation in vitro and in vivo. The composite sponges had a porous network structure. The water absorption ratio was >8000 %, and hemolysis ratio was <5 %. CMCS/SA/RD-II and CMCS/SA/RD-III composite sponges shortened the coagulation time in vitro by 11.33 s and 9.66 s, the hepatic hemostasis time by 13.8 % and 23.3 %, and the hemostasis time after mouse-tail amputation by 28.9 % and 23.9 %, respectively. A preliminary study on its coagulation mechanism showed that CMCS/SA/RD had significant effects on erythrocyte adsorption, platelet adhesion, and shortening of the activated partial thromboplastin time.
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Alginatos , Coagulación Sanguínea , Quitosano , Hemostasis , Hemostáticos , Quitosano/química , Quitosano/análogos & derivados , Alginatos/química , Animales , Hemostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Hemostáticos/química , Hemostáticos/farmacología , Coagulación Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Hemólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Adhesividad Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
With the advancement of nanotechnology and the growing utilization of nanomaterials, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been released into aquatic environments, posing potential ecotoxicological risks to aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxicological effects of TiO2 nanoparticles were investigated on the intestinal health of pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii). The pearl oysters were subjected to a 14-day exposure to 5-mg/L TiO2 nanoparticle, followed by a 7-day recovery period. Subsequently, the intestinal tissues were analyzed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The results from LEfSe analysis revealed that TiO2 nanoparticle increased the susceptibility of pearl oysters to potential pathogenic bacteria infections. Additionally, the TiO2 nanoparticles led to alterations in the abundance of microbial communities in the gut of pearl oysters. Notable changes included a decrease in the relative abundance of Phaeobacter and Nautella, and an increase in the Actinobacteria, which could potentially impact the immune function of pearl oysters. The abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, as well as the expression of genes related to energy metabolism (AMPK, PK, SCS-1, SCS-2, SCS-3), were down-regulated, suggesting that TiO2 nanoparticles exposure may affect the digestive and energy metabolic functions of pearl oysters. Furthermore, the short-term recovery of seven days did not fully restore these levels to normal. These findings provide crucial insights and serve as an important reference for understanding the toxic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on bivalves.
Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiota , Nanopartículas , Pinctada , Titanio , Animales , Pinctada/genética , Pinctada/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/toxicidadRESUMEN
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have increased in frequency, intensity, and duration in recent years causing significant impacts on marine organisms and fisheries. This study explores the physiological changes of juvenile greater amberjacks (Seriola dumerili) that cope with MHWs. Results showed that physiological parameters were significantly affected by the intensity, duration of MHWs or interaction of two factors (P < 0.05). Repeated MHWs in which water temperatures were increased (24 °C to 28 °C and 32 °C) resulted in changes in enzyme activity levels (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH)), as well as the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) for antioxidant defense, immune function (acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lysozyme (LYZ)), and energy metabolism (including triglycerides (TG), glucose (GLU), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)). The activities of enzymes, including those associated with antioxidant defense, immune function, and energy metabolism, changed significantly in relation to short-term MHWs, indicating a thermal stress response. When S. dumerili were exposed to repeated-MHWs, thermal stress responses increased at 28 °C (T28) and decreased at 32 °C (T32). These results exhibited the inability of S. dumerili to acclimate to severe thermal stress from MHWs. This study examined S. dumerili responses to MHWs and assessed the physiological adaptation of juvenile greater amberjacks to MHWs.
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Antioxidantes , Perciformes , Animales , Organismos Acuáticos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) is a gonochoristic fish with no sexual dimorphism in appearance, making sex identification difficult. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) function in transposon silencing and gametogenesis and are involved in various physiological processes, including sex development and differentiation. Exosomal piRNAs can be indicators for the determination of sex and physiological status. In this study, four piRNAs were differentially expressed in both serum exosomes and gonads between male and female greater amberjack. Three piRNAs (piR-dre-32793, piR-dre-5797, and piR-dre-73318) were significantly up-regulated and piR-dre-332 was significantly down-regulated in serum exosomes and gonads of male fish, compared to female fish, consistent with the serum exosomal results. According to the relative expression of four marker piRNAs derived from the serum exosomes of greater amberjack, the highest relative expression of piR-dre-32793, piR-dre-5797, and piR-dre-73318 in seven female fish and that of piR-dre-332 in seven male fish can be used as the standard for sex determination. The method of sex identification can ascertain the sex of greater amberjack by blood collection from the living body, without sacrificing fish. The four piRNAs did not show sex-inclined expression in the hypothalamus, pituitary, heart, liver, intestine, and muscle tissue. A piRNA-target interaction network involving 32 piRNA-mRNA pairs was generated. Sex-related target genes were enriched in sex-related pathways, including oocyte meiosis, transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, and gonadotropin releasing hormone signaling pathway. These results provide a basis for sex determination in greater amberjack and improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sex development and differentiation in the species.
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Exosomas , Perciformes , Animales , Masculino , Femenino , ARN de Interacción con Piwi , Perciformes/genética , Gónadas/metabolismo , Oogénesis , Peces/genética , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genéticaRESUMEN
Biomineralization-controlled exo-/endoskeleton growth contributes to body growth and body size diversity. Molluscan shells undergo ectopic biomineralization to form the exoskeleton and biocalcified "pearl" involved in invading defence. Notably, exo-/endoskeletons have a common ancestral origin, but their regulation and body growth are largely unknown. This study employed the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata marntensii, a widely used experimental model for biomineralization in invertebrates, to perform whole-genome resequencing of 878 individuals from wild and breeding populations. This study characterized the genetic architecture of biomineralization-controlled growth and ectopic biomineralization. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) endocrine signal interacted with ancient single-copy transcription factors to form the regulatory network. Moreover, the "cross-phylum" regulation of key long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in bivalves and mammals indicated the conserved genetic and epigenetic regulation in exo-/endoskeleton growth. Thyroid hormone signal and apoptosis regulation in pearl oysters affected ectopic biomineralization in pearl oyster. These findings provide insights into the mechanism underlying the evolution and regulation of biomineralization in exo-/endoskeleton animals and ectopic biomineralization.
Asunto(s)
Biomineralización , Pinctada , Animales , Pinctada/genética , Pinctada/metabolismo , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Epigénesis Genética , Genoma , Mamíferos/genéticaRESUMEN
During pearl culture, the excess immune responses may induce nucleus rejection and death of pearl oysters after transplantation. To better understand the immune response and pearl formation, lipidomic analysis was applied to investigate changes in the serum lipid profile of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii following transplantation. In total, 296 lipid species were identified by absolute quantitation. During wound healing, the content of TG and DG initially increased and then decreased after 3 days of transplantation with no significant differences, while the level of C22:6 decreased significantly on days 1 and 3. In the early stages of transplantation, sphingosine was upregulated, whereas PC and PUFAs were downregulated in transplanted pearl oyster. PI was upregulated during pearl sac development stages. GP and LC-PUFA levels were upregulated during pearl formation stage. In order to identify enriched metabolic pathways, pathway enrichment analysis was conducted. Five metabolic pathways were found significantly enriched, namely glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism. Herein, results suggested that the lipids involved in immune response, pearl sac maturation, and pearl formation in the host pearl oyster after transplantation, which might lead to an improvement in the survival rate and pearl quality of transplanted pearl oyster.
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Pinctada , Animales , Lipidómica , Esfingosina/metabolismo , Glicosilfosfatidilinositoles/metabolismo , Ácido Araquidónico/metabolismo , Ácido Linoleico , Ácido alfa-Linolénico/metabolismo , Aloinjertos , Inmunidad InnataRESUMEN
Environmental factors, including antibiotics such as tetracycline, can alter biological processes in plants. To ascertain how cell/tissue response to tetracycline, a multi-omic analysis was implemented to explore the molecular mechanism of tetracycline influencing the growth of ryegrass root. Tetracycline induced extensive changes in the root metabolome in plants, particularly impacting metabolites of flavonoid metabolic pathways, which were supported through consistent differences between transcriptome and proteome. Cross-comparison between mRNA and protein contents considered the authentication of congruence with related metabolites and revealed changes of several biological processes under tetracycline stress. Overall, we present an undemanding multi-omic strategy to survey the significant influence on the root under tetracycline stress.
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Fenómenos Biológicos , Lolium , Antibacterianos/toxicidad , Metaboloma , Tetraciclina/toxicidad , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
The effects of astaxanthin on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, immune ability, resistance to Vibrio harveyi infection of coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus, initial weight 17.44 ± 0.05 g) were studied by 8-week feeding trial. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic experimental diets containing astaxanthin 0 (A0), 0.05 (A1), 0.1 (A2) and 0.2 (A3) g/kg were formulated with the addition of Haematococcus pluvialis powder (astaxanthin content accounts for 100 g/kg) of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg, separately. The feeding experiment lasted for 56 days, and it was found that supplementing the diet with astaxanthin-rich H. pluvialis powder had no significant impact on the growth performance about coral trout (P > 0.05). Compared with the A0 group, the activities of amylase, lipase, and trypsin in the liver of the A2 group was dramatically increased (P < 0.05); catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level in serum and liver were dramatically higher in the A2 group before as well as after the challenge (P < 0.05); after the challenge, the acid phosphatase (ACP) and lysozyme (LZ) activities, and complement (C3 and C4) contents in serum and liver were significantly raised for the A2 group (P < 0.05); the liver relative expressions of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (sod-1), manganese superoxide dismutase (sod-2), cat, acp6, akp, lz-c, immunoglobulin M (igm), c3, and c4-b in the A2 group were significantly up-regulated before and after the challenge (P < 0.05); the rate of survival follow V. harveyi challenge in the group A2 was dramatically higher (P < 0.05). In summary, this study indicated that adding 1.0 g/kg astaxanthin-rich H. pluvialis powder (the content of astaxanthin is 0.091 g/kg) could improve the digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and the ability to resist the challenge of V. harveyi in coral trout.
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Antozoos , Antioxidantes , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Inmunidad Innata , Trucha , XantófilasRESUMEN
The protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) functions in diverse aspects, including immune response, cell apoptosis, cell differentiation, and proliferation. In the present study, the PIAS in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii was characterized. The sequence features of PmPIAS were similar to that of other PIAS sequences with PIAS typical domains, including SAP, Pro-Ile-Asn-Ile-Thr (PINIT), RLD domain, AD, and S/T-rich region. Homologous analysis showed that PmPIAS protein sequence showed the conserved primary structure compared with other species. Ribbon representation of PIAS protein sequences also showed a conserved structure among species, and the PINIT domain and RLD domain showed the conserved structure compared with the sequence of Homo sapiens. The expression pattern of PmPIAS in different tissues showed significant high expression in the gonad. PmPIAS also exhibited a significantly higher expression in the 1 and 2 days after cold tolerance stress (17°C) and showed its potential in the cold tolerance. The SNP analysis of the exon region of PmPIAS obtained 18 SNPs, and among them, 11 SNPs showed significance among different genotypes and alleles between cold tolerance selection line and base stock, which showed their potential in the breeding for cold tolerance traits.
RESUMEN
Understanding of nitrogen stable isotope variation in maize hybrids might help obtaining information on nitrogen absorption and distribution in different maize hybrids. In this study, we examined the nitrogen isotopic composition of different parts of maize hybrids under a laboratory culture experiment. The results showed that the δ15N values of different parts of the maize hybrid and its parents were ordered as follows: δ15Nstem>δ15Nleaf>δ15Nroot. The variation pattern of δ15N between the roots and leaves(Δδ15Nroot-leaf) of the maize hybrid was the same as that of δ15N between the roots and stems (Δδ15Nroot-stem). Therefore, the order of Δδ15Nroot-leaf as well as Δδ15Nroot-stem was as follows: Δδ15Nroot-leaf of the maize hybrid>Δδ15Nroot-leaf of the female parent (T4)>Δδ15Nroot-leaf of the male parent (803) and Δδ15Nroot-stem of the maize hybrid>Δδ15Nroot-stem of the female parent (T4)>Δδ15Nroot-stem of the male parent (803). This order is consistent with heterosis, indicating that differences in δ15N reflect the phenomenon of heterosis. The present study provides data in support of using the isotope technique to determine nitrogen distributions inside a plant and guide crossbreeding.
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Isótopos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Zea mays/química , Zea mays/genética , Quimera , China , Vigor Híbrido , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Raíces de Plantas/química , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Tallos de la Planta/química , Tallos de la Planta/genéticaRESUMEN
The C1q-domain-containing (C1qDC) proteins are a family of proteins characterized by a globular C1q (gC1q) domain in their C-terminus which hold the potential function in the shell formation as shell matrix proteins. In this study, a C1qDC protein was identified and characterized in pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii) (PmC1qDC) to explore its function in nacre formation. The PmC1qDC-deduced protein sequence carried a typical globular C1q (gC1q) domain that possessed the typical 10-stranded ß-sandwich fold with a jelly-roll topology common to all C1qDC family members and shared high homology with other gC1q domains. Homologous analysis of PmC1qDC presented it contained conserved secondary structure and Phe135, Phe155, Tyr166, Phe173, Tyr181, Phe183, and Phe256 amino acid residues. Expression pattern analysis showed that PmC1qDC expressed in all the detected tissues and exhibited a significantly higher expression level in nacre formation-associated tissues. After the shell notching, the expression level of PmC1qDC showed significantly up-regulation after 12 h in the central zone of mantle (MC). PmC1qDC expression significantly decreased in the MC after RNA interference (RNAi). Furthermore, disordered crystals with evident rough surface and irregular crystal tablets were observed in the nacre after RNAi. Results suggested that PmC1qDC affects the shell nacre formation, which is significant to improve the pearl production of pearl oyster.
Asunto(s)
Complemento C1q/genética , Nácar/biosíntesis , Pinctada/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Exoesqueleto , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Complemento C1q/química , Pinctada/metabolismo , Dominios Proteicos , Interferencia de ARNRESUMEN
Cyclin dependent kinase-7 (Cdk-7) is a protein kinase associated with regulating the cell cycle, cell differentiation and proliferation, apoptosis and inflammatory response. This study characterized the full cDNA sequence of Cdk-7 in Pinctada fucata martensii (PmCdk-7). A full length sequence of 1473bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 915bp and encodes a 304aa, 5'-UTR of 58bp and a 3'-UTR of 500bp was obtained. The construed amino acid sequence of PmCdk-7 comprised of a Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic (S_TKc) domain with a protein kinases ATP-binding region signature (14-38aa) and the serine/Threonine protein kinases active-site signature (129-141aa) within the domain. Tissue distribution analysis revealed a high relative mRNA expression of PmCdk-7 within haemocytes. Following the insertion operation (grafting), the relative expression levels of PmCdk-7 in the haemocyte was expressed differentially among the studied groups; the black shell colored selected line (BS) and the control group (CG). High expression was recorded between 12 h and 5d with a peak at 3d suggesting a heightened level of DNA replication and inflammatory response during the pearl-sac formation and this expression was higher in BS than CS showcasing, the heightened immune capacity of BS to grafting operation. Immune stimulation experiment with bacterial endotoxin and a viral mimic revealed PmCdk-7 response to pathogenic stress. The results from our study showed that PmCdk-7 performs a vital function during the cell cycle by aiding DNA replication and also aid response to inflammations generated due to the incision from the grafting operation and long exposure to immune-stimulants (pathogens).
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Quinasas Ciclina-Dependientes/genética , Quinasas Ciclina-Dependientes/inmunología , Pinctada/genética , Pinctada/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Acuicultura , Secuencia de Bases , ADN Complementario/análisis , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
Chitin participates in shell formation as the main component of an organic framework. Chitin-binding protein contains domains that can bind to chitin specifically. In this study, a novel chitin-binding protein from Pinctada fucata martensii (PmCBP) with poly (chitin-binding domain) was cloned, which contains a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 114â¯bp and 3'UTR of 116â¯bp, and encodes a putative protein of 2044 amino acids. The predicted PmCBP protein was structurally typical of the CBP family with 20 ChtBD2 domains. Phylogenetic and linear relation analyses showed that the ChtBD2 domain has a highly conserved structure among the three species of P. f. martensii, Crassostrea gigas, and Mizuhopecten yessoensis. qRT-PCR and in-situ hybridization analysis revealed that PmCBP was most abundant in the mantle pallium whose expression level was significantly correlated with the growth traits. After RNAi, PmCBP expression was significantly inhibited in the mantle pallium (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) and the microstructure of nacreous layers showed a disordered growth in the experiment group. These results indicated that PmCBP may be involved in nacreous layer formation through participation in the process of binding chitin in pearl oyster P. f. martensii.
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Nácar , Filogenia , Pinctada , Animales , Nácar/biosíntesis , Nácar/genética , Pinctada/genética , Pinctada/metabolismo , Dominios ProteicosRESUMEN
The pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, produces high-quality pearls. During pearl production, excess immune and inflammatory response after transplantation will lead to nucleus rejection, pearl sac formation failure, and death of the host pearl oyster. The hemocyte transcriptome and fatty acid (FA) contents in the adductor muscle before and after transplantation were analyzed to investigate the response of pearl oyster P. f. martensii to allograft-induced stress from lipid metabolism. The hemocyte transcriptome analysis detected 193 lipid metabolism-related genes, such as the elongation of very long-chain FA protein 5, acyl-CoA 6-desaturase, cytochrome P450, phospholipase A2, glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase, and prostaglandin-H2 d-isomerase. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed that these genes were mainly involved in the "biosynthesis of unsaturated FAs," "FA biosynthesis," "ARA metabolism," and "glycerolipid metabolism." An analysis of FA contents in the adductor muscle indicated no significant difference in the contents of lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid, docosadienoic acid, and 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid. However, ARA, DHA, and EPA in the adductor muscle after transplantation were significantly greater than those processed without grafting surgery. These results suggest that pearl oysters require more polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) to regulate their inflammatory and immune response after transplantation. However, their ability to biosynthesize unsaturated FAs is limited. Given these results, the addition of PUFA-containing diets or selection of a line with strong ability to biosynthesize unsaturated FAs may be valuable for pearl oyster recovery after transplantation.
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Aloinjertos/inmunología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/inmunología , Pinctada/inmunología , Transcriptoma , Animales , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Hemocitos/inmunología , Músculo Estriado/inmunología , Estrés FisiológicoRESUMEN
Postoperative care is a critical step of pearl culture that ultimately determines culture success. To determine the effect of dietary vitamin D3 (VD3) levels on immunity and antioxidant capacity of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii during postoperative care and explore the mechanisms behind this phenomenon, five isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated by adding different levels of dietary VD3 (0, 500, 1000, 3000, and 10000 IU/kg), and the diets were fed to five experimental groups (EG1, EG2, EG3, EG4, and EG5) in turn and cultured indoors. The control group (CG) was cultured in the natural sea. Pearl oysters that were 1.5 years old were subjected to nucleus insertion. After culturing for 30 days, EG3 exhibited significantly higher survival rates than those in CG and EG5 (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Moreover, EG3 exhibited the highest activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and lysozyme. However, EG5 achieved the highest activities of glutathione peroxidase. Metabolomics-based profiling of pearl oysters fed with high levels of dietary VD3 (EG5) and optimum levels of dietary VD3 (EG3) revealed 76 significantly differential metabolites (SDMs) (VIPâ¯>â¯1 and Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Pathway analysis indicated that SDMs were involved in 21 pathways. Furthermore, integrated key metabolic pathway analysis suggested that pearl oysters in EG5 regulated the pentose phosphate pathway, glutathione metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism in response to stress generated from excessive VD3. These findings had significant implications on strengthening the future development and application of VD3 in aquaculture of pearl oyster P. f. martensii.
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Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Colecalciferol/metabolismo , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Metaboloma , Pinctada/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Acuicultura , Cromatografía Liquida , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Espectrometría de Masas , Metabolómica , Pinctada/inmunología , Pinctada/metabolismoRESUMEN
Similar to other marine bivalves, Pinctada fucata martensii presents unsynchronized growth, which is one of the problems farmers currently face. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been studied. In the present study, pearl oyster P. f. martensii from cultured stocks were selected to produce a progeny stock. At 180â¯days, the stock was sorted by size, and fast- and slow-growing individuals were separately sampled. Then, metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches were applied to assess the metabolic and transcript changes between the fast- and slow-growing P. f. martensii groups and understand the mechanism underlying their unsynchronized growth. In the metabolomics assay, 30 metabolites were considered significantly different metabolites (SDMs) between the fast- and slow-growing groups and pathway analysis indicated that these SDMs were involved in 20 pathways, including glutathione metabolism; sulfur metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; and tryptophan metabolism. The transcriptome analysis of different growth groups showed 168 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathway enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were involved in extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, pentose phosphate pathway, aromatic compound degradation. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that fast-growing individuals exhibited higher biomineralization activity than the slow-growing group, which consumed more energy than the fast-growing group in response to environmental stress. Fast-growing group also exhibited higher digestion, anabolic ability, and osmotic regulation ability than the slow-growing group. This study is the first work involving the integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to identify the key pathways to understand the molecular and metabolic mechanisms underlying unsynchronized bivalve growth.
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Metaboloma , Pinctada/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pinctada/genética , Transcriptoma , Animales , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , MetabolómicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Marine bivalves undergo complex development processes, such as shell morphology conversion and changes of anatomy and life habits. In this study, the transcriptomes of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii and Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas at different development stages were analyzed to determine the key molecular events related to shell formation, settlement and metamorphosis. RESULT: According to the shell matrix proteome, biomineralization-related genes exhibited a consensus expression model with the critical stages of shell formation. Differential expression analysis of P. f. martensii, revealed the negative regulation and feedback of extracellular matrixs as well as growth factor pathways involved in shell formation of larvae, similar to that in C. gigas. Furthermore, neuroendocrine pathways in hormone receptors, neurotransmitters and neuropeptide receptors were involved in shell formation, settlement and metamorphosis. CONCLUSION: Our research demonstrated the main clusters of regulation elements related to shell formation, settlement and metamorphosis. The regulation of shell formation and metamorphosis could be coupled forming the neuroendocrine-biomineralization crosstalk in metamorphosis. These findings could provide new insights into the regulation in bivalve development.
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Exoesqueleto/crecimiento & desarrollo , Genómica , Metamorfosis Biológica/genética , Pinctada/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pinctada/genética , Animales , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Ontología de Genes , Sistemas Neurosecretores/fisiología , Pinctada/anatomía & histología , Pinctada/citologíaRESUMEN
Land-based culturing can avoid the effects of environmental pollution and natural disasters, thus ensuring food safety for shellfish. However, food availability, in this case, is limited. To achieve the optimum balance of dietary carbohydrates and proteins and explore the mechanisms behind the phenomenon, we formulated five isoenergetic and isolipidic diets (C30P40, C35P35, C40P30, C45P25, and C50P20) with different levels of carbohydrates (C) and proteins (P). There were five experimental groups (C30P40, C35P35, C40P30, C45P25, and C50P20) and two control groups (CG1 and CG2). CG1 was fed with mixed powders of yeast and Chlorella sp., and CG2 was cultured in natural sea. After 60-day feeding, the highest rates of survival and absolute growth appeared in C45P25. C45P25 exhibited significantly higher activities of amylase, protease, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and phenoloxidase and significantly lower malondialdehyde content than C30P40, C35P35, C40P30, C50P20, and CG1. No significant differences were observed between C45P25 and CG2. Furthermore, the total antioxidant capacity of the pearl oysters in C45P25 was significantly higher than that in C30P40, C35P35, C40P30, and C50P20. On the basis of these results, the optimal balance of proteins and carbohydrates for pearl oysters was the C45P25 diet. Metabolomics-based profiling of the pearl oysters fed with high-carbohydrate/low-protein diet (C45P25) and low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet (C30P40) revealed 80 significantly different metabolites (VIPâ¯>â¯1 and Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Furthermore, integrated key metabolic pathway analysis showed that C45P25 regulated starch and sucrose metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism to meet the energy demand and increase the glucogenic amino acid, thereby promoting protein synthesis and reducing fatty acid ß-oxidation in comparison with C30P40. This finding helps elucidate the underlying mechanisms leading to the high-carbohydrate/low-protein diet characteristic of the optimal dietary carbohydrate and protein levels of P. f. martensii.
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Carbohidratos de la Dieta/metabolismo , Proteínas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Metaboloma , Pinctada/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Acuicultura , Dieta , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , MetabolómicaRESUMEN
Natural disasters and environmental pollution are the main problems in traditional offshore cultivation. While culturing pearl oysters through industrial farming can avoid these problems, food availability in this case is limited. This study compares the metabolomics responses of pearl oysters, Pinctada fucata martensii, fed a formulated diet indoors with those of oysters cultured with natural diet outdoors by using a gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS)-based metabolomics approach. The animals were divided into two groups as follows: the experimental group (EG) was fed a formulated diet indoors and the control group (CG) was cultured with natural diet outdoors. After 45 days of feeding, the survival rate of EG was significantly higher than that of CG. The absolute growth rate (AGR) of the total weight of EG did not significantly differ from that of CG, but the AGRs of the shell length, shell height, and shell width of CG were significantly higher than those of EG. EG showed significantly higher amylase activities than CG, and the hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase concentrations of the former were significantly lower than those of the latter. Metabolomics revealed 125 metabolites via mass spectrum matching with a spectral similarity value > 700 in the hepatopancreas, and 48 metabolites were considered to be significantly different between groups (VIP > 1 and P < 0.05). Pathway analysis results indicated that these significantly different metabolites were involved in 34 pathways. Further integrated key metabolic pathway analysis showed that, compared with CG, EG had lower capabilities for cysteine and methionine metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. This study demonstrated that the formulated diet could be an excellent substitute for natural diet; however, its nutrients were insufficient. Effective strategies should be developed to enhance the utilization of formulated diets.