Preliminary characterization of chemical and sensory attributes for grapes and wines of different cultivars from the Weibei Plateau region in China.

Chemical and sensory attributes play a vital role in evaluating the quality of grapes and wines. This study compared basic physicochemical parameters, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and aroma profiles of grapes and wines of six cultivars using chemometrics. The results showed that the reducing sugar contents of Beibinghong, Gongniang, and Granoir grapes were significantly higher than those of others cultivars, whereas their juice yields were significantly lower. The phenolic compound contents in Moldova, Beibinghong, and Gongniang grape skins and wines were higher than those in others cultivars. The organic acid contents in Beibinghong grape and Dunkelfelder wine were highest. Beibinghong and Gongniang grapes and wines showed richer aldehyde and ester concentrations. Beibinghong wine obtained the highest sensory scores. Ethyl decanoate, coumaric acid, and methyl dodecanoate were characteristic variables distinguishing wine cultivars, exhibiting important contributions to their sensory characteristics. These findings were useful for viticulturists and winemakers to select grape varieties.

From Soil to Grape and Wine: Geographical Variations in Elemental Profiles in Different Chinese Regions.

Elemental profiles are frequently applied to identify the geographical origin and authenticity of food products, to guarantee quality. The concentrations of fifteen major, minor, and trace elements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Li, Cd, Cs, and Ba) were determined in soils, "Meili" grapes, and wines from six regions in China by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The elemental concentrations in these samples, according to the geographical origins, were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan's multiple comparisons. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) from soil to grape and the transfer factor (TF) from grape to wine were calculated. Mg, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, and Ba presented higher BCF values than the other seven elements. The TF values of six elements (Na, Mg, K, Zn, Li, and Cs) were found to be greater than one. Moreover, the correlation of element content between the pairs of soil-grape, grape-wine, and bioconcentration factor (BCF)-environmental factor were analyzed. Significant correspondences among soil, grape, and wine were observed for K and Li. Two elements (Sr and Li) showed significant correlations between BCF and environmental factor (relative humidity, temperature, and latitude). A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with three variables (K, Sr, Li) revealed a high accuracy (>90%) to determine the geographical origin for different Chinese regions.

A rare octacoordinated mononuclear iron(III) spin-crossover compound: synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties.

The chemistry of transition-metal complexes with unusually high coordination numbers has been of interest because of their application in catalytic and biological systems. Deprotonation of the ionogenic tetradentate ligand 6,6'-bis(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2,2'-bipyridine [H2bipy(ttr)2] in the presence of iron(III) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide, [n-Bu4N]Br, in solution resulted in the synthesis of a rare octacoordinated anionic mononuclear complex, tetra-n-butylammonium bis[6,6'-bis(tetrazol-1-id-5-yl)-2,2'-bipyridine]iron(III) methanol hemisolvate dihydrate, (C16H36N)[Fe(C12H6N10)2]·0.5CH3OH·2H2O or [n-Bu4N][Fe{bipy(ttr)2}2]·0.5CH3OH·2H2O (1), which has been structurally characterized by elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In 1, the coordination sphere of the iron(III) ion is a distorted bis-disphenoid dodecahedron, in which the eight coordination positions are occupied by eight N atoms from two independent tetradentate [bipy(ttr)2]2- anionic ligands, therefore forming the anionic [Fe{bipy(ttr)2}2]- unit, with the negative charge balanced by a free [n-Bu4N]+ cation. An investigation of the magnetic properties of 1 revealed a gradual incomplete spin-crossover behaviour below 150 K.

Tuning of crystallization method and ligand conformation to give a mononuclear compound or two-dimensional SCO coordination polymer based on a new semi-rigid V-shaped bis-pyridyl bis-amide ligand.

With the new semi-rigid V-shaped bidentate pyridyl amide compound 5-methyl-N,N'-bis(pyridin-4-yl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide (L) as an auxiliary ligand and the FeII ion as the metal centre, one mononuclear complex, bis(methanol-κO)bis[5-methyl-N,N'-bis(pyridin-4-yl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide-κN]bis(thiocyanato-κN)iron(II), [Fe(SCN)2(C19H16N4O2)2(CH3OH)2] (1), and one two-dimensional coordination polymer, catena-poly[[[bis(thiocyanato-κN)iron(II)]-bis[µ-5-methyl-N,N'-bis(pyridin-4-yl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide-κ2N:N']] methanol disolvate dihydrate], {[Fe(SCN)2(C19H16N4O2)2]·2CH3OH·2H2O}n (2), were prepared by slow evaporation and H-tube diffusion methods, respectively, indicating the effect of the method of crystallization on the structure type of the target product. Both complexes have been structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that L functions as a monodentate ligand in mononuclear 1, while it coordinates in a bidentate manner to two independent Fe(SCN)2 units in complex 2, with a different conformation from that in 1 and the ligands point in two almost orthogonal directions, therefore leading to a two-dimensional grid-like network. Investigation of the magnetic properties reveals the always high-spin state of the FeII centre over the whole temperature range in 1 and a gradual thermally-induced incomplete spin crossover (SCO) behaviour below 150 K in 2, demonstrating the influence of the different coordination fields on the spin properties of the metal ions. The current results provide useful information for the rational design of functional complexes with different structure dimensionalities by employing different conformations of the ligand and different crystallization methods.

Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Q-Marker with One Single Reference in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) studies, it is difficult to choose evaluation markers for the strict quality control of herbs. A high performance liquid chromatography coupled with metabolomics for simultaneous quantitative analysis of quality markers (Q-markers) in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch was established, which could not only ensure the quality and batch-to-batch consistency of TCMs, but also achieve a quantitative analysis of multi-components by the single reference standard. Based on the construction of chromatographic profiles by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC-Q-Exactive/MS methods, different multivariate analyses were employed. Seven quantitative indices were selected as the Q-markers, and a reliable quantification method was established. The quantitative method was acceptable with good linearity with correlation coefficients >0.9993 and satisfactory repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 0.05%), precision (RSD < 0.24%), reproducibility (RSD < 0.97%), stability (RSD < 2.52%) and recoveries (96.96%-98.52%, RSD < 3.24%), and no significant differences were observed between the external standard method and the new method as determined by calculating standard method difference. Overall, the study suggests that the simultaneous quantitative analysis of main Q-marker in G. uralensis Fisch with one single marker can be considered good quality criteria for performing quality control of G. uralensis Fisch.

Cyanide-Bridged Polynuclear and One-Dimensional FeIII-MnIII/II Bimetallic Complexes Based-on Pentacyanoferrite(III) Building Block: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties.

In this contribution, based-on the structurally confirmed pentacyanometallate (PPh4)2[Fe(CN)5(imidazole)]·(imidazole)·H2O (1) and the manganese compounds [Mn(L)(H2O)2]ClO4 (L = N,N-ethylenebis(3-methoxysalicylideneiminate) or [Mn(MAC)(H2O)Cl]ClO4 (MAC = 2,13-dimethyl-3,6,9,12,18-pentaazabicyclo-[12.3.1]octadeca-1(18),2,12,14,16-pentaene), two new cyanide-bridged bimetallic FeIII-MnIII/II complexes [Mn(L)(H2O)]3[Fe(CN)5(imidazole)](ClO4) (2) and [Mn(MAC)][Fe(CN)5(imidazole)]·CH3OHn (3) were successfully synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and X-ray structure determination. Single X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the cationic FeMn3 tetranuclear entity for complex 2, which can be further assembled into supramolecular 1D ladder-like double chain by the strong intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions. For complex 3, it can be structurally characterized as neutral one-dimensional linear single infinite chain. The magnetic investigations discover the ferromagnetic coupling between the FeIII-MnIII units in complex 2 and the antiferromagnetic coupling in complex 3 between the FeIII-MnII units through the bridging cyanide group, respectively.

Multi-Scale DenseNets-Based Aircraft Detection from Remote Sensing Images.

Deep learning-based aircraft detection methods have been increasingly implemented in recent years. However, due to the multi-resolution imaging modes, aircrafts in different images show very wide diversity on size, view and other visual features, which brings great challenges to detection. Although standard deep convolution neural networks (DCNN) can extract rich semantic features, they destroy the bottom-level location information. The features of small targets may also be submerged by redundant top-level features, resulting in poor detection. To address these problems, we proposed a compact multi-scale dense convolutional neural network (MS-DenseNet) for aircraft detection in remote sensing images. Herein, DenseNet was utilized for feature extraction, which enhances the propagation and reuse of the bottom-level high-resolution features. Subsequently, we combined feature pyramid network (FPN) with DenseNet to form a MS-DenseNet for learning multi-scale features, especially features of small objects. Finally, by compressing some of the unnecessary convolution layers of each dense block, we designed three new compact architectures: MS-DenseNet-41, MS-DenseNet-65, and MS-DenseNet-77. Comparative experiments showed that the compact MS-DenseNet-65 obtained a noticeable improvement in detecting small aircrafts and achieved state-of-the-art performance with a recall of 94% and an F1-score of 92.7% and cost less computational time. Furthermore, the experimental results on robustness of UCAS-AOD and RSOD datasets also indicate the good transferability of our method.

A thermal- and light-induced switchable one-dimensional rare loop-like spin crossover coordination polymer.

Rare loop-like isostructural one-dimensional coordination polymer (1D-CP) systems formulated as {Fe(DPIP)2(NCSe)2}n·4DMF (1) and {Fe(DPIP)2(NCSe)2}n·4DMF (2) were obtained by self-assembling FeII and pseudohalide NCX-(X = S, Se) ions in presence of the V-shaped bidentate bridging ligand, namely, N,N'-dipyridin-4-ylisophthalamide (DPIP), and were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, TGA, single crystal X-ray diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction. The magnetic studies show that complex 2 undergoes a complete thermally induced spin crossover (SCO) behavior centered at T1/2 = 120 K with ca. 5 K thermal hysteresis loop and light-induced excited spin state trapping effect (LIESST) with TLIESST = 65 K. However, either the homologous X = S (1) or the desolvated form of complex 2 is high spin at all temperatures, proving further the concerted synergy for the SCO of 2 between the intrinsic ligand field and that indirectly induced via hydrogen bond interaction. The current results provide valuable information for the design of new 1D SCO systems via the rational control of the cooperated effects derived from the intramolecular coordination bond and the intermolecular supramolecular interactions.

A cyanide-bridged FeIII-MnII heterobimetallic one-dimensional coordination polymer: synthesis, crystal structure, experimental and theoretical magnetism investigation.

A new cyanide-bridged FeIII-MnII heterobimetallic coordination polymer (CP), namely catena-poly[[[N,N'-(1,2-phenylene)bis(pyridine-2-carboxamidato)-κ4N,N',N'',N''']iron(III)]-µ-cyanido-κ2C:N-[bis(4,4'-bipyridine-κN)bis(methanol-κO)manganese(II)]-µ-cyanido-κ2N:C], {[FeMn(C18H12N4O2)(CN)2(C10H8N2)2(CH3OH)2]ClO4}n, (1), was prepared by the self-assembly of the trans-dicyanidoiron(III)-containing building block [Fe(bpb)(CN)2]- [bpb2- = N,N'-(1,2-phenylene)bis(pyridine-2-carboxamidate)], [Mn(ClO4)2]·6H2O and 4,4'-bipyridine, and was structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray crystallography and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that CP 1 possesses a cationic linear chain structure consisting of alternating cyanide-bridged Fe-Mn units, with free perchlorate as the charge-balancing anion, which can be further extended into a two-dimensional supramolecular sheet structure via inter-chain π-π interactions between the 4,4'-bipyridine ligands. Within the chain, each MnII ion is six-coordinated by an N6 unit and is involved in a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry. Investigation of the magnetic properties of 1 reveals an antiferromagnetic coupling between the cyanide-bridged FeIII and MnII ions. A best fit of the magnetic susceptibility based on the one-dimensional alternating chain model leads to the magnetic coupling constants J1 = -1.35 and J2 = -1.05 cm-1, and the antiferromagnetic coupling was further confirmed by spin Hamiltonian-based density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations.

Various Structural Types of Cyanide-Bridged FeIII-MnIII Bimetallic Coordination Polymers (CPs) and Polynuclear Clusters Based-on A New mer-Tricyanoiron(III)Building Block: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties.

Four cyanide-bridged FeIII-MnIII complexes {[Fe(qxcq)(CN)3][Mn(L1)(H2O)]}[Mn(L1)(H2O)(CH3OH)](ClO4)·1.5MeOH·0.5H2O (L1 = N,N'-bis(3-methoxy-5-bromosalicylideneiminate) (2), {[Fe(qxcq)(CN)3][Mn(L2)]}2·0.5H2O (L2 = N,N'-ethylene-bis(3-ethoxysalicylideneiminate)) (3), [Fe(qxcq)(CN)3][Mn(L3)] (L3 = bis(acetylacetonato)ethylenediimine) (4), [Fe(qxcq)(CN)3][Mn(L4)]·1.5MeOH·0.5CH3CN·0.25H2O (L4 = N,N'-(1,1,2,2-tetramethylethylene)bis(salicylideneiminate)) (5), were prepared by assembling a new structurally characterized mer-tricyanoiron(III) molecular precursor (Ph4P)[Fe(qxcq)(CN)3]·0.5H2O (qxcq- = 8-(2-quinoxaline-2-carboxamido)quinoline anion) (1) and the corresponding manganese(III) Schiff base compound. Complexes 2and 3containa cyanide-bridged heterobimetallic dinuclear entity, which can be further dimerized by self-complementary H-bond interactions through the coordinated water molecule from one complex and the free O4unit from the adjacent complex. Complexes 4 and 5 area one-dimensional coordination polymer (CP) comprised of the repeated [Mn(Schiffbase)-Fe(qxcq)(CN)3] units. Complex 4 shows a linear-chain conformation with two trans-located cyano groups bridgingthe neighboring Mn units, while complex 5 is a zigzag-like 1D CP, where the two cyano groups in cis configurationfunction as bridges. In bothcomplexes 4 and 5, the inter-chain π-πstack interactions within the aromaticrings of cyanide precursor extend the 1D chain into the supermolecular 2D networks. The magnetic property has been experimentally studied and theoretically fitted over the four Fe(III)-Mn(III) complexes, revealing the antiferromagnetic interaction in complexes 2 and 4 and the unusual ferromagnetic coupling in complexes 3 and 5 between the Fe(III) ion and the Mn(III) ion bridged by the cyano group. Furthermore, the different magnetic coupling nature has been analyzed on the basis of the magneto-structure correlation of the mer-tricyanometallate-based Fe(III)-Mn(III) magnetic system.

A new three-dimensional cobalt(II) coordination polymer based on V-shaped 3,4'-oxydibenzoate: synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties.

A new coordination polymer (CP), namely poly[(µ-4,4'-bipyridine)(µ3-3,4'-oxydibenzoato)cobalt(II)], [Co(C14H8O5)(C10H8N2)]n or [Co(3,4'-obb)(4,4'-bipy)]n (1), was prepared by the self-assembly of Co(NO3)2·6H2O with the rarely used 3,4'-oxydibenzoic acid (3,4'-obbH2) ligand and 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bipy) under solvothermal conditions, and has been structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray crystallography and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that each CoII ion is six-coordinated by four O atoms from three 3,4'-obb2- ligands, of which two function as monodentate ligands and the other as a bidentate ligand, and by two N atoms from bridging 4,4'-bipy ligands, thereby forming a distorted octahedral CoN2O4 coordination geometry. Adjacent crystallographically equivalent CoII ions are bridged by the O atoms of 3,4'-obb2- ligands, affording an eight-membered Co2O4C2 ring which is further extended into a two-dimensional [Co(3,4'-obb)]n sheet along the ab plane via 3,4'-obb2- functioning as a bidentate bridging ligand. The planes are interlinked into a three-dimensional [Co(3,4'-obb)(4,4'-bipy)]n network by 4,4'-bipy ligands acting as pillars along the c axis. Magnetic investigations on CP 1 disclose an antiferromagnetic coupling within the dimeric Co2 unit and a metamagnetic behaviour at low temperature resulting from intermolecular π-π interactions between the parallel 4,4'-bipy ligands.

An unprecedented hetero-bimetallic three-dimensional spin crossover coordination polymer based on the tetrahedral [Hg(SeCN)4]2- building block.

Self-assembly of octahedral FeII ions, trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpe) bridging ligands and [Hg(XCN)4]2- (X = S (1), Se (2)) tetrahedral building blocks has afforded a new type of hetero-bimetallic HgII-FeII spin-crossover (SCO) 3D 6,4-connected coordination polymer (CP) formulated {Fe(bpe)[Hg(XCN)4]}n. For X = S (1), the ligand field is close to the crossing point but 1 remains paramagnetic over all temperatures. In contrast, for X = Se (2) the complex undergoes complete thermal induced SCO behaviour centred at T1/2 = 107.8 K and complete photoconversion of the low spin state into a metastable high-spin state (LIESST effect) with TLIESST = 66.7 K. The current results provide a new route for the design and synthesis of new SCO functional materials with non-Hoffmann-type structures.

Three Chiral Cyanide-Bridged Cr-Cu Complexes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties.

Two trans-dicyanidochromium(III)-containing building blocks and one chiral copper(II) compound have been employed to assemble cyanide-bridged heterometallic complexes, resulting in three chiral cyanide-bridged Cr(III)-Cu(II) complexes, [Cu(L1)2Cr(L3)(CN)2]ClO42 · CH3OH · H2O (1a, L1 = (S,S)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, H2L3 =1,2-bis(pyridine- 2-carboxamido)benzene), [Cu(L2)2Cr(L2)(CN)2]ClO42 · CH3OH · H2O (1b, L2 = (R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane) [Cu(L3)2Cr(L4)(CN)2][Cr(L4)(CN)2] · CH3OH · 2H2O (2), (H2L4 = 1,2-bis(pyridine-2-carboxamido)-4-chlorobenzene). All the three complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and X-ray structure determination. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the two enantiomeric complexes 1a, 1b and the complex 2 belong to cyanide-bridged cationic binuclear structure type with ClO4 - or the anionic cyanide building block as balance anion for complexes 1a, 1b or 2, respectively. Investigation of the magnetic properties of the complexes 1a and 2 reveals the weak ferromagnetic coupling between the neighboring Cr(III) and Cu(II) ions through the bridging cyanide group.

A Gossypium hirsutum GDSL lipase/hydrolase gene (GhGLIP) appears to be involved in promoting seed growth in Arabidopsis.

GDSL lipase (GLIP) plays a pivotal role in plant cell growth as a multifunctional hydrolytic enzyme. Herein, a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv Xuzhou 142) GDSL lipase gene (GhGLIP) was obtained from developing ovules and fibers. The GhGLIP cDNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,143 base pairs (bp) and encodes a putative polypeptide of 380 amino acid residues. Sequence alignment indicated that GhGLIP includes four enzyme catalytic amino acid residue sites of Ser (S), Gly (G), Asn (N) and His (H), located in four conserved blocks. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that GhGLIP belongs to the typical class IV lipase family with potential functions in plant secondary metabolism. Subcellular distribution analysis demonstrated that GhGLIP localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane. GhGLIP was expressed predominantly at 5-15 day post anthesis (dpa) in developing ovules and elongating fibers, measured as mRNA levels and enzyme activity. Ectopic overexpression of GhGLIP in Arabidopsis plants resulted in enhanced seed development, including length and fresh weight. Meanwhile, there was increased soluble sugar and protein storage in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, coupled with the promotion of lipase activity. Moreover, the expression of cotton GhGLIP is induced by ethylene (ETH) treatment in vitro. A 1,954-bp GhGLIP promoter was isolated and expressed high activity in driving green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression in tobacco leaves. Cis-acting element analysis of the GhGLIP promoter (pGhGLIP) indicated the presence of an ethylene-responsive element (ERE), and transgenic tobacco leaves with ectopic expression of pGhGLIP::GFP-GUS showed increased GUS activity after ETH treatment. In summary, these results suggest that GhGLIP is a functional enzyme involved in ovule and fiber development and performs significant roles in seed development.

Re-emerging of rabies in Shaanxi province, China, from 2009 to 2015.

To explore the epidemiological, phylogeographic, and migration characteristics of human rabies in Shaanxi province, China from 2009 to 2015. The collected data were described and the sequenced glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) genes were implemented to estimate the evolutionary rates and phylogeographic patterns using BEAST v.1.8.2. A total of 269 rabies cases were reported and 70.26% of the cases were male and 61.71% were between the ages of 19-59. The majority of the cases were farmers (83.27%). The estimated evolutionary rate of the N genes was 2.4 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year and the G genes was 3.4 × 10-4 . The time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) was estimated around 1990. We detected viral migration paths from Sichuan, Guizhou, and Hunan to Hanzhong prefecture of Shaanxi and then spreaded to Xi'an and other prefectures. The main population affected by rabies virus was male adult farmers. The evolution rate of rabies viruses in Shaanxi was similar with the prior results reported by others and the ancestor virus should be circulating in neighboring province Sichuan around 1990 and then transmitted to Shaanxi. Promptly standard wound treatment and timely post-exposure prophylaxis should be compulsory for the dog-bitten victims.