[So-called "difficult children" urgently needed their own medical association: the history of the introduction of the specialist title of "child and youth psychiatry" in Germany in 1968]. / Die "schwer erziehbaren Kinder" benötigten dringend einen Arzt ­ verbandspolitische Vorgeschichte der Einführung des Facharzttitels für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie in Deutschland 1968.

So-called "difficult children" urgently needed their own medical association: the history of the introduction of the specialist title of "child and youth psychiatry" in Germany in 1968 Abstract. In post-war Germany, child psychiatry (CP) was not an independent discipline but part of adult psychiatry/neurology. The primary goal of adult psychiatrists of the day was to maintain power in all areas dealing with nervous diseases and their treatment. Interest in smaller specialties such as CP remained secondary, leaving only the option of an additional qualification. Switzerland, on the other hand, had already early on introduced a separate CP specialization. In many other industrialized nations, CP was expanding to deal better with the difficulties posed by "difficult children" and their sequelae. Because of "cleansing" and the enforced synchronization of social and health care systems during the Nazi regime as well as the effects of the war, the development of CP in West Germany was subject to exceptional conditions. Specialists for this important "social task" were missing. Only after adult psychiatrists had accepted the separation of the disciplines of neurology and psychiatry did the specialist in "Child and Youth Psychiatry" emerge and receive the approval of the Medical Assembly in 1968.

The impact of child maltreatment on non-suicidal self-injury: data from a representative sample of the general population.

BACKGROUND: Child maltreatment is an identified risk factor for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI). The aim of the current study was to investigate effects of different types of maltreatment, and mediating effects of depression and anxiety on NSSI in the general population. METHODS: A representative sample of the German population, comprising N = 2498 participants (mean age = 48.4 years (SD = 18.2), 53.3% female) participated in this study. Child maltreatment was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ),NSSI was assessed with a question on lifetime engagement in NSSI, depressive symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) and anxiety symptoms by the General Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD-2). RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of NSSI in this sample was 3.3, and 30.8% reported at least one type of child maltreatment. Participants in the NSSI group reported significantly more experiences of child maltreatment. Emotional abuse was endorsed by 72% of all participants with NSSI. A path analytic model demonstrated an unmediated direct effect of emotional neglect, a partially mediated effect of emotional abuse, and a fully mediated effect of sexual abuse and physical neglect by depression and anxiety on NSSI. CONCLUSIONS: Especially emotional neglect and abuse seem to play a role in the etiology of NSSI above and beyond depression and anxiety, while sexual and physical abuse seem to have a rather indirect effect.