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Wyburn-Mason syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the retina, brain, and occasionally the skin. The syndrome results from embryonic vascular abnormalities and presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, classified into three groups based on severity. Diagnosis relies heavily on imaging techniques, with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and cerebral angiography playing crucial roles. Management is typically conservative due to the stability of most AVMs, but intervention may be necessary when the rupture risk of intracranial AVMs exceeds 2.2% per year. Treatment options include endovascular embolization, surgical resection, and emerging therapies like intravitreal injections. This review emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, neurologists, and interventional radiologists, as well as regular monitoring of asymptomatic AVMs to optimize patient outcomes and quality of life.
RESUMEN
Introduction As medical knowledge, technology, and healthcare delivery continue to evolve, it is critical that upcoming healthcare workers possess the skills and information needed to ensure optimal patient care. Numerous studies indicate that students achieve better learning outcomes through active practice rather than solely relying on theoretical knowledge. The average human attention span is only 8.25 seconds, so an effective teaching program should employ various modes and techniques to ensure that students remain involved and interested. Aims and objectives The aim is to identify the primary areas where medical students need teaching and guidance and form the basis of a new teaching program to meet those needs. Materials and methods An anonymous online questionnaire, designed by the author was distributed to medical students who came for their clinical rotations at Basildon University Hospital, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom, and that laid the foundations for introducing a new teaching program at the education department of the hospital in April 2023. The progress of the teaching program was evaluated by a second questionnaire-based survey conducted after six months, in October 2023. The teaching program we designed employed various modes and techniques including simulation, flip classroom, graded quizzes, and constructive feedback. The technique we used for giving feedback to students was the "star star wish" to encourage growth and further participation. The teaching program also made use of Lev Vygotsky's "Learning zone model" to ensure optimum learning. Results and discussion The program received immensely positive feedback from the students, and they felt that it catered perfectly to their requirements. Twenty-three students took part in this study and the results showed that 39% of the students felt adequately prepared for ward rounds in October 2023 in contrast to only 17% in April 2023. The mean score, on a scale of 1-10 on how comfortable the students felt in discussing patient care plans and management with the rest of the team rose from 2.78 in April 2023 to 4.26 in October 2023. When asked to score how confident the students felt in performing bedside examinations in wards, 26% scored 5 or above (on a scale of 1-10) in April 2023 as compared to 62% scoring 5 or above in October 2023. The students were then asked how confident they felt in using their theoretical knowledge in practical situations and the majority scored 2 or 3 (on a scale of 1-10) in April 2023 whereas in October, the majority scored 4 or above. Conclusions A significant number of medical students were satisfied with the teaching program and demanded more frequent sessions. The results of this study showed that in order to foster increased student engagement and effective participation, it is essential for teaching to incorporate diverse techniques and approaches.
RESUMEN
Breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer worldwide. Every year, it affects a significant number of women in the UK and is considered one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally. While breast cancer is primarily linked to adult women, its occurrence in children and adolescents is exceedingly rare. This study conducted a narrative review spanning from 1999 to 2023, examining 32 case reports to investigate the characteristics of breast cancer in the paediatric age group. These reports focused on patients under 18 years old who were diagnosed with primary glandular breast cancer, excluding cases originating from other tissues like angiosarcoma, leukaemia, and metastatic cancer. The data analysis encompassed various parameters, including gender, age, histology, receptor status, lymph node involvement, treatment methods, and genetic characteristics. From the published case reports, it was concluded that the most common type of breast cancer affecting children and adolescents is secretory breast carcinoma and predominantly occurs in females. It is typically hormone receptors negative, and the preferred treatment approach involves mastectomy as breast conservation surgery to preserve the developing breast tissue is a real challenge due to limited breast tissue volume in this age group.
RESUMEN
Calciphylaxis, also called calcific uremic arteriolopathy, is a rare benign cutaneous manifestation. Although little is known about its pathogenesis, it is thought to be a result of vascular wall calcification leading to soft tissue necrosis, and it is usually encountered in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on long-term renal dialysis. Breast calciphylaxis is a rare entity that may present as a breast mass or necrotic ulcers, and it is common for it to be initially mistaken for a malignant breast pathology. In this article, we present a case of bilateral breast calciphylaxis in a 66-year-old female with ESKD receiving long-term dialysis.
