Geriatric proximal femur fracture updates.

Proximal femur fractures in the aging population present a variety of challenges. Physiologically, patients incurring this fracture are typically frail, with significant medical comorbidities, yet require early surgical treatment to restore mobility to prevent deterioration. Socioeconomically, the occurrence of a fragility fracture may be the beginning of the loss of independence, and the burdens of rehabilitation and support are borne by the individual patient and health care systems.

Posterolateral or Direct Lateral Surgical Approach for Hemiarthroplasty After a Hip Fracture: A Randomized Clinical Trial Alongside a Natural Experiment.

Importance: Hip fractures in older adults are serious injuries that result in disability, higher rates of illness and death, and a substantial strain on health care resources. High-quality evidence to improve hip fracture care regarding the surgical approach of hemiarthroplasty is lacking. Objective: To compare 6-month outcomes of the posterolateral approach (PLA) and direct lateral approach (DLA) for hemiarthroplasty in patients with acute femoral neck fracture. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, randomized clinical trial (RCT) comparing DLA and PLA was performed alongside a natural experiment (NE) at 14 centers in the Netherlands. Patients aged 18 years or older with an acute femoral neck fracture were included, with or without dementia. Secondary surgery of the hip, pathological fractures, or patients with multitrauma were excluded. Recruitment took place between February 2018 and January 2022. Treatment allocation was random or pseudorandom based on geographical location and surgeon preference. Statistical analysis was performed from July 2022 to September 2022. Exposure: Hemiarthroplasty using PLA or DLA. Main Outcome and Measures: The primary outcome was health-related quality of life 6 months after surgery, quantified with the EuroQol Group 5-Dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Secondary outcomes included dislocations, fear of falling and falls, activities of daily living, pain, and reoperations. To improve generalizability, a novel technique was used for data fusion of the RCT and NE. Results: A total of 843 patients (542 [64.3%] female; mean [SD] age, 82.2 [7.5] years) participated, with 555 patients in the RCT (283 patients in the DLA group; 272 patients in the PLA group) and 288 patients in the NE (172 patients in the DLA group; 116 patients in the PLA group). In the RCT, mean EQ-5D-5L utility scores at 6 months were 0.50 (95% CI, 0.45-0.55) after DLA and 0.49 (95% CI, 0.44-0.54) after PLA, with 77% completeness. The between-group difference (-0.04 [95% CI, -0.11 to 0.04]) was not statistically significant nor clinically meaningful. Most secondary outcomes were comparable between groups, but PLA was associated with more dislocations than DLA (RCT: 15 of 272 patients [5.5%] in PLA vs 1 of 283 patients [0.4%] in DLA; NE: 6 of 113 patients [5.3%]) in PLA vs 2 of 175 patients [1.1%] in DLA). Data fusion resulted in an effect size of 0.00 (95% CI, -0.04 to 0.05) for the EQ-5D-5L and an odds ratio of 12.31 (95% CI, 2.77 to 54.70) for experiencing a dislocation after PLA. Conclusions and Relevance: This combined RCT and NE found that among patients treated with a cemented hemiarthroplasty after an acute femoral neck fracture, PLA was not associated with a better quality of life than DLA. Rates of dislocation and reoperation were higher after PLA. Randomized and pseudorandomized data yielded similar outcomes, which suggests a strengthening of these findings. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04438226.

Posterolateral or direct lateral approach for cemented hemiarthroplasty after femoral neck fracture (APOLLO): protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial with economic evaluation and natural experiment alongside.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The posterolateral and direct lateral surgical approach are the 2 most common surgical approaches for performing a hemiarthroplasty in patients with a hip fracture. It is unknown which surgical approach is preferable in terms of (cost-)effectiveness and quality of life. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We designed a multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) with an economic evaluation and a natural experiment (NE) alongside. We will include 555 patients ≥ 18 years with an acute femoral neck fracture. The primary outcome is patient-reported health-related quality of life assessed with the EQ-5D-5L. Secondary outcomes include healthcare costs, complications, mortality, and balance (including fear of falling, actual falls, and injuries due to falling). An economic evaluation will be performed for quality adjusted life years (QALYs). We will use variable block randomization stratified for hospital. For continuous outcomes, we will use linear mixed-model analysis. Dichotomous secondary outcome measures will be analyzed using chi-square statistics and logistic regression models. Primary analyses are based on the intention-to-treat principle. Additional as treated analyses will be performed to evaluate the effect of protocol deviations. Study summary: (i) Largest RCT addressing the health-related patient outcome of the main surgical approaches of hemiarthroplasty. (ii) Focus on outcomes that are important for the patient. (iii) Pragmatic and inclusive RCT with few exclusion criteria, e.g., patients with dementia can participate. (iv) Natural experiment alongside to amplify the generalizability. (v) The first study conducting a costutility analysis comparing both surgical approaches.

Posterolateral or direct lateral approach for hemiarthroplasty after femoral neck fractures: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The posterolateral approach (PLA) and direct lateral approach (DLA) are the most commonly used approaches for inserting a hemiarthroplasty in the treatment of femoral neck fractures. A recent review concluded that the routine use of PLA should be questioned, but this conclusion itself can be questioned. The aim of this study is to provide an updated overview and critical appraisal of the available evidence, focussing on outcomes most relevant for patients. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of literature in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and Cochrane Library. Studies (till June 2018) to identify hip fracture clinical trials/comparative studies comparing alternative surgical approaches (PLA and DLA). We explored sources of heterogeneity and conducted pooled analyses when appropriate. RESULTS: 264 potentially eligible studies were identified of which 1 RCT, 3 prospective, 3 registry data and 5 retrospective studies were included. The RCT consisted performance and attrition bias. The mean MINORS score of the prospective/register studies was 17.3 (SD 3.5) and 13.8 (SD 1.9) of the 5 retrospective studies. The GRADE score for all the outcomes was very low. Due to the high and various types of biases across the included studies, we did not pool the data. None of studies assessed the activities of daily living functionality. 6 studies reported significantly more dislocations or reoperations due to dislocation in the PLA group, 6 other studies found no differences. DLA patients were more likely to develop abductor insufficiency leading to limping and more need for walking aids. The PLA patients tended to have better quality of life, less pain and more satisfaction compared to the DLA patients. CONCLUSION: Based on low-quality studies, PLA may be associated with more dislocations, but patients had less walking problems and a lower tendency to abductor insufficiency compared with DLA. Further clinical trials with methodology rigor are needed to determine which approach is more effective in terms of outcomes relevant to patients.

The Dutch Hip Fracture Audit: evaluation of the quality of multidisciplinary hip fracture care in the Netherlands.

The nationwide Dutch Hip Fracture Audit (DHFA) is initiated to improve the quality of hip fracture care by providing insight into the actual quality of hip fracture care in daily practice. The baseline results demonstrate variance in practice, providing potential starting points to improve the quality of care. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to describe the development and initiation of the DHFA. The secondary aim is to describe the hip fracture care in the Netherlands at the start of the audit and to assess whether there are differences in processes at baseline between hospitals. METHODS: Eighty-one hospitals were asked to register their consecutive hip fracture patients since April 2016. In 2017, the first full calendar year, the case ascertainment was determined at audit level. Three quality indicators were used to describe and assess the care process at audit and hospital level: the proportion of completed variables at discharge and at 3 months after operation, time to surgery and orthogeriatric management. RESULTS: Sixty (74%) hospitals documented 14,274 patients in the DHFA by December 2017. In 2017, the case ascertainment was 58% and the average proportion of completed variables was 77%: 91% at discharge and 30% at 3 months. The median time to operation was 18 h (IQR 7-23) for American Society of Anesthesiologists score (ASA) 1-2 patients and 21 h (IQR 13-27) for ASA 3-4 patients. Of patients aged 70 years and older, 78% received orthogeriatric management. At hospital level, all three indicators showed significant practice variance. CONCLUSION: Not all hospitals participate in the DHFA, and the data gathering process needs to be further optimized. However, the baseline results demonstrate an apparent variance in hip fracture practice between hospitals in the Netherlands, providing potential starting points to improve the quality of hip fracture care.

Loss of Independence After Operative Management of Femoral Neck Fractures.

OBJECTIVES: The FAITH trial evaluated effects of sliding hip screws versus cancellous screws in femoral neck fracture patients. Using FAITH trial data, we quantified changes in living status, use of aids, and investigated factors associated with living and walking independently 12 months after fracture. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive analysis to quantify patients' changes in living status, use of aids, and used multivariable Cox regression analyses to determine factors associated with living and walking independently after fracture. RESULTS: Of patients who lived independently before hip fracture, 3.07% (50-80 years old) and 19.81% (>80 years old) were institutionalized 12 months after injury. Of patients who were walking independently before injury, 33.62% (50-80 years old) and 69.34% (>80 years old) required a walking aid 12 months after injury. Factors associated with higher chances of living independently included the following: being between 50 and 80 years, having a class I American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, not using a walking aid before fracture, being a nonsmoker or former smoker, and having an acceptable quality of implant placement. Factors associated with higher chances of walking without an aid included the following: being between 50 and 80 years, having a class I American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, living independently before fracture, being a nonsmoker or former smoker, having an undisplaced fracture, and not requiring revision surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral neck fracture patients suffer great losses of independence. Identifying factors associated with living and walking independently after hip fracture may help surgeons better identify which patients are at risk and optimize care of patients with this injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Postoperative continuous-flow cryocompression therapy in the acute recovery phase of hip fracture surgery-A randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The acute recovery phase after hip fracture surgery is often complicated by severe pain, postoperative blood loss with subsequent transfusion, and delirium. Prevalent comorbidity in hip fracture patients limit the use of opioid-based analgesic therapies, yielding a high risk for inferior pain treatment. Postoperative cryotherapy is suggested to provide an analgesic effect, and to reduce postoperative blood loss. In this prospective, open-label, parallel, multicentre, randomized controlled, clinical trial, we aimed to determine the efficacy of continuous-flow cryocompression therapy (CFCT) in the acute recovery phase after hip fracture surgery. METHODS: Patients with an intra or extracapsular hip fracture scheduled for surgery were included. Subjects were allocated to receive postoperative CFCT or usual care. The primary endpoint was numeric rating scale (NRS) pain the first 72 postoperative hours. Secondly, analgesic use; postoperative haemoglobin change and transfusion incidence; functional outcome; length of stay; delirium incidence; location of rehabilitation; patient-reported health outcome; complications and feasibility were assessed. RESULTS: Sixty-one subjects in the control group, and 64 subjects in the CFCT group were analysed. Within the CFCT group, post treatment NRS pain declined 0.31 (p=0.07) at 24h, 0.28 (p=0.07) at 48h, and 0.47 (p=0.002) at 72h relative to pre treatment NRS pain. Sensitivity analysis at 72h showed that NRS pain was 0.92 lower in the CFCT group when compared to the control group (1.50 vs. 2.42; p=0.03). Postoperative analgesic use was comparable between groups. Between postoperative day one and three haemoglobin declined 0.29mmol/l in the CFCT group and 0.51mmol/l in controls (p=0.06), and transfusion incidence was comparable. The timed up and go test and length of stay were also comparable between both groups. Complications, amongst delirium and cryotherapy-related adverse events were not statistically significantly different. Discharge locations did not differ between groups. At outpatient follow-up subjects did not differ in patient-reported health outcome scores. Subjects rated CFCT satisfaction with an average of 7.1 out of 10 points. CONCLUSIONS: No evidence was recorded to suggest that CFCT has an added value in the acute recovery phase after hip fracture surgery. If patients complete the CFCT treatment schedule, a mild analgesic effect is observed at 72h.

The efficacy of continuous-flow cryo and cyclic compression therapy after hip fracture surgery on postoperative pain: design of a prospective, open-label, parallel, multicenter, randomized controlled, clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The number of hip fractures and resulting post-surgical outcome are a major public health concern and the incidence is expected to increase significantly. The acute recovery phase after hip fracture surgery in elder patients is often complicated by severe pain, high morphine consumption, perioperative blood loss with subsequent transfusion and delirium. Postoperative continuous-flow cryocompression therapy is suggested to minimize these complications and to attenuate the inflammatory reaction that the traumatic fracture and subsequent surgical trauma encompass. Based on a pilot study in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis, it is anticipated that patients treated with continuous-flow cryocompression therapy will have less pain, less morphine consumption and lower decrease of postoperative hemoglobin levels. These factors are associated with a shorter hospital stay and better long-term (functional) outcome. METHODS/DESIGN: One hundred and sixty patients with an intra or extracapsular hip fracture scheduled for internal fixation (intramedullary hip nail, dynamic hip screw or cannulated screws) or prosthesis surgery (total hip or hemiarthroplasty) will be included in this prospective, open-label, parallel, multicenter, randomized controlled, clinical superiority trial. Patients will be allocated to two treatment arms: group 'A' will be treated with continuous-flow cryocompression therapy and compared to group 'B' that will receive standard care. Routine use of drains and/or compressive bandages is allowed in both groups. The primary objective of this study is to compare acute pain the first 72 h postoperative, measured with numeric rating scale for pain. Secondary objectives are: (non-) morphine analgesic use; adjusted postoperative hemoglobin level; transfusion incidence; incidence, duration and severity of delirium and use of psychotropic medication; length of stay; location and duration of rehabilitation; functional outcome; short-term patient-reported health outcome; general and cryotherapy related complications and feasibility. DISCUSSION: This is the first randomized controlled trial that will assess the analgesic efficiacy of continuous-flow cryocompression therapy in the acute recovery phase after hip fracture surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.trialregister.nl, NTR4152 (23(rd) of August 2013).

High risk of adverse events in hospitalised hip fracture patients of 65 years and older: results of a retrospective record review study.

OBJECTIVES: Hip fracture patients of 65 years and older are a complex patient group who often suffer from complications and difficult rehabilitation with disappointing results. It is unknown to what extent suboptimal hospital care contributes to these poor outcomes. This study reports on the scale, preventability, causes and prevention strategies of adverse events in patients, aged 65 years and older, admitted to the hospital with a primary diagnosis of hip fracture. DESIGN, SETTING AND OUTCOME MEASURES: A retrospective record review study was conducted of 616 hip fracture patients (≥65 years) admitted to surgical or orthopaedic departments in four Dutch hospitals in 2007. Experienced physician reviewers determined the presence and preventability of adverse events, causes and prevention strategies using a structured review form. The main outcome measures were frequency of adverse events and preventable adverse events in hospitalised hip fracture patients of 65 years and older, and strategies to prevent them in the future. RESULTS: 114 (19%) of the 616 patients in the study experienced one or more adverse events; 49 of these were preventable. The majority of the adverse events (70%) was related to the surgical procedure and many resulted in an intervention or additional treatment (67%). Human causes contributed to 53% of the adverse events, followed by patient-related factors (39%). Training and close monitoring of quality of care and the health professional's performance were the most often selected strategies to prevent these adverse events in the future. CONCLUSIONS: The high percentage of preventable adverse events found in this study shows that care for older hospitalised hip fracture patients should be improved. More training and quality assurance is required to provide safer care and to reduce the number of preventable adverse events in this vulnerable patient group.

Implant Removal After Internal Fixation of a Femoral Neck Fracture: Effects on Physical Functioning.

OBJECTIVES: The effect of implant removal after internal fixation of a femoral neck fracture on physical functioning was analyzed. Characteristics of patients who had their implant removed were studied, as it is currently unknown from which type of patients implants are removed and what effect removal has on function. DESIGN: Secondary cohort study alongside a randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Multicenter study in 14 hospitals. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION: Patients who had their implant removed after internal fixation of a femoral neck fracture are compared with patients who did not. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Patient characteristics and quality of life (Short Form 12, Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index) were compared. Matched pairs were selected based on patient/fracture characteristics and prefracture physical functioning. RESULTS: Of 162 patients, 37 (23%) had their implant removed. These patients were younger (median age: 67 vs. 72 years, P = 0.024) and more often independently ambulatory prefracture (100% vs. 84%, P = 0.008) than patients who did not. They more often had evident implant back-out on x-rays (54% vs. 34%, P = 0.035), possibly related to a higher rate of Pauwels 3 fractures (41% vs. 22%, P = 0.032). In time, quality of life improved more in implant removal patients [+2 vs. -4 points, Short Form 12 (physical component), P = 0.024; +9 vs. 0 points, Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index, P = 0.019]. CONCLUSIONS: Implant removal after internal fixation of a femoral neck fracture positively influenced quality of life. Implant removal patients were younger and more often independently ambulatory prefracture, more often had a Pauwels 3 fracture, and an evident implant back-out. Implant removal should be considered liberally for these patients if pain persists or functional recovery is unsatisfactory. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Cumulative incidence and treatment of non-simultaneous bilateral femoral neck fractures in a cohort of one thousand two hundred and fifty patients.

PURPOSE: In the Netherlands, over 20,000 patients sustain a hip fracture yearly. A first hip fracture is a risk factor for a second, contralateral fracture. Data on the similarity of the treatment of bilateral femoral neck fractures is only scarcely available. The objectives of this study were to determine the cumulative incidence of non-simultaneous bilateral femoral neck fractures and to describe the patient characteristics and treatment characteristics of these patients. METHODS: A database of 1,250 consecutive patients with a femoral neck fracture was available. Patients with a previous contralateral femoral neck fractures were identified by reviewing radiographs and patient files. Patient characteristics, previous fractures, hip fracture type and details on treatment were collected from the patient files. RESULTS: One hundred nine patients (9%, 95% confidence interval 7-10%) had sustained a non-simultaneous bilateral femoral neck fracture. The median age at the first fracture was 81 years; the median interval between the fractures was 25 months. Overall, 73% was treated similarly for both fractures in terms of non-operative treatment, internal fixation or arthroplasty. In patients with identical Garden classification (30%), treatment similarity was 88%. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative incidence of non-simultaneous bilateral femoral neck fractures was 9%. Most patients with identical fracture types were treated similarly. The relatively high risk of sustaining a second femoral neck fracture supports the importance of secondary prevention, especially in patients with a prior wrist or vertebral fracture.

Functional outcome after successful internal fixation versus salvage arthroplasty of patients with a femoral neck fracture.

OBJECTIVES: To determine patient independency, health-related and disease-specific quality of life (QOL), gait pattern, and muscle strength in patients after salvage arthroplasty for failed internal fixation of a femoral neck fracture. DESIGN: Secondary cohort study to a randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Multicenter trial in the Netherlands, including 14 academic and nonacademic hospitals. PATIENTS: Patients after salvage arthroplasty for failed internal fixation of a femoral neck fracture were studied. A comparison was made with patients who healed uneventfully after internal fixation. INTERVENTION: None (observatory study). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Patient characteristics, SF-12, and Western Ontario McMaster osteoarthritis index scores were collected. Gait parameters were measured using plantar pressure measurement. Maximum isometric forces of the hip muscles were measured using a handheld dynamometer. Differences between the fractured and contralateral leg were calculated. Groups were compared using univariate analysis. RESULTS: Of 248 internal fixation patients (median age, 72 years), salvage arthroplasty was performed in 68 patients (27%). Salvage arthroplasty patients had a significantly lower Western Ontario McMaster osteoarthritis index score (median, 73 vs. 90; P = 0.016) than patients who healed uneventfully after internal fixation. Health-related QOL (SF-12) and patient independency did not differ significantly between the groups. Gait analysis showed a significantly impaired progression of the center of pressure in the salvage surgery patients (median ratio, -8.9 vs. 0.4, P = 0.013) and a significant greater loss of abduction strength (median, -25.4 vs. -20.4 N, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a similar level of dependency and QOL, salvage arthroplasty patients have inferior functional outcome than patients who heal after internal fixation of a femoral neck fracture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic level III.

HUMeral shaft fractures: measuring recovery after operative versus non-operative treatment (HUMMER): a multicenter comparative observational study.

BACKGROUND: Fractures of the humeral shaft are associated with a profound temporary (and in the elderly sometimes even permanent) impairment of independence and quality of life. These fractures can be treated operatively or non-operatively, but the optimal tailored treatment is an unresolved problem. As no high-quality comparative randomized or observational studies are available, a recent Cochrane review concluded there is no evidence of sufficient scientific quality available to inform the decision to operate or not. Since randomized controlled trials for this injury have shown feasibility issues, this study is designed to provide the best achievable evidence to answer this unresolved problem. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate functional recovery after operative versus non-operative treatment in adult patients who sustained a humeral shaft fracture. Secondary aims include the effect of treatment on pain, complications, generic health-related quality of life, time to resumption of activities of daily living and work, and cost-effectiveness. The main hypothesis is that operative treatment will result in faster recovery. METHODS/DESIGN: The design of the study will be a multicenter prospective observational study of 400 patients who have sustained a humeral shaft fracture, AO type 12A or 12B. Treatment decision (i.e., operative or non-operative) will be left to the discretion of the treating surgeon. Critical elements of treatment will be registered and outcome will be monitored at regular intervals over the subsequent 12 months. The primary outcome measure is the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score. Secondary outcome measures are the Constant score, pain level at both sides, range of motion of the elbow and shoulder joint at both sides, radiographic healing, rate of complications and (secondary) interventions, health-related quality of life (Short-Form 36 and EuroQol-5D), time to resumption of ADL/work, and cost-effectiveness. Data will be analyzed using univariate and multivariable analyses (including mixed effects regression analysis). The cost-effectiveness analysis will be performed from a societal perspective. DISCUSSION: Successful completion of this trial will provide evidence on the effectiveness of operative versus non-operative treatment of patients with a humeral shaft fracture. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is registered at the Netherlands Trial Register (NTR3617).

Femoral neck shortening after internal fixation of a femoral neck fracture.

This study assesses femoral neck shortening and its effect on gait pattern and muscle strength in patients with femoral neck fractures treated with internal fixation. Seventy-six patients from a multicenter randomized controlled trial participated. Patient characteristics and Short Form 12 and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores were collected. Femoral neck shortening, gait parameters, and maximum isometric forces of the hip muscles were measured and differences between the fractured and contralateral leg were calculated. Variables of patients with little or no shortening, moderate shortening, and severe shortening were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. Median femoral neck shortening was 1.1 cm. Subtle changes in gait pattern, reduced gait velocity, and reduced abductor muscle strength were observed. Age, weight, and Pauwels classification were risk factors for femoral neck shortening. Femoral neck shortening decreased gait velocity and seemed to impair gait symmetry and physical functioning. In conclusion, internal fixation of femoral neck fractures results in permanent physical limitations. The relatively young and healthy patients in our study seem capable of compensating. Attention should be paid to femoral neck shortening and proper correction with a heel lift, as inadequate correction may cause physical complaints and influence outcome.

Patient distribution in a mass casualty event of an airplane crash.

INTRODUCTION: Difficulties have been reported in the patient distribution during Mass Casualty Incidents. In this study we analysed the regional patient distribution protocol (PDP) and the actual patient distribution after the 2009 Turkish Airlines crash near Amsterdam. METHODS: Analysis of the patient distribution of 126 surviving casualties of the crash by collecting data on medical treatment capacity, number of patients received per hospital, triage classification, Injury Severity Score (ISS), secondary transfers, distance from the crash site, and the critical mortality rate. RESULTS: The PDP holds ambiguous definitions of medical treatment capacity and was not followed. There were 14 receiving hospitals (distance from crash: 5.8-53.5 km); four hospitals received 133-213% of their treatment capacity, and 5 hospitals received 1 patient. Three hospitals within 20 km of the crash did not receive any casualties. Level I trauma centres received 89% of the 'critical' casualties and 92% of the casualties with ISS ≥ 16. Only 3 casualties were secondarily transferred, and no casualties died in, or on the way to hospital (critical mortality rate=0%). CONCLUSION: Patient distribution worked out well after the crash as secondary transfers were low and critical mortality rate was zero. However, the regional PDP was not followed in this MCI and casualties were unevenly distributed among hospitals. The PDP is indistinctive, and should be updated in cooperation between Emergency Services, surrounding hospitals, and Schiphol International Airport as a high risk area.

Mass casualty triage after an airplane crash near Amsterdam.

INTRODUCTION: Triage is an important aspect of the management of mass casualty incidents. This study describes the triage after the Turkish Airlines Crash near Amsterdam in 2009. The results of the triage and the injuries of P3 casualties were evaluated. In addition, the role of the trauma mechanism and its effect on spinal immobilisation during transport was analysed. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of investigational reports, ambulance forms, and medical charts of survivors of the crash. Outcomes were triage classification, type of injury, AIS, ISS, emergency interventions and the spinal immobilisation during transport. RESULTS: A minimal documentation of prehospital triage was found, and no exact numbers could be recollected. During inhospital triage 28% was triaged as P1, 10% had an ISS ≥ 16 and 3% met the modified Baxt criteria for emergency intervention. 40% was triaged P3, 72% had an ISS ≤ 8 and 63% was discharged from the Emergency Department after evaluation. In hospital over-triage was up to 89%. Critical mortality rate was 0%. Nine per cent of P3 casualties and 17% of 'walking' casualties had serious injuries. Twenty-two per cent of all casualties was transported with spinal immobilisation. Of the casualties diagnosed with spinal injury 22% was not transported with spinal immobilisation. CONCLUSION: After the Turkish Airlines Crash documentation of prehospital triage was minimal. According to the Baxt criteria the overtriage was high. Injuries sustained by plane crash survivors that seem minimally harmed must not be underestimated. Considering the high energy trauma mechanism, too little consideration was given to spinal immobilisation during transport.

Adherence to a femoral neck fracture treatment guideline.

PURPOSE: In 2007 the Dutch Surgical Society published a clinical practice guideline for the treatment of hip fracture patients, based on the best available international evidence at that time. We investigated to what extent treatment of femoral neck fracture patients in the Netherlands corresponded with these guidelines, and determined differences in patient characteristics between the treatment groups. METHODS: All femoral neck fracture patients treated in 14 hospitals between February 2008 and August 2009 were included. Patient characteristics, X-rays, and treatment data were collected retrospectively. RESULTS: From a total of 1,250 patients 59% had been treated with arthroplasty, 39% with internal fixation, and 2% with a non-operative treatment. While 74% of the treatment choices complied with the guideline, 12% did not. In 14% adherence could not be determined from the available data. Arthroplasty was preferred over internal fixation in elderly patients with severe comorbidity, pre-fracture osteoporosis and a displaced fracture, who were ambulatory with aids pre-fracture (odds ratio, OR 2.2-58.1). Sliding hip screws were preferred over cancellous screws in displaced fractures (OR 1.9). CONCLUSIONS: Overall guideline adherence was good. Most deviations concerned treatment of elderly patients with a displaced fracture and implant use in internal fixation. Additional data on these issues, preferably at a higher scientific level of evidence, is needed in order to improve the guideline and to reinforce a more uniform treatment of these patients.

Central coordination as an alternative for local coordination in a multicenter randomized controlled trial: the FAITH trial experience.

BACKGROUND: Surgeons in the Netherlands, Canada and the US participate in the FAITH trial (Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures). Dutch sites are managed and visited by a financed central trial coordinator, whereas most Canadian and US sites have local study coordinators and receive per patient payment. This study was aimed to assess how these different trial management strategies affected trial performance. METHODS: Details related to obtaining ethics approval, time to trial start-up, inclusion, and percentage completed follow-ups were collected for each trial site and compared. Pre-trial screening data were compared with actual inclusion rates. RESULTS: Median trial start-up ranged from 41 days (P25-P75 10-139) in the Netherlands to 232 days (P25-P75 98-423) in Canada (p = 0.027). The inclusion rate was highest in the Netherlands; median 1.03 patients (P25-P75 0.43-2.21) per site per month, representing 34.4% of the total eligible population. It was lowest in Canada; 0.14 inclusions (P25-P75 0.00-0.28), representing 3.9% of eligible patients (p < 0.001). The percentage completed follow-ups was 83% for Canadian and Dutch sites and 70% for US sites (p = 0.217). CONCLUSIONS: In this trial, a central financed trial coordinator to manage all trial related tasks in participating sites resulted in better trial progression and a similar follow-up. It is therefore a suitable alternative for appointing these tasks to local research assistants. The central coordinator approach can enable smaller regional hospitals to participate in multicenter randomized controlled trials. Circumstances such as available budget, sample size, and geographical area should however be taken into account when choosing a management strategy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00761813.

February 2009 airplane crash at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport: an overview of injuries and patient distribution.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the injuries and distribution of casualties resulting from the crash of Turkish Airlines flight TK 1951 near Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands on 25 of February 2009. METHODS: This was a retrospective, descriptive study. Based on a review of the hospital records for all casualties of the airplane crash, triage at the scene, time to emergency department, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS), mortality, length of hospital stay and surgical procedures were abstracted. RESULTS: Of the 135 passengers, nine died on-scene. A total of 126 survivors were examined in 15 hospitals; data for all survivors were available for the study. Median time between crash and arrival at an emergency department was 3.5 hours (range 1.25-5.5 hours). Six passengers were uninjured and 66 were admitted to hospital. A total of 305 injuries were recorded. The majority were head and facial injuries (92), spinal injuries (35), and fractures of extremities (38). Eighteen percent of the patients had a spinal injury. The mean ISS was 6.3 (range = 1-57). The ISS score was >15 for 13 patients. Surgical procedures (80) were necessary in 23 patients. There was no in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Although the accident was in an urban area, there was a significant delay between the time of the accident and the arrival of the casualties at hospital emergency departments. The Turkish Airlines crash provides extensive information for research into mass-casualty or disaster management, triage, plane crash injuries, and survivability. The "Medical Research Turkish Airlines Crash" (MOTAC) study group currently is investigating several of these issues.

[Airplane crash near Schiphol Airport 25 February 2009: injuries and casualty distribution]. / Vliegtuigongeval Schiphol 25-02-2009: letsels en verdeling van gewonden.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the injuries and distribution of casualties resulting from the crash of Turkish Airlines flight TK 1951 near Schiphol Airport on 25 February 2009. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive. METHOD: We reviewed the hospital case notes of all casualties of the airplane crash and scored triage at the scene, time to emergency department, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS), mortality, length of hospital stay and surgical procedures. RESULTS: Of the 135 passengers, 9 died on the scene. A total of 126 survivors were examined in 15 hospitals; data from 125 were available for our research. Median time between crash and arrival at an Emergency Department was 3.5 hours (range 1.25-5.5 h). Six passengers were uninjured and 64 were admitted to hospital. A total of 297 injuries were registered. Most injuries were to the head and face (81), spinal injuries (31) and fractures of extremities (34). In the study group 17% of the patients had a spinal fracture. The mean ISS was 6.5 (range 1-57). In 12 patients the ISS was >or= 16. Surgical procedures (80) were necessary in 23 patients. There was no in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Of the 135 passengers, 9 died and 120 were injured. Although the accident was in an urban area, there was a significant delay between the accident and the arrival of the casualties at Emergency Departments. Most of the injuries were to the head and face, and to the spine and extremities.