Blau Syndrome: Challenging Molecular Genetic Diagnostics of Autoinflammatory Disease.

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and molecular genetic findings in seven individuals from three unrelated families with Blau syndrome. A complex ophthalmic and general health examination including diagnostic imaging was performed. The NOD2 mutational hot spot located in exon 4 was Sanger sequenced in all three probands. Two individuals also underwent autoinflammatory disorder gene panel screening, and in one subject, exome sequencing was performed. Blau syndrome presenting as uveitis, skin rush or arthritis was diagnosed in four cases from three families. In two individuals from one family, only camptodactyly was noted, while another member had camptodactyly in combination with non-active uveitis and angioid streaks. One proband developed two attacks of meningoencephalitis attributed to presumed neurosarcoidosis, which is a rare finding in Blau syndrome. The probands from families 1 and 2 carried pathogenic variants in NOD2 (NM_022162.3): c.1001G>A p.(Arg334Gln) and c.1000C>T p.(Arg334Trp), respectively. In family 3, two variants of unknown significance in a heterozygous state were found: c.1412G>T p.(Arg471Leu) in NOD2 and c.928C>T p.(Arg310*) in NLRC4 (NM_001199139.1). In conclusion, Blau syndrome is a phenotypically highly variable, and there is a need to raise awareness about all clinical manifestations, including neurosarcoidosis. Variants of unknown significance pose a significant challenge regarding their contribution to etiopathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases.

Association of Fuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis with Multiple Sclerosis.

PURPOSE:  To draw attention to the higher proportion of Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) cases in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS:  Retrospective study of data collected at the Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Uveitis. RESULTS:  An analysis of the medical records of 3016 patients with uveitis (in the years 2003-2020) was performed with a focus on MS. MS-associated uveitis was diagnosed in 90 patients (3%): anterior uveitis (n = 7), intermediate uveitis (n = 23), retinal vasculitis (n = 24), and panuveitis (n = 36). A clinical examination revealed signs of FHI in the anterior segment in 11 out of 90 cases (12%). Atypical manifestations of FHI included a higher incidence of bilateral involvement (45%), retinal vasculitis (27%), and vitreous snowballs (18%). The diagnosis of FHI preceded the diagnosis of MS in 4 cases. The median latency was 10.5 (range 8-15) years. In 4 patients, the diagnosis of demyelinating disease was established within one year of the diagnosis of FHI. We recommended a neurological examination for optic neuritis (n = 1), paresthesia (n = 3), relapse of motor deficit (n = 1), and screening of etiology in cases with involvement of the posterior segment (n = 3). In the other 3 cases, the diagnosis of MS preceded the diagnosis of FHI, with a median latency of 13 (range 8-19) years. CONCLUSION:  We detected clinical symptoms of FHI in 12% of uveitis cases associated with MS, more often in bilateral manifestations of intraocular inflammation. Based on our experience, we recommend an investigation of the medical history of patients with FHI for manifestations of sensitive, sensory and motor deficits, especially in bilateral cases.

Experimental model of primary intraocular lymphoma based on BALB/CaNn strain and A20 cells is optimal for investigational research.

AIM: The purpose of this project was to compare the characteristics of two experimental murine models of primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) and determine which experimental model is most suitable for further investigational research to elucidate the pathophysiology of PIOL and to find new therapeutical strategies. METHODS: In both experimental models PIOL was induced in immunocompetent mice with intravitreal injection of syngeneic B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Murine strain C3H/HeN and cell line 38C13 were used in the first model and BALB/CaNn mice and cell line A20 in the second model. During the experiments, thorough clinical evaluation (using photo documentation, ultrasonography, and MRI) and histological evaluation were performed. RESULTS: In both models, the percentage of PIOL development was high, reaching nearly 80%. Disease progression was faster in C3H/HeN with exophthalmos occurring on average on day 10. Vitreous involvement was a predominant sign in the clinical presentation of this group. In BALB/CaNn mice exophthalmos occurred on average on day 22. The predominant clinical sign in the BALB/CaNn group was tumorous infiltration of the retina, optic disc, and tumorous retinal detachment. CONCLUSION: Slower progression of the disease in BALB/CaNn mice, greater possibility to examine the retina due to mild vitreous involvement, and later occurrence of exophthalmos makes this strain more suitable for further investigational research.

Ocular sarcoidosis in adults and children: update on clinical manifestation and diagnosis.

Sarcoidosis-associated uveitis, is the predominant ocular sarcoidosis presentation, which affects both adults and children. For adults, international ocular sarcoidosis criteria (IWOS) and sarcoidosis-associated uveitis criteria (SUN) are defined. However, for children they are not yet established internationally. Due to the specificity of pediatric manifestations of sarcoidosis, this task is even more challenging. In children, sarcoidosis is subdivided into Blau syndrome and early-onset sarcoidosis (BS/EOS) affecting younger children (< 5 years) and the one affecting older children with clinical presentation resembling adults. Differential diagnosis, clinical work-up as well as diagnostic criteria should be adapted to each age group. In this article, we review the clinical manifestation of sarcoidosis-associated uveitis in adults and children and the sensitivity and specificity of various ocular sarcoidosis diagnostic modalities, including chest X-ray and CT, FDG PET-CT, gallium-67 scintigraphy, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, genetic testing for NOD2 mutations and serum biomarkers, such as ACE, lysozyme and IL2R.

Trends in management of ocular syphilis in tertiary uveitis centre in Prague, Czech Republic.

AIMS: To analyse the hallmarks of ocular manifestations of and therapeutic modalities for syphilis in the last two decades. The clinical features of syphilitic uveitis, and association with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection are described. METHODS: Retrospective study of 16 patients diagnosed with ocular syphilis confirmed by serological tests in the General University Hospital in Prague between the years 2004 and 2021. General characteristics of ocular and systemic manifestations and visual functions were analysed. RESULTS: An increasing incidence of syphilitic uveitis correlates with a general rise in syphilis cases. In our study, the ocular manifestation of syphilis was panuveitis (44%), posterior uveitis (31%) and anterior uveitis (25%). Posterior uveitis was found in 3 patients (19%) associated with preretinal infiltrates, that are often present in syphilitic uveitis. The worst visual outcomes were among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection and/or neurosyphilis, however the data were not significant. Optic disc edema was present in 56%, macular involvement in 37% of patients. Overall, 31% of patients in our cohort had persistent visual field defects due to impairment of their optic nerve or macula despite the final median Snellen visual acuity of 1.0. Two out of sixteen patients were treated with corticosteroids in addition to antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Posterior uveitis with preretinal infiltrates and optic disc edema should arouse suspicion of ocular syphilis. Recent data show the advantages of adjacent systemic corticosteroid treatment for severe forms of syphilitic uveitis and/or neuritis. Our observation supports this finding.

The Prevalence of MRI-Defined Sacroiliitis and Classification of Spondyloarthritis in Patients with Acute Anterior Uveitis: A Longitudinal Single-Centre Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is a relatively common extra-musculoskeletal manifestation of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA); however, data on the prevalence of active sacroiliitis in patients with AAU are limited. METHODS: 102 patients with AAU and 39 healthy subjects (HS) underwent clinical assessment and sacroiliac joint MRI. Patients with absence of active sacroiliitis were reassessed after two years. International Spondyloarthritis Society (ASAS) classification criteria for axSpA (regardless of patient's age) and expert opinion for definitive diagnosis of axSpA were applied. RESULTS: Although chronic back pain was equally present in both groups, bone marrow edema (BME) in SIJ and BME highly suggestive of axSpA was found in 52 (51%) and in 33 (32%) patients with AAU compared with 11 (28%) and none in HS, respectively. Out of all AAU patients, 41 (40%) patients fulfilled the ASAS classification criteria for axSpA, and 29 (28%) patients were considered highly suggestive of axSpA based on clinical features. Two out of the 55 sacroiliitis-negative patients developed active sacroiliitis at the two-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: One-third of patients with AAU had active inflammation on SIJ MRI and clinical diagnosis of axSpA. Therefore, patients with AAU, especially those with chronic back pain, should be referred to a rheumatologist, and the examination should be repeated if a new feature of SpA appears.

Efficiency of 123I-ioflupane SPECT as the marker of basal ganglia damage in acute methanol poisoning: 6-year prospective study.

CONTEXT: Investigate whether 123I-ioflupane SPECT (DaT SPECT) has the potential as a marker of basal ganglia damage in acute methanol poisoning. METHODS: Prospective, single-centre, cohort study of patients with confirmed methanol poisoning was conducted. DaT SPECT was performed twice with semi-quantification using DaTQUANTTM and MRI-based volumetry was calculated. Specific binding ratios (SBR) of striatum, caudate nucleus, and putamen were correlated with laboratory parameters of outcome, volumetric data, and retinal nerve fibres layer (RNFL) thickness measurements. RESULTS: Forty-two patients (mean age 46.3 ± 4.2 years; 8 females), including 15 with MRI-detected putamen lesions (group I) and 27 patients with intact putamen (group II), underwent DaT SPECT. Volumetry was calculated in 35 of the patients assessed. SBR values for the left putamen correlated with putamen volume (r = 0.665; p < 0.001). Decreased bilateral SBR values were determined for the striatum and the putamen, but not for the nucleus caudate, in group I (p < 0.05). Significant correlation was observed between the SBR of the posterior putamen and arterial blood pH (r = 0.574; p < 0.001) and other toxicological parameters of severity of poisoning/outcome including serum lactate, glucose, and creatinine concentrations (p < 0.05). The SBR of the posterior putamen positively correlated with the global RNFL thickness (p < 0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated a significant discriminatory ability of SBR of the posterior putamen with AUC = 0.753 (95%CI 0.604-0.902; p = 0.007). The multivariate regression model demonstrated that arterial blood pH, age, and gender were the most significant factors associated with SBR of the posterior putamen. CONCLUSION: DaT SPECT demonstrates significant potential for the diagnosis of methanol-induced basal ganglia damage.

Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis Is Reduced by Pretreatment with Live Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917.

Non-infectious uveitis is considered an autoimmune disease responsible for a significant burden of blindness in developed countries and recent studies have linked its pathogenesis to dysregulation of the gut microbiota. We tested the immunomodulatory properties of two probiotics, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) and E. coli O83:K24:H31 (EcO), in a model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). To determine the importance of bacterial viability and treatment timing, mice were orally treated with live or autoclaved bacteria in both preventive and therapeutic schedules. Disease severity was assessed by ophthalmoscopy and histology, immune phenotypes in mesenteric and cervical lymph nodes were analyzed by flow cytometry and the gut immune environment was analyzed by RT-PCR and/or gut tissue culture. EcN, but not EcO, protected against EAU but only as a live organism and only when administered before or at the time of disease induction. Successful prevention of EAU was accompanied by a decrease in IRBP-specific T cell response in the lymph nodes draining the site of immunization as early as 7 days after the immunization and eye-draining cervical lymph nodes when the eye inflammation became apparent. Furthermore, EcN promoted an anti-inflammatory response in Peyer's patches, increased gut antimicrobial peptide expression and decreased production of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages. In summary, we show here that EcN controls inflammation in EAU and suggest that probiotics may have a role in regulating the gut-eye axis.

Health-related quality of life determinants in survivors of a mass methanol poisoning outbreak: six-year prospective cohort study.

Purpose: The effect of acute methanol poisoning on the follow-up quality of life of survivors in mass poisoning outbreaks is not known. The objective of this is to study the impact of visual and central nervous system (CNS) sequelae of methanol poisoning on long-term health-related quality of life (QoL) of survivors, its clinical determinants, and dynamics.Materials and methods: A total of 54 patients with confirmed methanol poisoning (mean age 46.7 ± 13.4 years, 9 females) were examined consequently three times within six-year prospective cohort study and compared to 23 controls with the history of chronic alcohol abuse. The following tests were performed: SF-36 QoL questionnaire, visual evoked potentials (VEP) of optic nerve, ocular examination with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurement, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biochemical and toxicological tests.Results: Acute methanol poisoning led to significant decrease in physical component summary (PCS) compared to PCS of age-adjusted controls (mean score with SD 46.8 ± 11.0 versus 52.3 ± 9.4 points; p = .003). In 17/40 (42.5%) patients with three rounds of examination, signs of severe disability (≤30 points in at least one score) were present six years after discharge, with negative dynamics of PCS score during the observation period. The patients with abnormal RNFL thickness had lower PCS (mean difference 10.5 points; 95%CI 3.5-17.5, p = .004) and mental component summary score (9.5 points; 95%CI 1.9-17.1, p = .015) compared to the patients with normal RNFL. Signs of physical and mental adaptation to long-term visual sequelae were registered with gradual reduction of difference in most of physical and mental components scores compared to the patients with normal RNFL during six years of observation. Signs of hemorrhagic brain lesions were associated with permanent decrease of PCS score (mean difference 7.4 points; 95%CI 0.6-14.0; p = .033), bodily pain (8.7 points; 95%CI 1.6-17.6; p = .018), and social functioning (8.2 points; 95%CI 3.0-17.4; p = .005) six years after discharge. No effect of type of antidote (fomepizole versus ethanol) and extracorporeal enhanced elimination modality (intermittent hemodialysis versus continuous renal replacement therapy) applied in hospital on long-term QoL was found (all p > .05).Conclusion: Acute methanol poisoning was associated with a significant decrease of health-related quality of life of survivors persisting for at least six years after discharge. The more pronounced decrease in QoL scores was observed in the patients with hemorrhagic brain lesions and visual sequelae of poisoning with abnormal RNFL thickness.

Immune Privilege: The Microbiome and Uveitis.

Immune privilege (IP), a term introduced to explain the unpredicted acceptance of allogeneic grafts by the eye and the brain, is considered a unique property of these tissues. However, immune responses are modified by the tissue in which they occur, most of which possess IP to some degree. The eye therefore displays a spectrum of IP because it comprises several tissues. IP as originally conceived can only apply to the retina as it contains few tissue-resident bone-marrow derived myeloid cells and is immunologically shielded by a sophisticated barrier - an inner vascular and an outer epithelial barrier at the retinal pigment epithelium. The vascular barrier comprises the vascular endothelium and the glia limitans. Immune cells do not cross the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) despite two-way transport of interstitial fluid, governed by tissue oncotic pressure. The BRB, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) mature in the neonatal period under signals from the expanding microbiome and by 18 months are fully established. However, the adult eye is susceptible to intraocular inflammation (uveitis; frequency ~200/100,000 population). Uveitis involving the retinal parenchyma (posterior uveitis, PU) breaches IP, while IP is essentially irrelevant in inflammation involving the ocular chambers, uveal tract and ocular coats (anterior/intermediate uveitis/sclerouveitis, AU). Infections cause ~50% cases of AU and PU but infection may also underlie the pathogenesis of immune-mediated "non-infectious" uveitis. Dysbiosis accompanies the commonest form, HLA-B27-associated AU, while latent infections underlie BRB breakdown in PU. This review considers the pathogenesis of uveitis in the context of IP, infection, environment, and the microbiome.

The impact of co-morbidities on a 6-year survival after methanol mass poisoning outbreak: possible role of metabolic formaldehyde.

Context: The influence of co-morbid conditions on the outcome of acute methanol poisoning in mass poisoning outbreaks is not known.Objective: The objective of this is to study the impact of burden of co-morbidities, complications, and methanol-induced brain lesions on hospital, follow-up, and total mortality.Methods: All patients hospitalized with methanol poisoning during a mass poisoning outbreak were followed in a prospective cohort study until death or final follow-up after 6 years. The age-adjusted Charlson co-morbidity index (ACCI) score was calculated for each patient. A multivariate Cox regression model was used to calculate the adjusted hazards ratio (HR) for death. The survival was modeled using the Kaplan-Meier method.Results: Of 108 patients (mean age with SD 50.9 ± 2.6 years), 24 (54.4 ± 5.9 years) died during hospitalization (mean survival with SD 8 ± 4 days) and 84 (49.9 ± 3.0 years; p = .159) were discharged, including 27 with methanol-induced brain lesions. Of the discharged patients, 15 (56.3 ± 6.8 years) died during the follow-up (mean survival 37 ± 11 months) and 69 (48.5 ± 3.3 years; p = .044) survived. The hospital mortality was 22%, the follow-up mortality was 18%; the total mortality was 36%. Cardiac/respiratory arrest, acute respiratory failure, multiorgan failure syndrome, and arterial hypotension increased the HR for hospital and total (but not follow-up) mortality after adjustment for age, sex, and arterial pH (all p < .05). All patients who died in the hospital had at least one complication. A higher ACCI score was associated with greater total mortality (HR 1.22; 1.00-1.48 95% CI; p = .046). Of those who died, 35 (90%) had a moderate-to-high ACCI. The Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated that patients with a high ACCI had greater follow-up mortality compared to ones with low (p = .027) or moderate (p = .020) scores. For the patients who died during follow-up, cancers of different localizations were responsible for 7/15 (47%) of the deaths.Conclusions: The character and number of complications affected hospital but not follow-up mortality, while the burden of co-morbidities affected follow-up mortality. Methanol-induced brain lesions did not affect follow-up mortality. Relatively high cancer mortality rate may be associated with acute exposure to metabolic formaldehyde produced by methanol oxidation.

Infectious uveitis in immunodeficient HIV-negative patients: A retrospective study.

AIMS: Cases of infectious uveitis in immunodeficient patients may present with atypical clinical features because the clinical course of disease is usually affected by the compromised immune system. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to determine the correct diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate a prevalence of immunodeficient HIV-negative individuals among patients with infectious uveitis and to assess diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. METHODS: A retrospective study. RESULTS: In years 2003-2017, we diagnosed 594 patients with infectious uveitis. In 35 of them, infectious uveitis occurred on the basis of immunodeficiency (malignancy, immunosuppressive therapy etc.). The most common infectious uveitis was cytomegalovirus retinitis, followed by acute retinal necrosis, herpetic anterior uveitis, endogenous fungal endophthalmitis, toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, progressive outer retinal necrosis and syphilis. In indicated cases, intraocular fluid examination was a valuable diagnostic tool. After initiation of treatment, improvement of BCVA was observed in 13 eyes, stabilization in 13 eyes and deterioration in 11 eyes. In some patients who experienced adverse effects of medication, the recommended doses were decreased. CONCLUSION: Our experience shows that patients with diagnoses of acute retinal necrosis or progressive outer retinal necrosis have a poor visual prognosis. The occurrence of cytomegalovirus retinitis signifies a very unfavorable survival prognosis in patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; the patients in our study died within 1 year from cytomegalovirus retinitis diagnosis.

Efficacy and Safety of Sarilumab for the Treatment of Posterior Segment Noninfectious Uveitis (SARIL-NIU):: The Phase 2 SATURN Study.

PURPOSE: To assess efficacy and safety of sarilumab, a human anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, for treatment of posterior segment noninfectious uveitis (NIU). DESIGN: Randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-eight patients (eyes) with noninfectious intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis. METHODS: Eyes received treatment every 2 weeks for 16 weeks with subcutaneous sarilumab 200 mg or placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary end point was the proportion of patients with ≥2-step reduction in vitreous haze (VH) on the Miami scale or with a reduction of systemic corticosteroids (prednisolone or equivalent) to a dose of <10 mg/day at week 16. Primary end point was based on VH evaluation by a central reading center. Investigator evaluation of VH was a prespecified, planned secondary analysis. RESULTS: At week 16, proportion of patients taking sarilumab or placebo with ≥2-step reduction in VH or corticosteroid dose <10 mg/day was 46.1% vs. 30.0% (P = 0.2354) based on central reading center assessment of VH and 64.0% vs. 35.0% (P = 0.0372) based on investigator assessment of VH, respectively. In the subgroup of eyes with VH grade ≥2 at baseline, the mean VH reduction from baseline to week 16 was significantly greater with sarilumab vs. placebo regardless of assessment by the central reading center (-2.1 [n = 11] vs. -1.7 [n = 3], respectively; P = 0.0255) or investigator (-2.5 [n = 19] vs. -1.2 [n = 11], respectively; P = 0.0170). The mean best-corrected visual acuity gain from baseline to week 16 was greater with sarilumab vs. placebo in the overall population (8.9 vs. 3.6 letters, respectively; P = 0.0333) and in the subgroup of eyes with central subfield thickness (CST) ≥300 µm at baseline (12.2 [n = 13] vs. 2.1 [n = 7] letters, respectively; P = 0.0517). Corresponding changes in CST were -46.8 vs. +2.6 µm (P = 0.0683) in the overall population and -112.5 [n = 13] vs. -1.8 [n = 6] µm (P = 0.1317) in the subgroup of eyes with CST ≥300 µm at baseline, respectively. The most common ocular adverse events were worsening of uveitis (0 [placebo] and 3 [sarilumab] patients) and retinal infiltrates (1 [placebo] and 2 [sarilumab] patients). CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous sarilumab may provide clinical benefits in the management of NIU of the posterior segment, especially in eyes with uveitic macular edema.

Clinical and genetic determinants of chronic visual pathway changes after methanol - induced optic neuropathy: four-year follow-up study.

CONTEXT: Methanol poisoning induces acute optic neuropathy with possible long-term visual damage. OBJECTIVE: To study the dynamics and key determinants of visual pathway functional changes during 4 years after acute methanol poisoning. METHODS: A total of 42 patients with confirmed methanol poisoning (mean age 45.7 ± 4.4 years) were examined 4.9 ± 0.6, 25.0 ± 0.6, and 49.9 ± 0.5 months after discharge. The following tests were performed: visual evoked potential (VEP), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurement, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), complete ocular examination, biochemical tests, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotyping. RESULTS: Abnormal VEP P1 latency was registered in 18/42 right eyes (OD) and 21/42 left eyes (OS), abnormal N1P1 amplitude in 10/42 OD and OS. Mean P1 latency shortening during the follow-up was 15.0 ± 2.0 ms for 36/42 (86%) OD and 14.9 ± 2.4 ms for 35/42 (83%) OS, with maximum shortening up to 35.0 ms. No significant change of mean N1P1 amplitude was registered during follow-up. A further decrease in N1P1 amplitude ≥1.0 mcV in at least one eye was observed in 17 of 36 patients (47%) with measurable amplitude (mean decrease -1.11 ± 0.83 (OD)/-2.37 ± 0.66 (OS) mcV versus -0.06 ± 0.56 (OD)/-0.83 ± 0.64 (OS) mcV in the study population; both p < .001). ApoE4 allele carriers had lower global and temporal RNFL thickness and longer initial P1 latency compared to the non-carriers (all p < .05). The odds ratio for abnormal visual function was 8.92 (3.00-36.50; 95%CI) for ApoE4 allele carriers (p < .001). The presence of ApoE4 allele was further associated with brain necrotic lesions (r = 0.384; p = .013) and brain hemorrhages (r = 0.395; p = .011). CONCLUSIONS: Improvement of optic nerve conductivity occurred in more than 80% of patients, but evoked potential amplitude tended to decrease during the 4 years of observation. ApoE4 allele carriers demonstrated lower RNFL thickness, longer P1 latency, and more frequent methanol-induced brain damage compared to non-carriers.

Neuroinflammation markers and methyl alcohol induced toxic brain damage.

Methyl alcohol intoxication is a global problem with high mortality and long-term visual sequelae and severe brain damage in survivors. The role of neuroinflammation in the mechanisms of methyl alcohol-induced toxic brain damage has not been well studied. We measured the acute concentrations and dynamics of lipoxins LxA4 and LxB4 and the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 in the serum of patients treated with methyl alcohol poisoning and the follow-up concentrations in survivors two years after discharge from the hospital. A series of acute measurements was performed in 28 hospitalized patients (mean age 54.2 ±â€¯5.2 years, mean observation time 88 ±â€¯20 h) and the follow-up measurements were performed in 36 subjects who survived poisoning (including 12/28 survivors from the acute group). Visual evoked potentials (VEP) and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (MRI) were performed to detect long-term visual and brain sequelae of intoxication. The acute concentrations of inflammatory mediators were higher than the follow-up concentrations: LxA4, 62.0 ±â€¯6.0 vs. 30.0 ±â€¯5.0 pg/mL; LxB4, 64.0 ±â€¯7.0 vs. 34.0 ±â€¯4.0 pg/mL; IL-4, 29.0 ±â€¯4.0 vs. 15.0 ±â€¯1.0 pg/mL; IL-5, 30.0 ±â€¯4.0 vs. 13.0 ±â€¯1.0 pg/mL; IL-9, 30.0 ±â€¯4.0 vs. 13.0 ±â€¯1.0 pg/mL; IL-10, 38.0 ±â€¯5.0 vs. 16.0 ±â€¯1.0 pg/mL; IL-13, 35.0 ±â€¯4.0 vs. 14.0 ±â€¯1.0 pg/mL (all p < 0.001). The patients with higher follow-up IL-5 concentration had prolonged latency P1 (r = 0.413; p = 0.033) and lower amplitude N1P1 (r = -0.498; p = 0.010) of VEP. The higher follow-up IL-10 concentration was associated with MRI signs of brain necrotic damage (r = 0.533; p = 0.001) and brain hemorrhage (r = 0.396; p = 0.020). Our findings suggest that neuroinflammation plays an important role in the mechanisms of toxic brain damage in acute methyl alcohol intoxication.

Progressive Chronic Retinal Axonal Loss Following Acute Methanol-induced Optic Neuropathy: Four-Year Prospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: To study the dynamics and clinical determinants of chronic retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) loss after methanol-induced optic neuropathy. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: All patients underwent complete ophthalmic evaluation including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography 3 times during 4 years of observation: 4.9 (±0.6), 25.0 (±0.6), and 49.9 (±0.5) months after discharge. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-four eyes of 42 survivors of methanol poisoning, mean age (standard deviation) of 45.7 (±4.4) years; and 82 eyes of 41 controls, mean age 44.0 (±4.2) years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Global and temporal RNFL loss. RESULTS: Abnormal RNFL thickness was registered in 13 of 42 (31%) survivors of methanol poisoning and chronic axonal loss in 10 of 42 (24%) patients. Significant decrease of global/temporal RNFL thickness during the observation period was found in the study population compared to the controls (P < .001). The risk estimate of chronic global RNFL loss for arterial blood pH < 7.3 at admission was 11.65 (95% confidence interval 1.91-71.12) after adjusting for age and sex. The patients with chronic axonal degeneration demonstrated progressive visual loss in 7 of 10 cases. The patients with abnormal RNFL thickness had magnetic resonance signs of brain damage in 10 of 13 vs 8 of 29 cases with normal RNFL thickness (P = .003). Signs of brain hemorrhages were present in 7 of 13 patients with abnormal RNFL thickness vs 5 of 29 cases with normal RNFL thickness (P = .015). CONCLUSIONS: Methanol-induced optic neuropathy may lead to chronic retinal axonal loss during the following years. Arterial blood pH on admission is the strongest predictor of chronic RNFL thickness decrease. Chronic retinal neurodegeneration is associated with the progressive loss of visual functions and necrotic brain lesions.

Combined treatment of primary vitreoretinal lymphomas significantly prolongs the time to first relapse.

BACKGROUND: Vitreoretinal lymphomas belong to the family of central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas. The optimal approach for the treatment of isolated primary vitreoretinal lymphoma is unclear because of the lack of large comparative clinical series. Combination of intravitreal and systemic chemotherapy is recommended in many reports. The aim of our retrospective study was to compare the survival rate and prognosis of patients with vitreoretinal lymphoma with and without CNS involvement. METHODS: Twenty patients with vitreoretinal lymphomas were observed between the years 2004and2016, 10 patients with primary vitreoretinal lymphoma and 10 with primary CNS lymphoma. To compare survival rates, we included 53 patients diagnosed with primary CNS lymphoma without vitreoretinal involvement between the years 2002and2011 from our haemato-oncology department. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rate was estimated 71% in patients with vitreoretinal lymphoma in our observation. Significantly longer 5-year overall survival (P˂0.01) was observed in patients with vitreoretinal lymphoma compared with patients with primary CNS lymphoma without vitreoretinal involvement. Progression-free survival was almost equal in both groups of patients with primary vitreoretinal lymphoma and primary CNS lymphoma (P=0.363). The relapse of lymphoma was frequent (50%-60%) with the median time to first relapse of 31 months. Combined treatment (local and systemic) in patients without CNS involvement significantly prolonged progression-free survival in our study (P˂0.05). CONCLUSION: Combined treatment of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma significantly delays the relapse of lymphoma compared with local therapy alone. Intraocular involvement brings significant positive prognostic value when overall survival is compared.

The Microbiota Determines Susceptibility to Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis.

The microbiota is a crucial modulator of the immune system. Here, we evaluated how its absence or reduction modifies the inflammatory response in the murine model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). We induced EAU in germ-free (GF) or conventionally housed (CV) mice and in CV mice treated with a combination of broad-spectrum antibiotics either from the day of EAU induction or from one week prior to induction of disease. The severity of the inflammation was assessed by fundus biomicroscopy or by histology, including immunohistology. The immunophenotyping of T cells in local and distant lymph nodes was performed by flow cytometry. We found that GF mice and mice where the microbiota was reduced one week before EAU induction were protected from severe autoimmune inflammation. GF mice had lower numbers of infiltrating macrophages and significantly less T cell infiltration in the retina than CV mice with EAU. GF mice also had reduced numbers of IFN-γ and IL-17-producing T cells and increased numbers of regulatory T cells in the eye-draining lymph nodes. These data suggest that the presence of microbiota during autoantigen recognition regulates the inflammatory response by influencing the adaptive immune response.

The critical points in induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune uveitis is a leading cause of visual impairment in developed countries in patients of working age. Animal models of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) have been established to serve as a useful template for novel therapeutic approaches. METHODS: Experimental autoimmune uveitis is induced in C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous application of interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein in complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis toxin. Clinical and histological grading is used to assess the inflammation intensity of EAU. RESULTS: The protocol of induction of EAU in mice hides several important aspects, which are crucial for developing the disease. These details have to be addressed to ensure reproducible disease induction. We describe our experience in establishing the model by pointing out the critical steps in EAU protocol which we found important. CONCLUSION: The mouse model of EAU has practical value for preclinical studies, is robust and well established. However, the induction of inflammation of the eye can be quite challenging when important details of the protocol are not recognized and adhered to.