Comparative impact of replacing fish meal with azolla on growth, water quality, and physiology of red tilapia fingerlings at varying salinities.

A 210-day experiment to assess the efficacy of substituting azolla plant powder at levels of 0, 20, 40, and 60% for fish meal on red tilapia fingerlings (RTF, initial weight of 18.23 ± 0.12 g) performance under salinity levels of 5, 18, and 28ppt. Among the various conditions, RTF-fed 20% azolla at 28 and 5ppt salinity showcased the highest specific growth rate (SGR), whereas the lowest SGR was observed in fish-fed 60% azolla at 5ppt salinity. Upon azolla incorporation, noteworthy elevations in phytoplankton, zooplankton, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, NH3, and NO3 were noted and conversely, azolla introduction led to decreased NH4 and NO2 concentrations in all salinity levels. Further, a significant (p < 0.05) interaction between azolla levels and water salinity (S×A) significantly impacted the hematological parameters of RTF. The highest levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total protein (TP) were found in RTF-fed 20% azolla at 28ppt salinity, while the lowest CAT and TP levels occurred in RTF-fed 60% azolla at 5ppt salinity. The highest aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were recorded in the RTF group fed 60% azolla at 5ppt salinity, with the lowest values seen in the group given 20% azolla at 28ppt salinity. RTF fed a 20% azolla diet at 18ppt salinity exhibited the highest lysozyme value, in contrast to the lowest value observed in the RTF group fed the control diet at 18ppt salinity. In conclusion, this study recommends the utilization of azolla at inclusion levels ranging from 20 to 40%, as it has the potential to notably enhance the immune system and elevate the survival rate of RTF.

Rice bran extract mitigates depressive-like behavior in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis: Involvement of the gut-brain axis and Sirt1 signaling pathway.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients frequently suffer from depressive disorders as well. The present study was carried out to explore whether treatment with a standardized rice bran extract (RBE) could affect depression-like behavior in rats with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Male Wistar rats were treated with RBE (100 mg/kg/day; p.o.) for 2 weeks. During the second week, colitis was induced by feeding the rats with 5 % (w/v) DSS in drinking water. RBE protected against DSS-induced body weight loss as well as against the macro- and microscopic inflammatory changes of the colon. Additionally, RBE mitigated DSS-induced dysregulation in blood-brain barrier tight junctional proteins, preserved the hippocampal histopathological architecture and improved the animal behavior in the forced swimming test. This was associated with modulation of hippocampal oxidative stress marker; GSH as well as hippocampal pro-inflammatory mediators; NF-ĸB and IL-1ß. Treatment with RBE also led to a profound increase in the hippocampal levels of Sirt1, PGC-1α, Nrf2, and HO-1, which were drastically dropped by DSS. In conclusion, the study revealed the protective effect of RBE against DSS-induced depressive-like behavior through modulation of different parameters along the gut-brain axis and up-regulated the Sirt1/PGC-1α/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Effects of different levels of dietary lipids on growth performance, liver histology and cold tolerance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

This study evaluated the effects of different levels of dietary lipids on the growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and cold tolerance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings (7.33 ± 0.12 g fish-1). Four isonitrogenous (275 g kg-1 crude protein), isocaloric (18.5 MJ kg-1) diets containing a mixture of fish oil and corn oil (1:1 ratio) at different levels (70, 85, 110 and 130 g kg-1) were prepared and fed to Nile tilapia reared at a fixed water temperature 25 ± 1 °C for two months. After the feeding trial, the fish were exposed to a cold challenge. The best growth rates and feed utilization were achieved at 70 and 85 g kg-1 dietary lipid, whereas the lowest results were recorded at higher lipid levels (110 and 130 g kg-1). The ability of Nile tilapia to survive the acute cold stress was significantly improved as the lipid level increased from 70 to 110 g kg-1 and decreased with further increase in lipid levels. During the cold stress, saturated fatty acids (SFA) significantly decreased, while unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) tended to increase. Thus, this study demonstrates, to a certain level, that high dietary lipid levels have a positive effect on the cold tolerance of Nile tilapia fingerlings.

The effect of Spirulina algae on the immune response of SPF chickens to commercial inactivated Newcastle vaccine in poultry / El efecto del alga Spirulina sobre la respuesta inmune de pollos SPF inducida por la vacuna inactivada comercial contra la enfermedad de Newcastle

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Spirulina platensis (SP) powder supplementation on immune response in SPF chickens. For this purpose, 120 SPF chicks were randomly clustered into six groups consisting of 20 birds each which assigned to five groups vaccinated by commercial inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine at 21 days of age. The four groups were supplemented with 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g of SP per kg of ration at 7 day of age and other group as control treatment group. Control unvaccinated group still without any treatment. Individual blood samples were collected weekly from all groups, and NDV-HI antibodies were measured using Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. After 28 days post-vaccination, ten birds from all groups were challenged intramuscularly at a dose 0.5 mL/bird containing 106 EID50 of local NDV genotype VII. Challenge virus shedding was detected using real time qrt-PCR of oropharyngeal swabs that were collected from all challenged chicken groups of at 3, 5, 7 and 10 days post challenge. Obtained results showed that vaccinated groups of SPF-chickens either supplied with Spirulina or control treatment group induced positive serological response as NDV-HI antibody were measured in sera of immunized chicks (7.6, 8, 8.3, 8.9 and 7.4 log2, respectively) at 4 weeks post vaccination (WPV). Significant differences were observed at 2 WPV in the vaccinated SPF chickens consumed 1, 1.5 and 2 g of SP/kg of ration, compared to untreated vaccinated group (p<0.05). Immunized SPF chickens supplied with different SP concentration confer satisfactory protection against heterologous challenge virus (90 percent, 100 percent, 100 percent and 100 percent respectively), in contrast to untreated vaccinated chickens. Different percentages of reduction of viral shedding (55 percent, 65 percent, 76 percent and 87 percent) of treated vaccinated chickens with different concentration of SP were detected, despite untreated group were reduced 46 percent from total viral shedding. These findings suggest that dietary Spirulina has immune-stimulatory effects on the immune system of SPF chickens. One gram from SP per kg of ration was minimum recommended concentration that able to exhibit optimum immune response, increase protection against heterologous strains and able to reduce viral shedding(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de la suplementación con polvo de Spirulina platensis (SP) sobre la respuesta inmune en pollos SPF. Para este propósito se agruparon al azar 120 polluelos SPF en seis grupos de 20 aves cada uno, que se asignaron a cinco grupos vacunados con la vacuna comercial inactivada contra la enfermedad de Newcastle (ND) a los 21 días de edad. Cuatro grupos se suplementaron con 0,5; 1; 1,5 y 2 g de SP por kg de ración a los 7 días de edad, un grupo vacunado sin suplemento y un grupo sin ningún tratamiento. Semanalmente, se recogieron muestras de sangre individuales de todos los grupos y se midieron los anticuerpos hemaglutinantes contra el virus Newcastle (NDV-HI) mediante la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación (HI). 28 días después de la vacunación, fueron retadas diez aves de cada grupo por vía intramuscular a una dosis 106 EID50 del genotipo VII del NDV local en un volumen de 0,5 mL/ave. Se detectó la eliminación del virus mediante qrt-PCR en hisopos orofaríngeos que se recolectaron en todos los grupos a los 3, 5, 7 y 10 días después del reto. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los grupos vacunados de pollos y suplementados con Espirulina y el grupo de control vacunado, indujeron una respuesta serológica positiva cuando se determinaron los anticuerpos NDV-HI en los pollitos inmunizados (7,6; 8; 8,3; 8,9 y 7,4 log2 respectivamente) a las 4 semanas después de la vacunación (SPV). Se observaron diferencias significativas a las 2 SPV en los pollos vacunados que consumieron 1, 1,5 y 2 g de SP/kg de ración, en comparación con el grupo vacunado no tratado (p<0,05). Los pollos inmunizados que recibieron diferentes concentraciones de SP mostraron una protección satisfactoria contra el desafío heterólogo viral (90 por ciento, 100 por ciento y 100 por ciento respectivamente), en contraste con los pollos vacunados no tratados. Se observaron diferentes porcentajes de reducción de la diseminación viral (55 por ciento, 76 por ciento y 87 por ciento) entre los pollos vacunados tratados con diferente concentración de SP. En el grupo no tratado se redujo al 46 por ciento. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la Espirulina en la dieta tiene efectos inmunoestimuladores sobre el sistema inmunitario de los pollos. Un gramo de SP por kg de ración fue la concentración mínima recomendada para una respuesta inmune óptima, y de esta forma aumentar la protección contra las cepas heterólogas y disminuir la diseminación viral(AU)

Dietary lipid sources affect cold tolerance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, fatty acids composition and cold tolerance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings (7.00 ±â€¯0.50 g/fish). The fish were fed four isonitrogenous (28% crude protein), isocaloric (500 kcal/100 g) diets containing four lipid sources; fish oil (FO), corn oil (CO), coconut oil (COCO) or fish oil/ corn oil mixture (1:1 ratio) (oil mix). The diets were offered to the fish at a daily rate of 3% of their body weights (BW), twice a day for two months. After the feeding trial, the fish were exposed to decreasing water temperature from 25 °C until the appearance of death symptoms. The results revealed that FO-based diets (FO and oil mix) produced the best growth rates and feed efficiency, followed by corn oil diet, while COCO resulted in the lowest performance. Fish fed on CO and oil mix showed higher body unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and lower lethal temperature than those fed on FO- or COCO-based diets. These results indicate that cold shock can modify the lipid metabolism in Nile tilapia by lowering total body saturated fatty acids and raising n-6 and n-3 UFA. This finding suggests that the inclusion of high levels of plant oils in Nile tilapia feeds can enhance their cold tolerance.

Rice bran extract compensates mitochondrial dysfunction in a cellular model of early Alzheimer's disease.

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in brain aging and has emerged to be an early event in Alzheimer's disease (AD), contributing to neurodegeneration and the loss of physical abilities seen in patients suffering from this disease. We examined mitochondrial dysfunction in a cell culture model of AD (PC12APPsw cells) releasing very low amyloid-ß (Aß40) levels and thus mimicking early AD stages. Our data show that these cells have impaired energy metabolism, low ATP levels, and decreased endogenous mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, protein levels of PGC1α as well as of Mitofusin 1 were decreased. PC12APPsw cells also showed increased mitochondrial content, probably due to an attempt to compensate the impaired mitochondrial function. Recent data showed that stabilized rice bran extract (RBE) protects from mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo Pharmacol Res. (2013) 76C, 17-27. To assess the effect of RBE on mitochondrial function, we treated PC12APPsw cells for 24 h with RBE. Key components of RBE are oryzanols, tocopherols, and tocotrienols, all substances that have been found to exert beneficial effects on mitochondrial function. RBE incubation elevated ATP production and respiratory rates as well as PGC1α protein levels in PC12APPsw cells, thus improving the impaired mitochondrial function assessed in our cell culture AD model. Therefore, RBE represents to be a promising nutraceutical for the prevention of AD.

Rice bran extract protects from mitochondrial dysfunction in guinea pig brains.

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role in the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases and recent evidence suggests that food ingredients can improve mitochondrial function. In the current study we investigated the effects of feeding a stabilized rice bran extract (RBE) on mitochondrial function in the brain of guinea pigs. Key components of the rice bran are oryzanols, tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are supposed to have beneficial effects on mitochondrial function. Concentrations of α-tocotrienol and γ-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman (CEHC) but not γ-tocotrienol were significantly elevated in brains of RBE fed animals and thus may have provided protective properties. Overall respiration and mitochondrial coupling were significantly enhanced in isolated mitochondria, which suggests improved mitochondrial function in brains of RBE fed animals. Cells isolated from brains of RBE fed animals showed significantly higher mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels after sodium nitroprusside (SNP) challenge indicating resistance against mitochondrial dysfunction. Experimental evidence indicated increased mitochondrial mass in guinea pig brains, e.g. enhanced citrate synthase activity, increased cardiolipin as well as respiratory chain complex I and II and TIMM levels. In addition levels of Drp1 and fis1 were also increased in brains of guinea pigs fed RBE, indicating enhanced fission events. Thus, RBE represents a potential nutraceutical for the prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases.

Rice bran oil: preparation and evaluation of novel liquisolid and semisolid formulations.

Rice bran oil and its bioactive constituents have been reported to possess different health benefit effects. Rice bran oil-containing pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical formulae are dispensed and characterized to elucidate the impact of their properties on clinical applications. Liquisolid and semisolid formulations employing rice bran oil were dispensed and characterized. Semisolid formulae were characterized for organoleptic properties, rheological behavior, and physical stability, at zero time and after three months storage, at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Patch test of transdermal emollient creams and sunscreen was conducted in addition to evaluation of sensory attributes of emollient cream and sunscreen. Liquisolid formulations revealed flow and bulk density figures close to those reported as optimum acceptable values for powders. Semisolid formulations revealed adequate properties after three months of storage compared with zero time. Patch test showed safety of transdermal and emollient creams and sunscreen. Sensory evaluation of cosmetics showed satisfactory results. Results indicate the high potential of the formulated rice bran oil products regarding physical properties, stability, and acceptance by consumers. The formulae are simple to dispense, cost effective, and highly accepted by consumers. These facts pave the way for future clinical trials involving these products.

Immunohistochemical studies on the bovine lactating mammary gland (Bos taurus).

The study aimed to evaluate the validity of immunohistochemistry in the differential labeling of the diverse components of the lactating mammary gland. Paraffin-embedded sections of lactating bovine mammary glands were stained by conventional and histochemical techniques. Primary antibodies against S100, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connexin-43 (Cx43), cytokeratin-14 (Ck14), galactosyltransferase (GalTase), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were applied on paraffin sections. Strong cytoplasmic and nuclear S100 immunoreactivity was mainly expressed by alveolar epithelium and to a lesser variable extent by ductal epithelium. The Golgi zone of the epithelial cells expressed strong GalTase immunostaining. Myoepithelial cells displayed a strong immunostaining for α-SMA, Cx43 and Ck14, but not for S100. Vascular endothelium showed a moderate (for VEGF) to strong (for ACE) immunostaining. The presence of VEGF-immunoreactive mast cells within the interstitium may reflect their functional significance in angiogenesis, vascular permeability and migration of mononuclear leukocytes, suggesting their regulatory role in the secretory and immunological functions of the mammary glands.

Immunohistochemical studies on the poll gland of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the rutting season.

The poll glands are subcutaneous exocrine glands located on the back of the neck behind the ears in male camels. The function of poll glands is not well known, though they are thought to play a role during the rutting season. The presence, location and degree of immunolocalization of microfilaments and intermediate filament systems: actin and cytokeratins (Cks) and also S100 protein were studied in the poll glands in sexually mature one-humped camels during the rutting season. These proteins were variably expressed between the epithelia, perialveolar, interalveolar tissue and the periductal tissue. Strong α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunoreactivity (IR) was displayed by the perialveolar myoepithelial cells, periductal and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but not in the epithelial cells. Cytokeratin (Ck)-IR was strong in the epithelial lining of the secretory alveoli and excretory ducts, however, the apical blebs of the secretory cells were almost negative. Weak to moderate Ck-IR was observed in the perialveolar myoepithelial cells, but not in the interalveolar tissue or endothelial cells. S100 protein was expressed variably in the epithelial lining of the secretory alveoli. S100-IR was more obvious in the supranuclear region and the apical blebs. Variable reaction was observed in the perialveolar myoepithelial cells, periductal and interductal tissue and endothelial cells.

Histological and immunohistochemical studies on the epididymal duct in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).

This study was conducted to underscore the spatial distribution of some biologically active proteins within the epididymal duct in the dromedary camel. Paraffin-embedded sections from different regions of epididymis were stained by conventional histological techniques and by immunohistochemistry. A battery of primary antibodies against six proteins (S100, alpha smooth muscle actin [α-SMA], connexin-43 [Cx43], galactosyltransferase [GalTase], angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) were used. The epididymal epithelium consisted of five cell populations: principal, basal, apical, dark, and halo cells. The histochemical findings indicated the absence of binding sites for VEGF and Cx43. The principal cells (PCs) showed variable immunoreactivity (IR) for ACE, S100, and GalTase throughout the whole length of the duct. The apical surfaces of most PCs (at the caput) and some PCs (at the corpus) exhibited intense ACE-IR, whereas those at the cauda displayed alternating negative and strong immunostaining. Similarly, moderate S100-IR was found in cytoplasm and nuclei of all PCs at the caput, few PCs at the corpus, and several PCs alternating with negative PCs at the cauda. In contrast, only some PCs showed weak to strong GalTase-IR in different regions. Apart from negative to weak positive S100-IR, basal cells failed to show IR for all other proteins. Apical cells displayed strong IR for ACE, S100, and GalTase with some regional differences. The peritubular and vascular smooth muscle cells revealed strong α-SMA-IR in all regions. In conclusion, the spatial distribution of different proteins in camel epididymis showed similarities and differences to other mammalian species. The region-specific topographic distribution of different proteins and cell types might indicate that the caput and cauda are metabolically more active than that of the corpus.