First diagnosis of severe coarctation of the aorta necessitating percutaneous intervention during pregnancy: a case report.

Background: Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a common congenital heart defect that affects about 3-4 in every 10 000 live births. Despite clear signs on clinical examination, the diagnosis is sometimes not made until adulthood. An increasing number of patients with CoA are reaching child-bearing age. Unrepaired CoA or severe recurrent stenosis during pregnancy is a significant concern, as it poses a high risk of maternal and foetal complications and even death. Case summary: A 21-year-old woman was referred to the cardiology department at 17 weeks' gestation for management of arterial hypertension and unexplained systolic murmur. She had been diagnosed with hypertension elsewhere the year before presentation, but unfortunately, this remained unexplored. She had been started on labetalol early in the pregnancy. Clinical examination showed a loud systolic heart murmur extending from parasternal to subclavicular and scapular areas. Pulses in the lower extremities were very weak, and blood pressure was slightly elevated with a significant gradient between the upper and lower extremities. Echocardiography showed remarkable absence of pulsatile flow in the abdominal aorta and narrowing just distal to the subclavian artery with typical diastolic tail pattern on suprasternal imaging. Cardiac magnetic resonance confirmed the presence of a severe coarctation distal to the subclavian artery and presence of multiple collaterals allocating this patient in the extremely high-risk category with a risk of up to 40%-100% of maternal cardiac event during pregnancy. An extensive multidisciplinary team meeting was convened. After initial medical optimization, increased claudication and signs of placental hypoperfusion necessitated an endovascular procedure under general anaesthesia at 23 weeks' gestation. A Bentley BeGraft Plus stent (16 × 38 mm) was successfully placed. Postoperative ultrasound showed biphasic placental perfusion and normalization of blood pressure and ankle-brachial indices. At 36 weeks' gestation, the patient gave birth to a healthy child. Discussion: Coarctation of the aorta should be considered in any young patient with arterial hypertension. Altered maternal haemodynamics during pregnancy resulted in severe symptomatic CoA and reduced placental flow necessitating percutaneous intervention during pregnancy. A multidisciplinary pregnancy heart team is essential for optimal treatment management in these high-risk patients.

Managing elderly patients with atrial fibrillation and multimorbidity: call for a systematic approach.

INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is often accompanied by comorbidities. Not only cardiovascular but also non-cardiovascular comorbidities have been associated with AF. Multimorbidity is therefore a common finding in patients with AF, especially in elderly patients. Multimorbidity is associated with adverse outcomes, adds complexity to AF management, and poses a significant burden on healthcare costs. It is expected that the prevalence of elderly patients with multimorbidity will increase significantly. It is therefore crucial to outline implications for clinical practice and guide comprehensive multimorbidity management. AREAS COVERED: This perspective article outlines multimorbidity in AF and the importance of comprehensive comorbidity management. It addresses current clinical practice guided by international guidelines and the need for integrated care including a patient-centered focus, comprehensive AF management, coordinated multidisciplinary care, and supporting technology. Moreover, it proposes a novel model of care delivery following a systematic approach to multimorbidity management. EXPERT OPINION: Providing comprehensive care by means of a multidisciplinary team and patient engagement is crucial to provide optimal personalized care for elderly patients with AF and multimorbidity. A systematic integrated care approach seems promising, but further studies are needed to investigate the feasibility of a systematic approach and prioritization of comorbidity management in patients with multimorbidity.

Smartphone app-based approximation of time spent with atrial fibrillation and symptoms in patients after catheter ablation: data from the TeleCheck-AF project.

AIMS: Reduction of atrial fibrillation (AF) burden is the preferred outcome measure over categorical AF rhythm recurrence after AF ablation. In this sub-analysis of the TeleCheck-AF project, we tested the feasibility of smartphone app-based approximation of time spent with AF and/or symptoms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients scheduled for at least one teleconsultation during the 12-month follow-up after AF ablation were instructed to use a smartphone photoplethysmography-based application for simultaneous symptom and rhythm monitoring three times daily for 1 week. Proxies of time spent with AF and/or symptoms (% recordings, load, and % days), temporal aggregation of AF and/or symptoms (density), and symptom-rhythm correlation (SRC) were assessed. In total, 484 patients (60% male, 62 ± 9.9 years) were included. Adherence, motivation, and patient satisfaction were high. %AF recordings, AF load, and %AF days (rs = 0.88-0.95) and %symptom recordings, symptom load, and %symptom days (rs = 0.95-0.98) showed positive correlations. The SRC correlated negatively with time spent with symptoms (rs = -0.65-0.90) and with time spent with AF (rs = -0.31-0.34). In patients with paroxysmal AF before ablation and AF during the monitoring period, 87% (n = 39/44) had a low-density score <50% ('paroxysmal AF pattern') while 5% (n = 2/44) had a high-density score >90% ('persistent AF pattern'). Corresponding numbers for patients with persistent AF before ablation were 48% (n = 11/23) and 43% (n = 10/23), respectively. CONCLUSION: On-demand, app-based simultaneous rhythm and symptom assessment provides objective proxies of time spent with AF and/or symptoms and SRC, which may assist in assessing AF and symptom outcomes after AF ablation.

Developing and Validating a Self-Care Self-Efficacy Scale for Oral Anticoagulation Therapy in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Oral anticoagulation therapy (OAC) is the cornerstone treatment for preventing venous thromboembolism and stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Despite its significance, challenges in adherence and persistence to OAC regimens have been reported, leading to severe health complications. Central to addressing these challenges is the concept of self-efficacy (SE) in medication management. Currently, there is a noticeable gap in available tools specifically designed to measure SE in OAC self-care management, while such tools are crucial for enhancing patient adherence and overall treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop and validate a novel scale aimed to measure self-care self-efficacy (SCSE) in patients with NVAF under OAC, which is the patients' Self-Care Self-Efficacy Index in Oral Anticoagulation Therapy Management (SCSE-OAC), for English- and Italian-speaking populations. We also seek to assess patients' SE in managing their OAC treatment effectively and to explore the relationship between SE levels and sociodemographic and clinical variables. METHODS: Using a multiphase, mixed methods observational study design, we first conceptualize the SCSE-OAC through literature reviews, patient focus groups, and expert consensus. The scale's content validity will be evaluated through patient and expert reviews, while its construct validity is assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, ensuring cross-cultural applicability. Criterion validity will be examined through correlations with clinical outcomes. Reliability will be tested via internal consistency and test-retest reliability measures. The study will involve adult outpatients with NVAF on OAC treatment for a minimum of 3 months, using both e-surveys and paper forms for data collection. RESULTS: It is anticipated that the SCSE-OAC will emerge as a reliable and valid tool for measuring SE in OAC self-care management. It will enable identifying patients at risk of poor adherence due to low SE, facilitating targeted educational interventions. The scale's validation in both English and Italian-speaking populations will underscore its applicability in diverse clinical settings, contributing significantly to personalized patient-centered care in anticoagulation management. CONCLUSIONS: The development and validation of the SCSE-OAC represent a significant advancement in the field of anticoagulation therapy. Validating the index in English- and Italian-speaking populations will enable personalized patient-centered educational interventions, ultimately improving OAC treatment outcomes. The SCSE-OAC's focus on SCSE introduces a novel approach to identifying and addressing individual patient needs, promoting adherence, and ultimately improving health outcomes. Future endeavors will seek to extend the validation of the SCSE-OAC across diverse cultural and linguistic landscapes, broadening its applicability in global clinical and research settings. This scale-up effort is crucial for establishing a universal standard for measuring SCSE in OAC management, empowering clinicians and researchers worldwide to tailor effective and culturally sensitive interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05820854; https://tinyurl.com/2mmypey7. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/51489.

Impact of risk factors on the incidence of tunneled dialysis catheter infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs) are important for hemodialysis in patients awaiting a permanent surgical solution, kidney transplantation or without feasible surgical access. Infection of a TDC is a common and severe complication, which often requires removal of the TDC and causes high morbidity and mortality. To date, several risk factors for TDC infections have been reported. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to provide an overview of currently known risk factors. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted, including all studies describing patient-, catheter-, and dialysis-related risk factors for TDC infections. In case sufficient data was available for a risk factor, a meta-analysis with random effects model was performed. RESULTS: Out of 1273 studies, 30 were included describing a total of 71 risk factors. A meta-analysis was conducted for 26 risk factors. The average incidence of TDC infections was 1.16 ± 0.70/1000 catheter days. Diabetes (odds ratio, OR 1.96), coronary artery disease (OR 2.16), peripheral artery disease (OR 2.28), history of sepsis (OR 2.79), and the number of prior TDCs (OR 1.24) were the most significant risk factors for infection. CONCLUSION: Several risk factors are associated with increased TDC infection rates. Most of these risk factors are also linked with infection in other populations and most likely reflect the general frailty of hemodialysis patients. The association between many risk factors and TDC infections was often unclear due to the low number of studies available. Additional large cohort studies are necessary to demonstrate the relevance of these risk factors.

Murine orthotopic lung transplant models: A comprehensive overview of genetic mismatch degrees and histopathological insights into chronic lung allograft dysfunction.

Currently, lung transplantation outcome remains inferior compared to other solid organ transplantations. A major cause for limited survival after lung transplantation is chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Numerous animal models have been developed to investigate chronic lung allograft dysfunction to discover adequate treatments. The murine orthotopic lung transplant model has been further optimized over the last years. However, different degrees of genetic mismatch between donor and recipient mice have been used, applying a single, minor, moderate, and major genetic mismatch. This review aims to reassess the existing murine mismatch models and provide a comprehensive overview, with a specific focus on their eventual histopathological presentation. This will be crucial to leverage this model and tailor it according to specific research needs.

Clinical service organisation for adults with atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an increasingly prevalent heart rhythm condition in adults. It is considered a common cardiovascular condition with complex clinical management. The increasing prevalence and complexity in management underpin the need to adapt and innovate in the delivery of care for people living with AF. There is a need to systematically examine the optimal way in which clinical services are organised to deliver evidence-based care for people with AF. Recommended approaches include collaborative, organised multidisciplinary, and virtual (or eHealth/mHealth) models of care. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of clinical service organisation for AF versus usual care for people with all types of AF. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL to October 2022. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO ICTRP to April 2023. We applied no restrictions on date, publication status, or language. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), published as full texts and as abstract only, involving adults (≥ 18 years) with a diagnosis of any type of AF. We included RCTs comparing organised clinical service, disease-specific management interventions (including e-health models of care) for people with AF that were multicomponent and multidisciplinary in nature to usual care. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three review authors independently selected studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data from the included studies. We calculated risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous data and mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects analyses. We then calculated the number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) using the RR. We performed sensitivity analyses by only including studies with a low risk of selection and attrition bias. We assessed heterogeneity using the I² statistic and the certainty of the evidence according to GRADE. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalisation. The secondary outcomes were cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular hospitalisation, AF-related emergency department visits, thromboembolic complications, minor cerebrovascular bleeding events, major cerebrovascular bleeding events, all bleeding events, AF-related quality of life, AF symptom burden, cost of intervention, and length of hospital stay. MAIN RESULTS: We included 8 studies (8205 participants) of collaborative, multidisciplinary care, or virtual care for people with AF. The average age of participants ranged from 60 to 73 years. The studies were conducted in China, the Netherlands, and Australia. The included studies involved either a nurse-led multidisciplinary approach (n = 4) or management using mHealth (n = 2) compared to usual care. Only six out of the eight included studies could be included in the meta-analysis (for all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalisation, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular hospitalisation, thromboembolic complications, and major bleeding), as quality of life was not assessed using a validated outcome measure specific for AF. We assessed the overall risk of bias as high, as all studies had at least one domain at unclear or high risk of bias rating for performance bias (blinding) in particular. Organised AF clinical services probably result in a large reduction in all-cause mortality (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.89; 5 studies, 4664 participants; moderate certainty evidence; 6-year NNTB 37) compared to usual care. However, organised AF clinical services probably make little to no difference to all-cause hospitalisation (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.02; 2 studies, 1340 participants; moderate certainty evidence; 2-year NNTB 101) and may not reduce cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.35 to 1.19; 5 studies, 4564 participants; low certainty evidence; 6-year NNTB 86) compared to usual care. Organised AF clinical services reduce cardiovascular hospitalisation (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.96; 3 studies, 3641 participants; high certainty evidence; 6-year NNTB 28) compared to usual care. Organised AF clinical services may have little to no effect on thromboembolic complications such as stroke (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.77; 5 studies, 4653 participants; low certainty evidence; 6-year NNTB 588) and major cerebrovascular bleeding events (RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.97; 3 studies, 2964 participants; low certainty evidence; 6-year NNTB 556). None of the studies reported minor cerebrovascular events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Moderate certainty evidence shows that organisation of clinical services for AF likely results in a large reduction in all-cause mortality, but probably makes little to no difference to all-cause hospitalisation compared to usual care. Organised AF clinical services may not reduce cardiovascular mortality, but do reduce cardiovascular hospitalisation compared to usual care. However, organised AF clinical services may make little to no difference to thromboembolic complications and major cerebrovascular events. None of the studies reported minor cerebrovascular events. Due to the limited number of studies, more research is required to compare different models of care organisation, including utilisation of mHealth. Appropriately powered trials are needed to confirm these findings and robustly examine the effect on inconclusive outcomes. The findings of this review underscore the importance of the co-ordination of care underpinned by collaborative multidisciplinary approaches and augmented by virtual care.

Measurement properties of utility-based health-related quality of life measures in cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention programs: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: To identify utility-based patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention programs (CR) and appraise existing evidence on their measurement properties. Secondly, to link their items to the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Consortium of Health Outcome Measures (ICHOM) domains for cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: Eight databases were searched. The review followed the COSMIN and JBI guidelines for measurement properties systematic reviews and PRISMA 2020 reporting guidelines. Non-experimental and observational empirical studies of patients ≥ 18 years of age with CVD undergoing CR and assessed quality of life (QoL) or HRQoL using utility-based PROMs or one accompanied by health state utilities were included. RESULTS: Nine PROMs were identified with evidence on measurement properties for three measures: the German translations of SF-12, EQ-5D-5L, and MacNew heart disease HRQoL questionnaire. There was moderate quality evidence for responsiveness and hypothesis testing of the SF-12 and EQ-5D-5L, and high-quality evidence for responsiveness and hypothesis testing for the MacNew. All items of SF-12 and EQ-5D were linked to ICF categories, but four items of the MacNew were not classified or defined. All the PROM domains were mapped onto similar constructs from the ICHOM global sets. CONCLUSION: Three utility-based PROMs validated in CR were identified: the German versions of the EQ-5D and SF-12 and the MacNew questionnaire. These PROMs are linked to a breadth of ICF categories and all ICHOM global sets. Additional validation studies of PROMs in CR are required.

Care biography: A concept analysis.

In this article, we investigate how the concept of Care Biography and related concepts are understood and operationalised and describe how it can be applied to advancing our understanding and practice of holistic and person-centred care. Walker and Avant's eight-step concept analysis method was conducted involving multiple database searches, with potential or actual applications of Care Biography identified based on multiple discussions among all authors. Our findings demonstrate Care Biography to be a novel overarching concept derived from the conjunction of multiple other concepts and applicable across multiple care settings. Concepts related to Care Biography exist but were more narrowly defined and mainly applied in intensive care, aged care, and palliative care settings. They are associated with the themes of Meaningfulness and Existential Coping, Empathy and Understanding, Promoting Positive Relationships, Social and Cultural Contexts, and Self-Care, which we used to inform and refine our concept analysis of Care Biography. In Conclusion, the concept of Care Biography, can provide a deeper understanding of a person and their care needs, facilitate integrated and personalised care, empower people to be in control of their care throughout their life, and help promote ethical standards of care.

Surgical treatment of thymic epithelial tumors: a narrative review.

Background and Objective: Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are scarce neoplasms of the prevascular mediastinum. Included in this diverse category of lesions are thymomas and thymic carcinomas (TCs). Surgery is the mainstay of treatment of tumors that are deemed resectable. However, up till now, optimal surgical access has been a subject of debate. The advent of new techniques, such as video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS), challenged the median sternotomy which was traditionally considered the access of choice. This review aims to demonstrate the current evidence concerning the surgical treatment of TET and to enlighten other controversial issues about surgery. Methods: PubMed research was conducted using the terms [surgery] AND [thymic epithelial tumors] OR [thymomas] and [surgical treatment] AND [thymic epithelial tumors] OR [thymomas]. Papers concerning pediatric cases and non-English literature papers were excluded. Individual case reports were also excluded. Key Content and Findings: Minimally invasive surgical techniques (MIST) such as VATS and RATS are increasingly applied in early-stage TET. Although numerous published studies have demonstrated better perioperative outcomes in early-stage TET, long-term follow-up data are still required to demonstrate the oncological equivalent of MIST to open surgery. Resection of stage III TET is more challenging. Thymectomy can be expanded en bloc to include the major vascular structures, lung, pleura, phrenic, or vagus nerve in these individuals. There is no agreement on the ideal surgical access and traditionally these patients underwent open sternotomy, sometimes combined with a thoracic access. Evidence concerning the treatment of stage IVA disease is mainly derived from retrospective case series which are highly heterogeneous in terms of the number of enrolled patients, histology, degree of pleural involvement, and timing of presentation. Conclusions: New techniques in the field of minimally invasive surgery are gaining acceptance for early-stage TET but longer follow-up periods are warranted to prove their oncological outcomes. On the contrary, these techniques should be used cautiously in case of locally advanced tumors. Surgeons must not forget that the main objective is the complete resection of the lesion, which is one major predictive factor for increased survival.

Clinical effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation and barriers to completion in patients of low socioeconomic status in rural areas: A mixed-methods study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate cardiac rehabilitation utilisation and effectiveness, factors, needs and barriers associated with non-completion. DESIGN: We used the mixed-methods design with concurrent triangulation of a retrospective cohort and a qualitative study. SETTING: Economically disadvantaged areas in rural Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (≥18 years) referred to cardiac rehabilitation through a central referral system and living in rural areas of low socioeconomic status. MAIN MEASURES: A Cox survival model balanced by inverse probability weighting was used to assess the association between cardiac rehabilitation utilization and 12-month mortality/cardiovascular readmissions. Associations with non-completion were tested by logistic regression. Barriers and needs to cardiac rehabilitation completion were investigated through a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews and focus groups (n = 28). RESULTS: Among 16,159 eligible separations, 44.3% were referred, and 11.2% completed cardiac rehabilitation. Completing programme (HR 0.65; 95%CI 0.57-0.74; p < 0.001) led to a lower risk of cardiovascular readmission/death. Living alone (OR 1.38; 95%CI 1.00-1.89; p = 0.048), having diabetes (OR 1.48; 95%CI 1.02-2.13; p = 0.037), or having depression (OR 1.54; 95%CI 1.14-2.08; p = 0.005), were associated with a higher risk of non-completion whereas enrolment in a telehealth programme was associated with a lower risk of non-completion (OR 0.26; 95%CI 0.18-0.38; p < 0.001). Themes related to logistic issues, social support, transition of care challenges, lack of care integration, and of person-centeredness emerged as barriers to completion. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac rehabilitation completion was low but effective in reducing mortality/cardiovascular readmissions. Understanding and addressing barriers and needs through mixed methods can help tailor cardiac rehabilitation programmes to vulnerable populations and improve completion and outcomes.

A call for action to include psychosocial management into holistic, integrated care for patients with atrial fibrillation.

Contemporary management of atrial fibrillation (AF) has become increasingly complex. Therefore, strong efforts have been made during the past decade to develop models for structured, integrated care for patients with AF. These have also been incorporated in international guidelines for the management of patients with AF. However, implementation of integrated care approaches in daily clinical practice is scarce and far from optimal, and it may require a re-thinking of the structure of the healthcare system. The reasons for the poor implementation are many, from limited time and economic resources to deficits in postgraduate education of healthcare professionals, lack of involvement of patients in how integrated care should be designed, and fragmentation of the healthcare system. Moreover, patients' psychological challenges, which not only impact patients' adherence to treatment but, if untreated, increase their risk of morbidity, mortality, and poor quality of life, are not given sufficient attention. It is time to start a necessary discussion of what integrated care should be, what it should contain, and what is necessary to implement it in daily clinical practice.

Auranofin repurposing for lung and pancreatic cancer: low CA12 expression as a marker of sensitivity in patient-derived organoids, with potentiated efficacy by AKT inhibition.

BACKGROUND: This study explores the repurposing of Auranofin (AF), an anti-rheumatic drug, for treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) adenocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Drug repurposing in oncology offers a cost-effective and time-efficient approach to developing new cancer therapies. Our research focuses on evaluating AF's selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells, identifying RNAseq-based biomarkers to predict AF response, and finding the most effective co-therapeutic agents for combination with AF. METHODS: Our investigation employed a comprehensive drug screening of AF in combination with eleven anticancer agents in cancerous PDAC and NSCLC patient-derived organoids (n = 7), and non-cancerous pulmonary organoids (n = 2). Additionally, we conducted RNA sequencing to identify potential biomarkers for AF sensitivity and experimented with various drug combinations to optimize AF's therapeutic efficacy. RESULTS: The results revealed that AF demonstrates a preferential cytotoxic effect on NSCLC and PDAC cancer cells at clinically relevant concentrations below 1 µM, sparing normal epithelial cells. We identified Carbonic Anhydrase 12 (CA12) as a significant RNAseq-based biomarker, closely associated with the NF-κB survival signaling pathway, which is crucial in cancer cell response to oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that cancer cells with low CA12 expression are more susceptible to AF treatment. Furthermore, the combination of AF with the AKT inhibitor MK2206 was found to be particularly effective, exhibiting potent and selective cytotoxic synergy, especially in tumor organoid models classified as intermediate responders to AF, without adverse effects on healthy organoids. CONCLUSION: Our research offers valuable insights into the use of AF for treating NSCLC and PDAC. It highlights AF's cancer cell selectivity, establishes CA12 as a predictive biomarker for AF sensitivity, and underscores the enhanced efficacy of AF when combined with MK2206 and other therapeutics. These findings pave the way for further exploration of AF in cancer treatment, particularly in identifying patient populations most likely to benefit from its use and in optimizing combination therapies for improved patient outcomes.

The diagnosis and management of chronic lung allograft dysfunction.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) remains a life-threatening complication following lung transplantation. Different CLAD phenotypes have recently been defined, based on the combination of pulmonary function testing and chest computed tomography (CT) scanning and spurred renewed interests in differential diagnosis, risk factors and management of CLAD. RECENT FINDINGS: Given their crucial importance in the differential diagnosis, we will discuss the latest development in assessing the pulmonary function and chest CT scan, but also their limitations in proper CLAD phenotyping, especially with regards to patients with baseline allograft dysfunction. Since no definitive treatment exists, it remains important to timely identify clinical risk factors, but also to assess the presence of specific patterns or biomarkers in tissue or in broncho alveolar lavage in relation to CLAD (phenotypes). We will provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in risk factors and biomarker research in CLAD. Lastly, we will also review novel preventive and curative treatment strategies for CLAD. SUMMARY: Although this knowledge has significantly advanced the field of lung transplantation, more research is warranted because CLAD remains a life-threatening complication for all lung transplant recipients.

Patient journey mapping: emerging methods for understanding and improving patient experiences of health systems and services.

Patient journey mapping is an emerging field of research that uses various methods to map and report evidence relating to patient experiences and interactions with healthcare providers, services, and systems. This research often involves the development of visual, narrative, and descriptive maps or tables, which describe patient journeys and transitions into, through, and out of health services. This methods corner paper presents an overview of how patient journey mapping has been conducted within the health sector, providing cardiovascular examples. It introduces six key steps for conducting patient journey mapping and describes the opportunities and benefits of using patient journey mapping and future implications of using this approach.