Supply of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid changes rumen fiber digestibility and microbial composition.

The concept that fat supplementation impairs total-tract fiber digestibility in ruminants has been widely accepted over the past decades. Nevertheless, the recent interest in the dietary fatty acid profile to dairy cows enlightened the possible beneficial effect of specific fatty acids (e.g., palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids) on total-tract fiber digestibility. Because palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids are the main fatty acids present in ruminal bacterial cells, we hypothesize that the dietary supply of these fatty acids will favor their incorporation into the bacterial cell membranes, which will support the growth and enrichment of fiber-digesting bacteria in the rumen. Our objective in this experiment was to investigate how dietary supply of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid affect fiber digestion, bacterial membrane fatty acid profile, microbial growth, and composition of the rumen bacterial community. Diets were randomly assigned to 8 single-flow continuous culture fermenters arranged in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with four 11-d experimental periods. Treatments were (1) a control basal diet without supplemental fatty acids (CON); (2) the control diet plus palmitic acid (PA); (3) the control diet plus stearic acid (SA); and (4) the control diet plus oleic acid (OA). All fatty acid treatments were included in the diet at 1.5% of the diet (dry matter [DM] basis). The basal diet contained 50% orchardgrass hay and 50% concentrate (DM basis) and was supplied at a rate of 60 g of DM/d in 2 equal daily offers (0800 and 1600 h). Data were analyzed using a mixed model considering treatments as fixed effect and period and fermenter as random effects. Our results indicate that PA increased in vitro fiber digestibility by 6 percentage units compared with the CON, while SA had no effect and OA decreased fiber digestibility by 8 percentage units. Oleic acid decreased protein expression of the enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase compared with CON and PA, while fatty acid synthase was reduced by PA, SA, and OA. We observed that PA, but not SA or OA, altered the bacterial community composition by enhancing bacterial groups responsible for fiber digestion. Although the dietary fatty acids did not affect the total lipid content and the phospholipid fraction in the bacterial cell, PA increased the flow of anteiso C13:0 and anteiso C15:0 in the phospholipidic membrane compared to the other treatments. In addition, OA increased the flow of C18:1 cis-9 and decreased C18:2 cis-9,cis-12 in the bacterial phospholipidic membranes compared to the other treatments. Palmitic acid tended to increase bacterial growth compared to other treatments, whereas SA and OA did not affect bacterial growth compared with CON. To our knowledge, this is the first research providing evidence that palmitic acid supports ruminal fiber digestion through shifts in bacterial fatty acid metabolism that result in changes in growth and abundance of fiber-degrading bacteria in the microbial community.

Suplementação com farelo de girassol para ovinos alimentados com silagem de bagaço de sorgo sacarino / Sunflower meal supplementation to wethers fed sorghum bagasse silage

Seis ovinos Texel × Corriedale (43,6±4,4kg de peso corporal (PC)), alimentados ad libitum com silagem de bagaço de sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. saccharatum), foram usados em um experimento em duplo Quadrado Latino 3×3 para avaliar o efeito nutricional da suplementação com níveis de farelo de girassol (0, 7 ou 14g kg-1 de PC). Uma solução (8%, p/v) de ureia e sulfato de amônio (9:1, respectivamente) foi misturada à silagem no momento do fornecimento aos animais, em todos os tratamentos, numa proporção de 50ml de solução kg-1 de silagem. O consumo total de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), assim como o consumo de MS da silagem e de MO digestível, foram positivamente afetados (P<0,05) pelo aumento da suplementação com farelo de girassol. A digestibilidade da FDN não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, enquanto que a digestibilidade aparente da MS e da MO foi linearmente (P<0,05) incrementada pela suplementação. A eficiência de síntese proteica microbiana ruminal não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos, enquanto que o consumo, a digestibilidade, a excreção urinária e a retenção de N, assim como a síntese de proteína microbiana ruminal, foram linearmente e positivamente afetados pela suplementação (P<0,05). Em conclusão, a suplementação com farelo de girassol impacta positivamente a utilização da silagem de bagaço de sorgo sacarino e a oferta de nutrientes para ovinos.

Six Texel × Polwarth (43.6±4.4kg of body weight (BW)) wethers fed ad libitum sorghum bagasse silage (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. saccharatum) were used in a replicated 3×3 Latin Square experiment to evaluate the nutritional effect of supplementing levels of sunflower meal (0, 7 or 14g kg-1 de BW). In all treatments the urea plus ammonium sulphate (9:1, respectively) solution (8%, p/v) was mixed to silage at feeding at a rate of 50ml k-1g of silage. Total dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC) intake, as well as DM intake from silage and digestible OM intake were positively affected (P<0.05) by increased levels of sunflower meal supplementation. The NDF digestibility was not affected by treatments whereas the apparent DM and OM digestibility were linearly increased (P<0.05) due supplementation. The efficiency of ruminal microbial protein synthesis was not affected by treatments whereas N intake, digestibility, urinary excretion and retention as well as rumen microbial protein synthesis increased linearly (P<0.05) at increased levels of supplementation. In conclusion, sunflower meal supplementation positively impacts sorghum silage utilization and nutrients supply to wethers.

Fracionamento dos carboidratos de silagens de milho safrinha colhidas em diferentes alturas de corte / Carbohydrates fractioning of late crop corn silages harvested at different cutting height

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se há alteração na composição dos carboidratos de silagens de milho safrinha quando colhidas nas alturas de corte (AC) de 20, 45, 70 e 95cm acima do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento completamente casualizado, com quatro unidades experimentais (minisilos) por tratamento. A matéria seca aumentou linearmente (MS=27,25+0,06928*AC, onde: R²=0,82 e P<0,01) com a elevação da AC pela maior proporção de grãos e menor proporção de colmo na massa ensilada. Os valores de fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp) e lignina (LDA) diminuíram com a elevação na AC, FDNcp=43,75-0,08411*AC (R²=0,47 e P<0,01) e LDA=6,983-0,03156*AC (R²=0,49 e P<0,01), respectivamente. O teor de carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF=41,57+0,07861*AC, onde: R²=0,54 e P<0,01) e a fração B1 dos carboidratos (B1=27,16+0,1239*AC, em que: R²=0,66 e P<0,01) aumentaram com a elevação da AC. O cultivo de milho durante a época denominada safrinha na região Sul do Brasil proporciona a produção de silagem de alta qualidade por apresentar alto teor de amido e baixo de fibra em detergente neutro. A elevação na altura de corte das plantas de milho altera a distribuição dos carboidratos aumentando a proporção de amido e reduzindo o teor de fibras e lignina na silagem.

The objective was to verify if there are changes in the carbohydrates composition of late crop corn silages harvested at 20, 45, 70 and 95cm of cutting height (CH). The research was conducted in a randomized entirely design with four replications (mini-silos) per treatment. The dry matter content increased linearly DM=27.25+0.06928*CH (R²=0.82 and P<0.01) with the CH elevation due to the larger grain proportion in the ensiled mass. The neutral detergent fiber corrected for ashes and protein (NDFap) and lignin (ADL) values lowered with the CH elevation, NDFap=43.75-0.08411*CH (R²=0.47 and P<0.01) and ADL=6.983-0.03156*CH (R²=0.49 and P<0.01), respectively. The carbohydrates B1=27.16+0.1239*CH (R²=0.66 and P<0.01) fraction and the non-fiber carbohydrates NFC=41.57+0.07861*CH (R²=0.54 and P<0.01) increased linearly with the CH elevation. The late corn cropping in the south region of Brazil lead to high quality silages, with high starch and low neutral detergent fiber values. The CH elevation in the corn plant changes the carbohydrates distribution, with higher starch and lower neutral detergent fiber and lignin values in the silage.