Relationships of Psychosocial Factors to Diabetes Self-efficacy: A Cross-sectional, Correlational Study.

BACKGROUND: Self-care in people with diabetes is poor, which could be influenced by positive and negative psychosocial factors. Self-efficacy is an important factor affecting self-care, and depressive symptoms and diabetes distress may directly and indirectly affect self-efficacy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the relationships of depressive symptoms, diabetes distress, age, sex, self-compassion, resilience, self-esteem, and social support to diabetes self-efficacy and the mediating roles of diabetes distress and depressive symptoms in the relationships among people with diabetes. METHODS: In this cross-sectional, correlational study, data on all the psychosocial and demographic factors were collected (N = 148; 57.6 years old) through Research Electronic Data Capture in 2023. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was used to address the purpose. RESULTS: The mean score of diabetes self-efficacy was 28.6 (range, 8-40). In 1 model, depressive symptoms were directly and indirectly associated with diabetes self-efficacy through diabetes distress (direct effect, -3.524; t = -3.020, P = .003; indirect effect, -2.089; 95% bootstrap confidence interval, -3.494 to -0.911). In another model, diabetes distress was directly and indirectly associated with diabetes self-efficacy through depressive symptoms (direct effect, -3.778; t = -3.638, P < .001; indirect effect, -0.785; 95% bootstrap confidence interval, -1.868 to -0.089). In addition, self-esteem was associated with both depressive symptoms and diabetes distress. Resilience was associated with diabetes self-efficacy in 1 model. CONCLUSIONS: Negative psychological factors were directly and indirectly associated with diabetes self-efficacy. Depressive symptoms, diabetes distress, self-esteem, and resilience can be important targets of interventions to improve diabetes self-efficacy.

Relationships of multidimensional factors to self-management in patients with diabetes: A Cross-sectional, correlational study.

Poor self-management in patients with diabetes is a consistent issue, leading to diabetes complications. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of demographic, cognitive, psychological, social, and physiological factors to self-management in patients with diabetes. In this cross-sectional, correlational study, data were collected from 98 patients through REDCap in 2023. Multiple regression analysis was used to address the study purpose. In the sample, adherence to adequate self-management was poor. Knowledge, self-efficacy, and body mass index (BMI) were associated with overall diabetes self-management. Self-efficacy and BMI were associated with diet and exercise. Knowledge and self-efficacy were associated with blood glucose testing. No factors were associated with smoking and foot care. In conclusion, different factors were associated with different types of self-management, but BMI and self-efficacy were associated with most types of self-management. Clinicians and researchers can target BMI, self-efficacy, and knowledge to improve self-management in patients with diabetes.

Psychometric Properties of the Advance Care Planning Engagement Survey-9 in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases.

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Advance Care Planning Engagement Survey-9 Korean version in patients with cardiovascular diseases or metabolic syndrome. In this cross-sectional study, data on advance care planning engagement, registration of advance directives and the intention, and sociodemographic characteristics were collected from 105 patients (mean age, 66.3 years) at 4 medical institutions. Cronbach α was used to test the reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis and independent t tests were used to test the validity. Cronbach α s for the total scale and the self-efficacy and readiness dimensions were .93, .82, and .97, respectively. In confirmatory factor analysis with 2 factors, all indices of model fit were acceptable: comparative fit index, 0.995; Tucker-Lewis index, 0.989; standardized root-mean-square residual, 0.024; root-mean-square error of approximation, 0.059; and factor loadings > 0.65. Patients who registered advance directives ( P < .001) or had the intention ( P < .001) had higher scores of the Advance Care Planning Engagement Survey-9 Korean version than their counterparts. The findings demonstrate that the Advance Care Planning Engagement Survey-9 Korean version was a reliable and valid instrument. Health care providers, including nurses, can use this instrument to assess and manage advance care planning engagement in Korean patients with cardiovascular diseases or metabolic syndrome.

The moderating effect of attitudes in the relationship between knowledge and self-efficacy in palliative care among nurses: A cross-sectional, correlational study.

Provision of palliative care to patients with advanced chronic diseases or old populations is suboptimal, which results in unnecessary suffering of and burden to patients, caregivers, and society. Low self-efficacy in palliative care among nurses is a factor affecting suboptimal utilization of palliative care. Poor knowledge is a factor affecting low self-efficacy in palliative care of nurses. Attitudes may contribute to the relationship between knowledge and self-efficacy in palliative care, but these relationships have been rarely examined in nurses. This study aimed to determine whether nurses' attitudes moderate the relationship between knowledge and self-efficacy in palliative care. In a cross-sectional, correlational study, online or offline survey on self-efficacy, knowledge, attitudes, and covariates was conducted from 282 nurses in South Korea. PROCESS v4.1 for SPSS was used to address the study aim. Higher levels of knowledge (p = .048) and attitudes (p < .001), and the interaction term of knowledge and attitudes (p = .025) were significantly associated with higher levels of self-efficacy (F = 6.12, p < .001, R2 = .152), indicating the moderating effects of attitudes. The relationships between higher levels of knowledge and self-efficacy were significant only in nurses with highly and moderately positive attitudes (R2 change = .016, F = 5.11, p = .025), but not nurses with lack of positive attitudes. Our results supported the moderating role of nurses' attitudes in the relationship between knowledge and self-efficacy. To improve self-efficacy in palliative care in nurses, improvement in knowledge and facilitation of positive attitudes are needed.

Effects of Meditation Intervention on Self-management in Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes complications are prevalent and cause adverse effects on the physical, psychological, and economic status of adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Meditation may positively affect self-management and, in turn, reduce diabetes complications. However, the systematic examination of the effects of meditation without additional components on self-management in this population have been rarely examined. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of meditation interventions on self-management (ie, control of glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol, and obesity and self-management) among adult patients with type 2 diabetes in randomized controlled trials. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, 6 electronic databases were searched using major keywords of meditation , diabetes , and self-management during March 2022. RESULTS: Eight studies (9 articles) using mindfulness-based meditation were included. The meta-analysis showed that meditation improved hemoglobin A 1c (effect size = -0.75; 95% confidence interval, -1.30 to -0.21; P = .007) but not fasting blood glucose. Only a few studies examined meditation effects on other types of self-management (eg, blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol, diet, exercise, foot care, and monitoring of blood glucose), and the effects were inconsistent. In 1 study, meditation improved diabetes self-management. CONCLUSIONS: Mindfulness-based meditation reduced hemoglobin A 1c levels in adult patients with type 2 diabetes but did not consistently improve other types of self-management in a few studies examined. This may imply the need for additional intervention components to improve different types of self-management. Further studies are needed to examine the effects of different types of meditations with additional components on different types of self-management.

Factors associated with utilization of student-centered pedagogy by nurse educators.

BACKGROUND: Despite suboptimal level of the utilization of student-centered pedagogy, multidimensional, modifiable factors associated with the utilization have been rarely examined among nurse educators. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the utilization status of student-centered pedagogy and factors associated with the utilization by nurse educators. METHODS: Data on student-centered pedagogy utilization, knowledge, beliefs in effectiveness, stress, coping, support, degree earned, teaching experiences, and other demographic characteristics were analyzed using multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: The status of the student-centered pedagogy utilization was moderate, and knowledge was consistently associated with the utilization in the total sample (N = 108) and in both subgroups (≤50 vs. >50 years old). Beliefs in effectiveness were associated with the utilization only in the age > 50 years old group. CONCLUSIONS: Nurse educators need to develop and deliver interventions to facilitate the utilization of student-centered pedagogy through increase in knowledge and beliefs in effectiveness of student-centered pedagogy.

When a Child Dies by Suicide: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Study.

Suicide is a global concern for the well-being of families. When parents experience their child's death by suicide, their well-being can be substantially impaired. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of parents whose children died by suicide. Data were collected from 25 mothers through interviews between 2019 and 2021 and analyzed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. The data revealed five superordinate themes, including (1) who am I; (2) the unrelenting questions; (3) my existence on earth is brutal and cruel; (4) grief; and (5) the meaning. Each superordinate theme includes two to four supporting clusters. Parents' grief associated with a child's suicide is overwhelming and paralyzing but is often a journey to find the meaning or the reason for the death. Parents are traumatized and emotionally vulnerable. Healthcare providers need to support parents who lose their children to death by suicide.

A snapshot of patient experience of illness control after a hospital readmission in adults with chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 6.5 million adults have chronic heart failure (HF), the number one cause of 30-day hospital readmission. Managing HF and its symptoms is critical for patients. Hospitalization may impact patients' perceptions of illness control, which can affect illness management. However, how hospital readmissions are perceived as related to one's ability to control their HF and its symptoms has not been examined. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to explore the experiences of people with HF in managing their illness (i.e., illness control), understand their perceptions of illness control after recent hospital readmission, and clarify the concept of illness control in people with chronic HF. METHODS: A qualitative approach, applied thematic analysis was employed. Purposive sampling was used to identify participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 10 participants' homes. Ongoing, concurrent, and comparative data analysis was used with ATLASti© data management software. RESULTS: Two themes were identified, strategies to control HF and barriers to controlling HF. Strategies to control HF included four subthemes: managing dietary intake and medications; self- advocacy; monitoring symptoms; and support. Barriers to control also had four subthemes: healthcare systems issues; health care professional relationships and interactions; personal characteristics; and knowledge deficits. CONCLUSION: People use many different strategies to control HF. Control comes from both within and outside of the individual. The desire to control HF and its symptoms was evident, but implementing strategies is challenging and takes time, experience, and trial and error. Individuals did not view readmission negatively but as necessary to help them control their symptoms.

Factors Associated With Changes in Patient-Centered Care in Undergraduate Nursing Students.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to examine active listening, self-awareness, and empathy and how they relate to changes in patient-centered care (PCC) in undergraduate nursing students. BACKGROUND: PCC is associated with better patient outcomes, but the level of PCC has been found to be low in nursing students. METHOD: This secondary analysis used baseline and follow-up data at two time points from 50 undergraduate nursing students. RESULTS: Changes in self-awareness were associated with changes in PCC directly (Follow-Up 1) or directly and indirectly through the effects on changes in empathy (Follow-Up 2), controlling for age, experience, and intervention. Changes in active listening were associated with changes in PCC only indirectly through the effect on changes in empathy only at Follow-Up 2. CONCLUSION: Changes in self-awareness and active listening need to be the first targets of interventions to improve PCC in undergraduate nursing students.

Factors Related to Patients' Self-care and Self-care Confidence in Korean Patients With Heart Failure and Their Caregivers: A Cross-sectional, Correlational Study.

BACKGROUND: The relationships of patient factors and caregiver contribution to patients' self-care to different types of self-care have been rarely examined in Korean patients with heart failure. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine patient (ie, age, depressive symptoms, and self-care confidence) and caregiver (ie, caregiver contribution to self-care maintenance and self-care management, and caregiver confidence in contributing to self-care) factors related to different types of self-care (ie, self-care maintenance, symptom perception, and self-care management) and self-care confidence in Korean patients with heart failure. METHODS: In this cross-sectional, correlational study, data from 41 pairs of patients (mean age, 68.0 years) and caregivers (mean age, 54.1 years) were collected and analyzed using multiple regression. RESULTS: Higher levels of self-care confidence in patients were related to higher levels of self-care maintenance in patients. Higher levels of self-care confidence in patients were related to higher levels of symptom perception. Higher levels of self-care confidence in patients and caregiver contribution to self-care maintenance were related to higher levels of self-care management. Less severe depressive symptoms in patients and higher levels of caregiver confidence in contributing to self-care were related to higher levels of self-care confidence. CONCLUSION: Different patient and caregiver factors were related to different types of self-care and self-care confidence in Korean patients, but patients' self-care confidence was related to all types of self-care. Clinicians and researchers need to develop and deliver effective interventions to both patients and their caregivers to improve patients' self-care confidence and, in turn, self-care, considering different factors associated with each type of self-care.

Factors associated with attitudes toward advance directives in nurses and comparisons of the levels between emergency nurses and palliative care nurses.

AIM: Little is known about attitudes toward advance directives and factors associated with them among emergency and palliative care nurses who often or daily face end-of-life circumstances. Thus, we aimed to compare the levels of attitudes toward advance directives, communication skills, knowledge about end-of-life care (knowledge), and awareness of the concept of a good death (good death awareness) between emergency and palliative care nurses, and to examine factors associated with attitudes toward advance directives in the total sample. METHODS: In this cross-sectional, correlational study, data were collected from 153 nurses (59 emergency and 94 palliative care nurses) at three tertiary hospitals using online or offline surveys and were analyzed using t-tests and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The levels of attitudes, communication skills, knowledge, and good death awareness were moderate in both groups. Attitudes in emergency compared to palliative care nurses were less positive (46.78 vs. 48.38; p = .044), and knowledge was significantly lower (13.64 vs. 15.00; p = .004). Communication skills and good death awareness between the two groups were similar. In the total sample, emergency practice (B = -1.59, p = .024), and lower levels of good death awareness (B = 0.30, p < .001), communication skills (B = 0.18, p = .001), and education (B = -2.84, p = .015) were associated with less positive attitudes (F = 9.52, p < .001; R2  = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate the need for improvements in attitudes, knowledge, communication skills, and good death awareness in both groups, especially emergency nurses. Two modifiable targets of interventions to improve nurses' attitudes were also noted.

Reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy in Palliative Care Scale among nurses.

OBJECTIVES: To provide appropriate palliative care, nurses should have appropriate level of self-efficacy in palliative care, but the levels among nurses were low. To improve the levels effectively, self-efficacy in palliative care should be assessed using reliable and valid instruments. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy in Palliative Care Scale in Korean nurses. METHODS: In this cross-sectional, observational study, 272 nurses (mean age: 30 years) were enrolled from 6 university-affiliated medical centers or community hospitals in South Korea. Data on self-efficacy and demographic characteristics were collected. Validity was assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (SPSS and Mplus). Reliability and homogeneity were assessed by Cronbach's alpha and item analyses (SPSS), respectively. RESULTS: The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the 4-factor structure (communication, assessment and symptom management, psychosocial and spiritual management of patient and family, and multiprofessional teamworking) with factor loadings >.60 and with good model fit: root mean square error of approximation =.07, Tucker-Lewis index =.94, comparative fit index =.95, and standardized root mean square residual =.04. Cronbach's alphas for the total scale and each of the subscales ranged from .883 to .965. The corrected item-total correlation coefficients of all items ranged from .61 to .90. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The findings of this study supported the reliability and validity of this instrument among Korean nurses. This instrument can be used to assess nurses' self-efficacy in palliative care and to test intervention effects on it.

Factors Associated with Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and the Intention among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional, Correlational Study.

PURPOSE: To examine factors associated with overall human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination status, completion of HPV vaccination, and intention to receive vaccination among nursing students. DESIGN: A Cross-sectional, correlational study. METHODS: Data from 86 students were analyzed using logistic and multiple regression. FINDINGS: Among knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, and recommendation, more positive attitudes and beliefs were the only factors associated with initiation and/or completion of HPV vaccination and the intention to receive HPV vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: More positive attitudes and beliefs need to be enhanced for HPV vaccination. CLINICAL EVIDENCE: Changes in attitudes and beliefs can be important targets of interventions to increase HPV vaccination.

Factors Affecting Turnover Intention among New Graduate Nurses: Focusing on Job Stress and Sleep Disturbance.

Despite the high prevalence of nurses' turnover and the turnover intention of new nurses, there are insufficient studies examining turnover intention at the time when job orientation is completed and independent nursing commences. Thus, this study examined turnover intention levels and identified the factors affecting turnover intention of new Generation Z nurses, focusing on job stress and sleep disturbance, at the eighth week after completing job orientation. This was a cross-sectional descriptive correlational study. Using a convenient sampling method, 133 new nurses were recruited. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of demographic and occupational characteristics, job stress, sleep disturbance, and turnover intention. Descriptive statistics were computed to describe the sample and interest variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association of job stress and sleep disturbance with turnover intention. Most nurses were women (91.7%) and approximately two-thirds worked in the surgical ward (n = 61, 45.9%). Turnover intention was 12.8%, average job stress was 40.11 ± 90.7, and average sleep disturbance was 42.39 ± 15.27. New graduate nurses' turnover intention was associated with job stress (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02-1.12) and sleep disturbance (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.05-1.35), and this model explained 47.7% of the variance. Study findings determine that job stress and sleep disturbance were significant predictors of turnover intention in new nurses at the eighth week after joining the hospital. Therefore, nursing administrators should focus on new nurses' job stress and sleep disturbance, and provide them with timely assessment and management to reduce turnover intention.

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Revised Self-Care of Heart Failure Index v7.2.

The psychometric properties of the Korean version of the revised Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) remain undetermined; therefore, we aimed to evaluate the construct and convergent validity and reliability of the Korean version of the SCHFI in Korean patients with heart failure (HF). Using a cross-sectional design, 207 patients with HF provided data on self-care and self-efficacy in self-care for this psychometric testing. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the construct validity of the Korean version with a three-factor structure: Self-Care Maintenance, Symptom Perception, and Self-Care Management. Convergent validity was supported by the significant relationships between self-efficacy and each scale of the Korean version of the SCHFI (r = .425-.549, p < .001). The reliability estimates were marginally adequate, with a Cronbach's alpha of .655 to .776, McDonald's omega of .710 to .836, and composite reliability coefficients of .704 to .834. The SCHFI was supported as a valid and reliable measure of self-care for Koreans with HF. However, the marginal levels of the Cronbach's alpha coefficients still require validation in a larger sample.

Testing of a health-related quality of life model in patients with heart failure: A cross-sectional, correlational study.

Psychological symptoms, physical symptoms, and behavioral factors can affect health-related quality of life (HRQOL) through different pathways, but the relationships have not been fully tested in prior theoretical models. The purpose of this study was to examine direct and indirect relationships of demographic (age), biological/physiological (comorbidity), psychological (depressive symptoms), social (social support), physical (physical symptoms and functional status), and behavioral (dietary sodium adherence) factors to HRQOL. Data from 358 patients with heart failure were analyzed using structural equation modeling. There was a good model fit: Chi-square = 5.488, p = .241, RMSEA = .032, CFI = .998, TLI = .985, and SRMR = .018. Psychological symptoms, physical symptoms, and demographic factors were directly and indirectly associated, while behavioral and biological/physiological factors were indirectly associated with HRQOL through different pathways. Behavioral factors need to be included, and psychological factors and physical factors need to be separated in theoretical models of HRQOL.

An instrument assessing attitudes and beliefs toward human papillomavirus vaccination.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of a brief attitudes and beliefs toward human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination instrument in college students. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study. SAMPLE: Eighty-six nursing students. MEASUREMENTS: The Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Human Papillomavirus Vaccination was used to test the reliability (Cronbach's alpha), homogeneity (item-analyses), and validity (factor analysis and correlations). RESULTS: The reliability of this 8-item instrument was supported by a Cronbach's alpha of .854. Item homogeneity was supported by coefficients for all items > .30. Convergent validity was supported by significant correlations of attitudes and beliefs assessed by this instrument to attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control assessed by different instruments (all ps < .001). Construct validity was supported by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (all factor loadings ≥ .40). Predictive validity was supported by a significant relationship of attitudes and beliefs to completion of the vaccination (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Questionnaire was a reliable and valid instrument. This short instrument can be used to assess and improve attitudes and beliefs toward HPV vaccination, and, in turn, to facilitate the completion of the vaccination.

Cognitive Function of Recipients of Primary or Secondary Defibrillator Therapy: A Comparative Study Involving Nondefibrillator Patients With Systolic Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: The extent to which cognitive function differs between patients who receive implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy and patients with heart failure (HF) who do not receive ICD therapy remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive function between patients with primary or secondary ICDs and patients with HF without an ICD. METHODS: This descriptive, comparative study included 116 patients who received ICDs and 74 patients with HF who did not receive ICDs. Patients underwent neuropsychological assessment for general cognition, memory, and executive function. RESULTS: Immediate recall memory loss (18.9%) occurred more often in patients with HF without an ICD than in patients with primary (3.1%) and secondary (7.1%) ICDs (P = .018). After adjusting for age and education, delayed recall memory of patients with HF without ICDs was significantly worse than that of patients with primary ICDs (4.0 vs 6.5; P < .001), whereas delayed recall memory of patients with primary ICDs was better than that of patients with secondary ICDs (6.0 vs 6.5; P = .006). Executive function of patients with HF without ICDs was significantly worse than that of patients with primary (35 vs 58 seconds; P < .001) and secondary (28 vs 58 seconds; P = .0012) ICDs. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ICDs, regardless of primary or secondary indication, had less impairment of memory and executive function than patients with HF without ICDs, implying that ICD therapy did not interfere with cognitive performance. Cognitive screening as a part of routine care could be helpful for identifying impairment and implementing early cognitive training, especially in patients with HF.

The Impact of Advance Directive Perspectives on the Completion of Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions in Patients with Heart Failure: A Prospective Study.

Evidence for non-modifiable and modifiable factors associated with the utilization of advance directives (ADs) in heart failure (HF) is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine baseline-to-3-month changes in knowledge, attitudes, and benefits/barriers regarding ADs and their impact on the completion of life-sustaining treatment (LST) decisions at 3-month follow-up among patients with HF. Prospective, descriptive data on AD knowledge, attitudes, and benefits/barriers and LSTs were obtained at baseline and 3-month follow-up after outpatient visits. Of 64 patients (age, 68.6 years; male, 60.9%; New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes I/II, 70.3%), 53.1% at baseline and 43.8% at 3-month follow-up completed LST decisions. Advanced age (odds ratio (OR) = 0.91, p = 0.012) was associated with less likelihood of the completion of LST decisions at 3-month follow-up, while higher education (OR = 1.19, p = 0.025) and NYHA class III/IV (OR = 4.81, p = 0.049) were associated with more likelihood. In conclusion, advanced age predicted less likelihood of LST decisions at 3 months, while higher education and more functional impairment predicted more likelihood. These results imply that early AD discussion seems feasible in mild symptomatic HF patients with poor knowledge about ADs, considering the non-modifiable and modifiable factors.

Experiences of and factors associated with dietary sodium adherence in heart failure from patients' and their caregivers' perspectives: A qualitative study.

This study explored experiences of dietary sodium adherence among patients with heart failure and their caregivers. Qualitative data were collected from 22 patients and 18 caregivers using an interview guide and were analyzed using content analysis. Four themes were (1) lack of adherence to low-sodium diet, (2) several barriers to dietary sodium adherence, (3) a few facilitators of dietary sodium adherence, and (4) distorted perceptions of dietary education from healthcare providers. The majority of patients had poor dietary sodium adherence. Distorted perceptions, insufficient knowledge, disadvantages of dietary sodium adherence, and lack of family support were barriers to dietary sodium adherence, and family support was a facilitator. The majority of patients received dietary education from their healthcare providers but had little knowledge about the detailed content and the connection to heart failure management. More effective interventions reflecting patients' and caregivers' dietary experiences need to be developed and delivered.