Effect of Artificial Diet on Immature Stage of the Great Eggfly, Hypolimnas bolina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae).

<b>Background and Objective:</b> One of the Nymphalidae butterfly species found in West Sumatra in <i>Hypolimnas bolina</i>. Currently, research on the artificial diet for the Nymphalidae butterfly is relatively rare in Padang, West Sumatra. The objectives of this study were to analyze the preferences of <i>H. bolina</i> larvae, duration of the immature stage and mortality of <i>H. bolina</i> in artificial diet treatment. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Some biological aspects of <i>H. bolina</i> in corresponding to artificial diet and its effect were investigated in the laboratory. <b>Results:</b> The result showed that there was no significant difference in the frequency of visits of the larvae in the two diet treatments namely natural (<i>Laportea interrupta</i> leaves) and artificial diets (Sig = 0.289, p>0.05) but the duration of the visit of <i>H. bolina</i> larvae was significantly different (Sig = 0.000, p<0.05). The visit duration of the immature stage of <i>H. bolina </i>was significantly different, except the prepupa and pupal stage. There was no mortality of instar larvae and prepupa stage observed in both of the two-diet treatments. However, the mortality of pupae in an artificial diet was 4%. Of the total of 24 individual larvae fed with artificial diet, all of them successfully emerged, consisted of 12 males and 12 females but there was one male with abnormal wings. The average living period in the artificial diet of imago was 14.82 days for males and 16.77 days for a female. The average larval weight was no significant difference (Sig = 0.981, p>0.05) but the average pupal weight of the natural diet was slightly higher than the artificial diet. <b>Conclusion:</b> The formulation of an artificial diet is suitable for <i>H. bolina</i> larvae based on the results of immature mortality and adult emergences. Therefore, the formulation of an artificial diet is suitable for <i>H. bolina</i> with its composition almost similar to <i>L. interrupta</i> leaves (natural diet).

Efficacy of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Ethanolic Leaf Extract Against German Cockroach (Blattella germanica L.).

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The ethanol extract of noni leaves (<i>Morinda citrifolia</i> L.) can be used as insecticides to control populations of German cockroaches that have been resistant to synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to determine the potency of the ethanol extract of noni leaves to kill and repel German cockroaches and affect the amount of food consumed. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The methods used in this study were the contact toxicity test, the repellency test and the food consumption test. The noni leaves extract and German cockroach populations were provided in the laboratory. <b>Results:</b> The noni leaves extract concentration of 20% (residue of 3.14 mg cm² ¹) was very effective in killing the standard population and effective in killing the field population of German cockroaches. The sub-lethal concentration noni leaves extract of 0.36% (residue 0.056 mg cm² ¹) and 1.08% (residue 0.169 mg cm² ¹) was very high grade as repellent of German cockroaches. The sub-lethal concentration of noni leaves extract did not inhibit the amount of food consumption in German cockroach populations. <b>Conclusion:</b> Leaves of noni plants can be used as bioinsecticides to control German cockroach populations that have been resistant to commercial insecticides.

Knemidokoptiasis in a Wild Bird, the Little Spiderhunter ( Arachnothera longirostra cinereicollis), in Sumatra, Indonesia.

We report knemidokoptiasis in a wild male Little Spiderhunter ( Arachnothera longirostra cinereicollis; family Nectariniidae; order Passeriformes) from Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia, in September 2017. Microscopic examination of a scraping from its leg lesion revealed the presence of Knemidocoptes jamaicensis as the cause of the condition.

The trap-jaw ant genus Odontomachus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Sumatra, with a new species description.

The ant genus Odontomachus Latreille is reviewed for Sumatra, the sixth largest island in the world and located in western Indonesia. Previously three species were recorded from the island: O. simillimus F. Smith, O. rixosus F. Smith, and O. latidens Mayr. We add two species to the fauna, O. procerus Emery stat. nov and Odontomachus minangkabau sp. nov. The new species belongs to O. rixosus species group, and it is morphologically most similar to O. rixosus and O. pararixosus Terayama & Ito. However, it can be separated from the latter two by its large body (HL 3.13-3.55 mm, WL 4.15-4.65 mm), the masticatory margin with 11-14 denticles, and dark-colored body. Odontomachus latidens subsp. sumatranus Emery is newly synonymized with O. procerus. The castes and sexes of the known species are also described, including the first descriptions of the male for O. latidens, O. procerus, and O. rixosus. A key to the Sumatran species based on the worker caste is provided, and the bionomics of each species is summarized.