A retrospective study of prognostic factors and prostate-specific antigen dynamics in Japanese patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer who received combined androgen blockade therapy with bicalutamide.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective observational study explored the therapeutic potential of combined androgen blockade (CAB) with bicalutamide (Bic-CAB) as an initial treatment for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) in Japan. METHODS: The electronic health records of 159 patients with mHSPC from three Japanese institutions who received initial treatment with Bic-CAB between 2007 and 2017 were analyzed. The time to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression, duration of Bic-CAB treatment, and overall survival (OS), with various definitions for PSA progression, were assessed. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was constructed using clinical parameters to predict time to the end of Bic-CAB treatment and OS. RESULTS: The median observation period was 46.4 months, and the median age of patients at diagnosis was 71 years. A total of 46.5% patients experienced PSA progression with a median survival duration of 29 months (according to Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 3 criteria), and 49.1% patients achieved a PSA nadir < 0.2 ng/mL in a median time of 4.7 months. When stratified by PSA nadir and PSA change, patients at low risk for disease progression with a small PSA change due to low initial PSA had a 5-year OS of 100% and a 10-year OS of 75%. The OS during the observation period was 72.9 months. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the potential effect of Bic-CAB in patients with mHSPC who were at low risk for disease progression. Initial treatment with Bic-CAB and adjusting treatment early based on PSA dynamics may be a reasonable treatment plan for these patients.

Paratesticular cellular angiofibroma: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Paratesticular cellular angiofibroma is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor. The optimal management is surgical resection due to the difficulty of preoperative accurate diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 51-year-old Japanese male visited our hospital complaining of asymptomatic left scrotal swelling. Physical examination revealed a nontender elastic paratesticular mass (5.5 cm in diameter). Although testicular germ cell tumor was ruled out clinically, the possibility of malignant potential remained for the tumor. Since the patient consented to complete resection, a transinguinal radical orchiectomy was performed. The pathological diagnosis revealed cellular angiofibroma. The patient recovered without perioperative complications, and no apparent recurrence was observed at 5 years after surgery. CONCLUSION: The pathological findings were compatible for cellular angiofibroma. The tumor was successfully resected, and no apparent recurrence was observed at 5 years after surgery.

[A Case of Stauffer Syndrome-Like Findings Associated with Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Improved by Molecular Targeted Therapy].

We report a case of Stauffer syndrome-like findings in a patient with metastatic renal carcinoma treated by surgery and molecular targeted therapy. The patient was a 58-year-old woman diagnosed with renal carcinoma with multiple metastases. She had hepatosplenomegaly and hepatic dysfunction with elevated serum liver enzyme and IL-6 levels. Treatment with temsirolimus and axitinib reduced the size of the local and metastatic tumors and simultaneously improved the hepatosplenomegaly. The local tumor was excised by laparoscopic nephrectomy, treated with axitinib and then with nivolumab. With the reduction in the metastatic tumor size, serum liver enzyme and IL-6 levels decreased. It was suggested that molecular targeted therapy is an effective treatment when the findings of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, are similar to those of Stauffer syndrome.

[A Case of Pelvic Unicentric Castleman Disease Treated by Preoperative Transcatheter Arterial Embolization and Tumor Complete Resection with Combined Lower Abdominal and Posterior Approach].

A 22-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for further examination of an incidentally discovered hypervascular pelvic tumor with a maximum diameter of 10 cm. Although Castleman disease was suspected based on the imaging findings and pathologic findings of the needle biopsy, a definitive diagnosis was not made. Preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization was performed to decrease intraoperative bleeding, and tumor resection was performed on the following day. As for posterior approach prior to anterior approach, the patient was placed in a prone position, and the dorsal aspect of tumor was approached through the dissection of gluteal muscles. Then, dilated branches of the internal iliac vein was found on the tumor capsule, which were safely ligated under direct vision with favorable visual field. Then, the patient was placed in a supine position, the tumor was completely resected by anterior approach without transfusion. Histopathological diagnosis was Castleman disease hyaline vascular type. The patient was discharged without complication and has been free from recurrence for 6 months after surgery.

[A Case of Neuroendcrine Carcinoma of the Prostate Diagnosed by Prostate Re-Biopsy during Hormonal Treatment and Effectively Treated by Multidisciplinary Therapy].

A 73-year-old Japanese man visited the urology clinic with the chief complaint of gross hematuria in June 2015. His prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was 146.7 ng/ml and he was diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma with a Gleason Score of 5+4. With bone metastasis in the right femur (cT3aN0M1), he was treated by orchiectomy and bicalutamide. He had gross hematuria in October 2017 and a prostate tumor was detected by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging without increasing PSA levels. Prostate re-biopsy showed prostate neuroendocrine carcinoma and local radiation therapy (74 Gy) was performed. Follow-up CT revealed a left adrenal tumor with a positive positron emission tomographic scan in October 2018. Under the diagnosis of metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, chemotherapy using cisplatinum and etoposide was performed. The tumor shrunk after five courses of treatment, followed by regrowth in April 2019. Radiation therapy (50 Gy) was added to the left adrenal tumor and it shrunk again. However, a left retroperitoneal tumor was detected in July 2019 and it was resected under laparoscopic surgery and diagnosed as metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Since then, no recurrence has been observed.

[Clinical Effect of Nivolumab on Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma with Peritoneal Metastasis].

Peritoneal dissemination or metastasis is a relatively rare presentation of renal cell carcinoma. We report four cases of advanced renal cell carcinoma with peritoneal metastases treated with nivolumab. Three cases showed an objective response in the metastatic lesions including peritoneal sites. After nivolumab administration, the computed tomography scan showed a transient enlargement of peritoneal lesions in two cases, which could be considered as pseudoprogression. Temporal changes of neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, and eosinophil ratio during the clinical course reflected the treatment effect of nivolumab in these patients, indicating that these could be potential biomarkers of the response. To our knowledge, this is the first case series showing therapeutic activity of nivolumab against peritoneal metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

[A Case of Ureteral Sciatic Hernia Treated with Ureteral Stent].

An 83-year-old woman who was diagnosed with hydronephrosis on the right side was referred to our hospital. An abdominal computed tomography scan failed to reveal the cause of the hydronephrosis due to artifacts caused by her artificial hip joint. A subsequent magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed a ureteral herniation into the sciatic foramen. Retrograde pyelography demonstrated hydronephrosis and dilated ureter loopsthrough the sciatic foramen, known asa "curlicue sign". A ureteral stent was placed on her right side, and the ureter waslinearized. After the stent wasplaced, the hernia wasrepaired and the hydronephrosiswasres olved. The ureteral stent wasremoved 3 monthslater, and relapse of the ureteral sciatic hernia did not occur, even after 18 months.

[A Case of Late Onset Nivolumab-Induced Interstitial Nephritis in a Patient with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma].

A 43-year-old man underwent nephrectomy for right renal cell carcinoma (cT3aN0M1 (PUL), clear cell carcinoma). Thereafter, he was treated with sunitinib for lung metastases as the first-line therapy for three months. Because lung metastases progressed and new bone metastases appeared, nivolumab was started for the second-line treatment. Although the cancer progression was suppressed by multidisciplinary treatment combined with systemic immunotherapy and local radiation therapy, he developed severe acute kidney injury with cortical swelling after eighteen months of nivolumab treatment. A diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis induced by nivolumab was made based on biopsy findings. Treatment with prednisolone (1.0 mg/kg daily) led to a rapid improvement in renal function. We must consider the possibility of immunerelated adverse events, especially nivolumab-induced acute kidney injury, even after long-term treatment.

[Right Essential Renal Hematuria that Can Not Be Coagulated with a Ureteroscope Treated by Hydrogen Peroxide Instillation : A Case Report].

We report a case of right essential renal hematuria treated by hydrogen peroxide instillation. A twentythree-year-old man visited our hospital with gross hematuria, urinary retention and right pelvic pain. Our diagnosis was right renal essential hematuria. A bleeding point was found in the right renal calix using a flexible ureteroscope. Bleeding was prolonged in spite of ureteroscopy and diathermy fulguration. We performed treatment with hydrogen peroxide instillation. The patient made a satisfactory recovery postoperatively, and no complications have been observed. Retrograde hydrogen peroxide instillation therapy is a useful treatment for essential renal hematuria that can not be coagulated with a ureteroscope.

[A Case of Secondary Extramammary Paget's Disease Aroundthe Cutaneous Stoma after Radical Cystectomy].

We present a case of secondary extramammary Paget's disease around the cutaneous ureterostomy stoma after radical cystectomy. An 85-year-old man with bacillus calmette-guérin refractory high-grade urothelial carcinoma underwent radical cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy construction. After right ureter cancer diagnosis, he underwent right nephroureterectomy 3 years after the cystectomy. He developed refractory dermatitis around the cutaneous stoma 1 year after the nephroureterectomy. Skin biopsy revealed secondary extramammary Paget's disease, cured by skin excision around the cutaneous stoma and skin grafting. Multiple urothelial carcinoma metastases were detected 6 months later ; he died of urothelial cancer 1 month later.

Spontaneous exchange of leader-laggard relationship in mutually coupled synchronized semiconductor lasers.

We investigate the instantaneous behavior of synchronized temporal wave forms in two mutually coupled semiconductor lasers numerically and experimentally. The temporal wave forms of two lasers are synchronized with a propagation delay time, with one laser oscillating in advance of the other, known as the leader-laggard relationship. The leader-laggard relationship can be determined by measuring the cross-correlation between the two temporal wave forms with the propagation delay time. The leader can be identified when the optical carrier frequency of the leader laser is higher than that of the other laser. However, spontaneous exchange between the leader and laggard lasers can be observed in low-frequency fluctuations by short-term cross-correlation measurements, even for a fixed initial optical frequency detuning. The spontaneous exchange of the leader-laggard relationship originates from alternation of partial optical frequency locking between the two lasers. This observation is analyzed using a phase space trajectory on steady-state solutions for mutually coupled lasers with optical frequency detuning.

[Advanced Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder after Augmentation Gastrocystoplasty].

A 29-year-old woman had undergone gastrocystoplasty with Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy for urethral trauma at 9 years of age. Since then, she was being followed up for performing clean intermittent self-catheterization at regular intervals. Twenty years after the surgery, she presented with gross hematuria. Ultrasonographic findings revealed bilateral hydronephrosis. Cystoscopy and computed tomography (CT) revealed invasive bladder cancer with pelvic lymph node metastases. A biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma with signet ring cell carcinoma. Subsequently, neo-adjuvant combination chemotherapy with TS-1 and cisplatin (CDDP) was initiated, which was followed by open radical cystectomy with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy. The tumor was found to infiltrate from the anastomotic site into the entire native bladder and histopathological diagnosis was muscle invasive adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation and lymph node metastasis (ypT3bN2). TS-1 was continued as adjuvant chemotherapy and the patient did not have any evidence of recurrence for 12 months postoperatively.