Artifacts of electron microscopy in cells.

With the esception of the Gollgi apparatus, the main artifacts were first seen by electron microscopy. Those detected over the last 30 years, and the reasons for which they are artifacts, are summarised.

Electrical devices used by prison officers, police and security forces.

Electrical devices for crowd control, immobilizing threatening suspects and torturing prisoners are manufactured, traded and used in many countries. This article discusses their physiological, clinical and pathological effects and considers some legal implications of their use.

The physiology of sudden violent death.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The physiology behind sudden violent death is considered in the light of information from a wide variety of clinical, experimental, forensic and veterinary sources. Physiological causes can be classified under the headings of blood loss; asphyxia; electrocution; tissue loss; destruction of brain; disconnection of brain; and poisoning. Death, although sudden, is not necessarily instantaneous; asphyxia and electrocution take some time to kill the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The chemistry of dying, death and changes post mortem, needs more research in order to design further rational resuscitation procedures.

Thermodynamics, biochemistry and microscopy for the 21st century.

The aim of biology is the study of the properties of cells in living intact animals. Many steps of research procedures in biochemistry change the entropy, and therefore, the free energy of the chemical reactions from those in vivo. Sections prepared for histology, histochemistry, electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry, yield limited information about the original cells in life, although their problems have been documented. Approaches to the biological and histological difficulties are suggested.