RESUMEN
Heparin is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG), which contains N-acetylated or N-sulfated glucosamine (GlcN). Heparin, which is generally obtained from the healthy porcine intestines, is widely used as an anticoagulant during dialysis and treatments of thrombosis such as disseminated intravascular coagulation. Dermatan sulfate (DS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), which are galactosamine (GalN)-containing GAGs, are major process-related impurities of heparin products. The varying DS and CS contents between heparin products can be responsible for the different anticoagulant activities of heparin. Therefore, a test to determine the concentrations of GalN-containing GAG is essential to ensure the quality and safety of heparin products. In this study, we developed a method for determination of relative content of GalN from GalN-containing GAG in heparin active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The method validation and collaborative study with heparin manufacturers and suppliers showed that our method has enough specificity, sensitivity, linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery as the limiting test for GalN from GalN-containing GAGs. We believe that our method will be useful for ensuring quality, efficacy, and safety of pharmaceutical heparins. On July 30, 2010, the GalN limiting test based on our method was adopted in the heparin sodium monograph in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Contaminación de Medicamentos/prevención & control , Galactosamina/análisis , Heparina/análisis , Sulfatos de Condroitina/análisis , Sulfatos de Condroitina/química , Dermatán Sulfato/análisis , Dermatán Sulfato/química , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Heparina/química , Hidrólisis , Modelos Químicos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , para-Aminobenzoatos/químicaRESUMEN
The leukocyte cell-surface antigen CD38 is the major nicotinamide adenide dinucleotide glycohydrolase in mammals, and its ectoenzyme activity is involved in calcium mobilization. CD38 is also a raft-dependent signaling molecule. CD38 forms a tetramer on the cell surface, but the structural basis and the functional significance of tetramerization have remained unexplored. We identified the interfaces contributing to the homophilic interaction of mouse CD38 by site-specific crosslinking on the cell surface with an expanded genetic code, based on a crystallographic analysis. A combination of the three interfaces enables CD38 to tetramerize: one interface involving the juxtamembrane α-helix is responsible for the formation of the core dimer, which is further dimerized via the other two interfaces. This dimerization of dimers is required for the catalytic activity and the localization of CD38 in membrane rafts. The glycosylation prevents further self-association of the tetramer. Accordingly, the tetrameric interaction underlies the multifaceted actions of CD38.
Asunto(s)
ADP-Ribosil Ciclasa 1/química , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/química , Microdominios de Membrana/metabolismo , Multimerización de Proteína , ADP-Ribosil Ciclasa 1/genética , ADP-Ribosil Ciclasa 1/metabolismo , Secuencias de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Animales , Línea Celular , Cromatografía en Gel , Reactivos de Enlaces Cruzados/química , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Cistina/química , Glicosilación , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Lípidos de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Dominios y Motivos de Interacción de Proteínas , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Estabilidad Proteica , Estructura Cuaternaria de ProteínaRESUMEN
Porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) binds to N-linked glycans of glycoproteins (Matsushita, H., Takenaka, M., and Ogawa, H. (2002) J. Biol Chem., 277, 4680-4686). Immunostaining revealed that PPA is located at the brush-border membrane (BBM) of enterocytes in the duodenum and that the binding is inhibited by mannan but not galactan, indicating that PPA binds carbohydrate-specifically to BBM. The ligands for PPA in BBM were identified as glycoprotein N-glycans that are significantly involved in the assimilation of glucose, including sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and Na(+)/Glc cotransporter 1 (SGLT1). Binding of SI and SGLT1 in BBM to PPA was dose-dependent and inhibited by mannan. Using BBM vesicles, we found functional changes in PPA and its ligands in BBM due to the N-glycan-specific interaction. The starch-degrading activity of PPA and maltose-degrading activity of SI were enhanced to 240 and 175%, respectively, while Glc uptake by SGLT1 was markedly inhibited by PPA at high but physiologically possible concentrations, and the binding was attenuated by the addition of mannose-specific lectins, especially from Galanthus nivalis. Additionally, recombinant human pancreatic α-amylases expressed in yeast and purified by single-step affinity chromatography exhibited the same carbohydrate binding specificity as PPA in binding assays with sugar-biotinyl polymer probes. The results indicate that mammalian pancreatic α-amylases share a common carbohydrate binding activity and specifically bind to the intestinal BBM. Interaction with N-glycans in the BBM activated PPA and SI to produce much Glc on the one hand and to inhibit Glc absorption by enterocytes via SGLT1 in order to prevent a rapid increase in blood sugar on the other.
