Golgi organization is regulated by proteasomal degradation.

The Golgi is a dynamic organelle whose correct assembly is crucial for cellular homeostasis. Perturbations in Golgi structure are associated with numerous disorders from neurodegeneration to cancer. However, whether and how dispersal of the Golgi apparatus is actively regulated under stress, and the consequences of Golgi dispersal, remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that 26S proteasomes are associated with the cytosolic surface of Golgi membranes to facilitate Golgi Apparatus-Related Degradation (GARD) and degradation of GM130 in response to Golgi stress. The degradation of GM130 is dependent on p97/VCP and 26S proteasomes, and required for Golgi dispersal. Finally, we show that perturbation of Golgi homeostasis induces cell death of multiple myeloma in vitro and in vivo, offering a therapeutic strategy for this malignancy. Taken together, this work reveals a mechanism of Golgi-localized proteasomal degradation, providing a functional link between proteostasis control and Golgi architecture, which may be critical in various secretion-related pathologies.

Total proteome turbidity assay for tracking global protein aggregation in the natural cellular environment.

Proteome homeostasis is crucial for optimal cellular function and survival in the face of various stressful impacts. This entails preservation of a balance between protein synthesis, folding, degradation, and trafficking collectively termed proteostasis. A hallmark of proteostasis failure, which underlies various diseases, is enhanced misfolding and aggregation of proteins. Here we adapted the measurement of protein turbidity, which is commonly used to evaluate aggregation of single purified proteins, for monitoring propensity for aggregation of the entire soluble cellular proteome incubated in vitro for several hours. We show that over-expression of an aggregation-prone protein or applying endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress to either cells in culture or to the intact organism, Drosophila, enhances the rise in turbidity of the global soluble proteome compared to untreated cells. Additionally, given that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to involve ER stress and aggregation of proteins, we demonstrate that the soluble fraction of brain extracts from AD patients displays markedly higher rise of global proteome turbidity than in healthy counterparts. This assay could be valuable for various biological, medical and biotechnological applications.