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1.
Clio Med ; 58: i-iii, 1-218, 2000.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11027065

RESUMEN

This is the first monograph devoted to the history of chronic pain. A novel methodology is used. Examining responses to a problem that remained stable over time anchors a survey of shifting terms and theories and leaves the historical invariance of the clinical syndrome open to textual research. Writings by medical authors from a wide range of professional backgrounds are examined including surgeons, physicians, psychiatrists, neurophysiologists, neurologists and psychoanalysts. Early responses to the problem of chronic pain without structural lesion were the appearance of neuralgia, a neuro-anatomical rewriting of traditional sympathies, extension of the concept of lesion to embrace disturbance of function and appeals to cenesthesis. Later in the century distinctions were drawn between hysterical and neuralgic pain, and between ideogenic, psychogenic and neurogenic pain. Some argued for the physiological equivalence of chronic pain and melancholia, while pain was central to Freud's original notion of conversion. This evidence of continuous discussion of lesionless pain throughout the century challenges the orthodox historical view that the rise of neuroscience meant such pain was simply dismissed as imaginary. The historical invariance of a syndrome of chronic pain without lesion speaks against histories of lesionless syndromes premised on social constructionism. The historical findings are relevant to contemporary debates about the nosology and nature of chronic pain.


Asunto(s)
Dolor/historia , Enfermedad Crónica , Francia , Alemania , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Neuralgia/historia , Dolor/fisiopatología , Dolor/psicología , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/historia , Trastornos Somatomorfos/historia , Reino Unido
2.
Hist Psychiatry ; 8(30 Pt 2): 267-75, 1997 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11619442

RESUMEN

Modern psychiatry was born in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At that time French psychiatrists had much to learn. One of their interests was in recognizing the causes of madness which they divided into physical and moral. This article aims to describe this moment in the history of medicine and to demonstrate how ancient ideas were reworked by these alienists. Above all it is argued that alienists struggled with a kind of disease that was regarded as unacceptable at the time.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Trastornos Mentales/historia , Psiquiatría/historia , Francia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Humanos , Psicopatología/historia
4.
Hist Psychiatry ; 6(24 Pt 4): 493-501, 1995 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11609006

RESUMEN

Modern French psychiatry was born at the end of the eighteenth century. This medical specialty, which was separating from general medicine, had a foundation in ancient medicine. Ancient theories died slowly but not so surely. These strange theories will be considered useless and even dangerous by the modern reader but they enabled modern psychiatry to understand that madness existed, that it was a disease and a subject for research. So the insane person was no longer considered a criminal or possessed by the devil: he was, at last and at least, a patient.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos Mentales/historia , Psiquiatría/historia , Francia , Historia Antigua , Historia Pre Moderna 1451-1600 , Historia Medieval , Historia Moderna 1601- , Humanos
5.
Hist Psychiatry ; 6(24 Pt 4): 503-11, 1995 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11609007

RESUMEN

The research processes in the elucidation of the causes of general paresis, the first slow infection in psychiatry, and of Kuru, the first slow virus infection in man, were considered. The errors and difficulties encountered may contribute to the formulation of research strategies for contemporary work on possible persistent infections with unknown viruses as a cause of psychiatric disorders. Clinical obsservation, bold hypotheses and methodological advances appear more valuable than diagnostic categorization in etiological research into psychiatric disorders. The low heuristic value of diagnosis is due to the lack of specificity of psychiatric symptoms and syndromes, especially in low grade organic disturbances.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones/historia , Kuru/historia , Paresia/historia , Psiquiatría/historia , Investigación/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos
6.
Br J Hosp Med ; 54(10): 501-6, 1995.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8574492

RESUMEN

The Geoffrey Knight National Unit was set up in 1970 exclusively for psychosurgery. In recent years it has become increasingly concerned with the development of medication regimens that might avoid the need for surgery. This has offered a unique pharmacotherapeutic opportunity because all the referrals have severe, persistent and treatment-resistant disorders. The scheme of high-dose and combined medication devised is presented and discussed.


Asunto(s)
Antidepresivos/uso terapéutico , Trastornos del Humor/terapia , Selección de Paciente , Psicocirugía/métodos , Algoritmos , Terapia Combinada , Árboles de Decisión , Quimioterapia Combinada , Terapia Electroconvulsiva , Humanos , Trastornos del Humor/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos del Humor/cirugía , Derivación y Consulta , Insuficiencia del Tratamiento
7.
Hist Psychiatry ; 6(22 Pt 2): 201-7, 1995 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11639692

RESUMEN

Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome described by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum in 1874. Based on Kahlbaum's own description and Carl Wernicke's hypothesis about the mechanism of catatonia, we describe two types of catatonic domain: the akinetic motality psychosis, which is characterized by rigid immobility, fixed gaze, lack of blink, and cogwheel rigidity, and catatonia sensu strictu, which is characterized by spasms, iterations and verbigerations. The loss of motility allows the 'hypobulic levels' described by Kretschmer in 1920, which consist of aggressive acts, furious shouting, hyperactivity and orality, to break through. These behaviours are present in the hyperkinetic variant of catatonia and may result from a reduction of dopaminergic innervation and the release of limbic and neocortical mechanisms containing behavioural programmes.


Asunto(s)
Catatonia/historia , Psiquiatría/historia , Alemania , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX
9.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7626968

RESUMEN

The outcome of all psychosurgical operations (stereotactic subcaudate tractotomies) performed at the Geoffrey Knight National Unit for Affective Disorders in London since 1979 is reviewed. Of patients who had suffered severe mood or obsessive-compulsive disorders before surgery, 84 of 249 (34%) were well 1 year after. The effects of gender, psychiatric diagnosis, and age on outcome are assessed. The findings are compared with a 1975 outcome study, and explanations for apparent differences are proposed.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/cirugía , Núcleo Caudado/cirugía , Trastorno Depresivo/cirugía , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/cirugía , Psicocirugía/métodos , Técnicas Estereotáxicas , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Trastorno Bipolar/fisiopatología , Trastorno Bipolar/psicología , Núcleo Caudado/fisiopatología , Trastorno Depresivo/fisiopatología , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Examen Neurológico , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/fisiopatología , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/psicología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/fisiopatología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/psicología , Factores Sexuales , Resultado del Tratamiento
10.
Br J Psychiatry ; 165(5): 599-611; discussion 612-3, 1994 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7866675

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy (SST) is the only type of psychosurgery performed at the Geoffrey Knight Unit, London, where nearly 1300 operations have been done since 1961. Statistically reliable data are not available to prove the effectiveness of SST. A detailed statement about contemporary psychosurgery is given. METHOD: Relevant publications from the Unit and via Medline are discussed. The outcome figures are reviewed. The outcome is assessed at the Unit in global and clinical terms, associated with results of self-completed questionnaires. RESULTS: SST allows 40-60% of patients to live normal or near-normal lives, perhaps with continuation of medication. A reduction in suicide rate to 1% post-operatively, from 15% in cases of uncontrolled affective disorders is seen. CONCLUSION: As a treatment of last resort, no controlled trial against a comparable treatment is possible. It appears reasonable to offer SST to patients with suicidal and deluded depression or with frequently swinging moods, not responding to other treatments.


Asunto(s)
Núcleo Caudado/cirugía , Trastornos Mentales/cirugía , Psicocirugía/métodos , Técnicas Estereotáxicas , Adulto , Anciano , Mapeo Encefálico , Núcleo Caudado/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/fisiopatología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Revisión por Pares , Resultado del Tratamiento
11.
Br J Psychiatry ; 165(1): 87-93, 1994 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7953062

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The Ward Daily Behaviour Scale is a new rating instrument that can be used to measure all the daily noteworthy behaviour of patients of various ages and diagnoses on psychiatric wards. METHOD: The reliability and validity of the scale were tested on 40 patients. RESULTS: This instrument proved to be both reliable and valid for use on adult acute in-patient wards. CONCLUSIONS: The scale will be a valuable tool in a wide range of ward-based studies.


Asunto(s)
Actividades Cotidianas/psicología , Hospitalización , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Determinación de la Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Conducta Social
12.
J Psychosom Res ; 38(1): 3-9, 1994 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8126687

RESUMEN

Sixty-two gynaecology in-patients were screened for psychiatric disorder and illness behaviour on the eve of elective laparoscopy. Patients with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) reported significantly more depressed mood and illness behaviour than those without pain. Chronic pelvic pain patients with relevant structural pathology at laparoscopy were compared to those with negative laparoscopic findings. The two groups did not differ on measures of psychiatric morbidity or illness behaviour. They differed significantly in response to the McGill Pain Questionnaire. These findings were used to propose a self-report instrument for predicting negative laparoscopic findings in depressed CPP patients pre-operatively.


Asunto(s)
Dolor Pélvico/psicología , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/psicología , Rol del Enfermo , Trastornos Somatomorfos/psicología , Adulto , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Humanos , Infertilidad Femenina/psicología , Laparoscopía/psicología , Inventario de Personalidad , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/diagnóstico , Trastornos Somatomorfos/diagnóstico , Esterilización Tubaria/psicología
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