Composition Determination of Heterometallic Trinuclear Clusters via Anomalous X-ray and Neutron Diffraction.

Anomalous X-ray diffraction (AXD) and neutron diffraction can be used to crystallographically distinguish between metals of similar electron density. Despite the use of AXD for structural characterization in mixed metal clusters, there are no benchmark studies evaluating the accuracy of AXD toward assessing elemental occupancy in molecules with comparisons with what is determined via neutron diffraction. We collected resonant diffraction data on several homo and heterometallic clusters and refined their anomalous scattering components to determine metal site occupancies. Theoretical resonant scattering terms for Fe0, Co0, and Zn0 were compared against experimental values, revealing theoretical values are ill-suited to serve as references for occupancy determination. The cluster featuring distinct cation and anion metal compositions [CoCp2*][(tbsL)Fe3(µ3-NAr)] was used to assess the accuracy of different f' references for occupancy determination (f'theoretical ± 15-17%; f'experimental ± 10%). This methodology was applied toward calculating the occupancy of three different clusters: (tbsL)Fe2Zn(py) (6), (tbsL)Fe2Zn(µ3-NAr)(py) (7), and [CoCp*2][(tbsL)Fe2Zn(µ3-NAr)] (8). The first two clusters maintain 100% Fe/Zn site isolation, whereas 8 showed metal mixing within the sites. The large crystal size of 8 enabled collection of neutron diffraction data which was compared against the results found with AXD. The ability of AXD to replicate the metal occupancies as determined by neutron diffraction supports the AXD occupancy methodology developed herein. Furthermore, the advantages innate to AXD (e.g., smaller crystal sizes, shorter collection times, and greater availability of synchrotron resources) versus neutron diffraction further support the need for its development as a standard technique.

Eight-channel SiNx microring-resonator based photonic biosensor for label-free fluid analysis in the optical C-band.

A lab-on-a-chip multichannel sensing platform for biomedical analysis based on optical silicon nitride (SiNx) microring-resonators (MRR) was established. The resonators were surface functionalized and finally combined with a microfluidic chamber for validation using an avidin-biotin ligand-binding assay. The results with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.3∙10-5 and a mean intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of ±10.0 %, also under consideration of FDA guidelines, show promising future applicability for a wide variety of targets in the field of outpatient medical diagnostics and life science.Clinical Relevance- Biomarkers play a crucial role in physiological processes of the human body. To enable instantaneous and decentralized analysis of these markers, systems are needed that can be used in a laboratory-independent environment with minimal amounts of biofluid. An example is the utilization of such systems for neonates or infants.

Impact of COVID-19 on the private and professional lives of highly educated women working in global health in Europe-A qualitative study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a deepening of existing inequalities and a rollback of achievements made in gender equality. Women in Global Health (WGH) is a global movement that aims to achieve gender equality in health and increase female leadership in global health. Here, the aim was to understand how the pandemic affects the private and professional lives of women working in global health in different European countries. Suggestions for future pandemic preparedness including how gender perspectives should be integrated into pandemic preparedness and how a women's network such as WGH helped them to overcome the impact of the pandemic were explored. Methods: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted in September 2020 with a sample size of nine highly educated women with a mean age of 42.1 years from the different WGH European chapters. The participants were informed of the study and were formally asked for their consent. The interviews were held in English via an online videoconference platform and lasted 20-25 min each. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was conducted according to Mayring Qualitative Content Analysis using MAXQDA. Results: The pandemic has both positive and negative effects on the professional and private lives of women. It led to an increased workload and stress as well as pressure to publish on COVID-19-related themes. Increased childcare and household responsibilities represented a double burden. The available space was limited if other family members were also working from home. Positive aspects included more time for family or partners and reduced travel. The participants report on perceived gender differences in the experience of the pandemic. International cooperation is considered to be a key factor for future pandemic preparedness. Being part of a women's network such as WGH was perceived as being very supportive in difficult situations during the pandemic. Conclusion: This study provides unique insights into the experiences of women working in global health in different European countries. The COVID-19 pandemic influences their professional and private lives. Perceived gender differences are reported and suggest the need for integrating gender perspectives in pandemic preparedness. Networks for women, such as WGH, can facilitate the exchange of information in crises and provide women with professional and personal support.

Long-term indoor gunshot exposure of special police forces induces bronchitic reactions and elevated blood lead levels-The Berlin shooting range study.

BACKGROUND: Gunshot emissions contain toxic elements that can harm those frequently exposed, such as police officers. Several years ago, police indoor firing ranges were closed by the Berlin municipality in response to police officer health complaints, and an investigation was launched into the possible respiratory health risks of frequent gunshot emission exposure. We, therefore, conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study to investigate clinical and functional parameters of respiratory health as well as the burden of trace elements in policemen with long-term high exposure to indoor gunshot emissions, compared to low-exposure and control groups. METHODS: We conducted lung function tests and collected blood and urine samples from Berlin police officers and government employees who were divided into three subject groups based on exposure to gunshot emissions: high exposure (n = 53), low exposure (n = 94) and no exposure (n = 76). Lung function was examined using body plethysmography. Blood and urine samples were tested via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the presence of common gunshot powder elements (antimony, lead and manganese). Exposure and symptoms were assessed using records as well as questionnaires. RESULTS: Higher exposure was associated with more respiratory symptoms during gun shooting practice (64% vs. 21%, P < 0.001) compared to the low-exposure group. Headache, cough, discoloured mucous and shortness of breath were also more common as were some other symptoms. The cough symptomatology of the high-exposure group also persisted significantly longer (median: 0.67 vs. 0.01 days, range: 0 to 5 days, P = 0.029) compared to the low-exposure group. They also showed a lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity quotient (Tiffeneau index), P = 0.018 between the three groups and P = 0.005 for the high-exposure group, a possible marker of early, subclinical bronchial obstruction. We observed increased blood lead concentrations depending on subject's age (+1.2% per year, 95% confidence interval: 0.5-1.9%, P < 0.001) and cumulative gunshot exposure (+0.34% per 100 000 shots, 0.02-0.66%, P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: These first results suggest that long-term exposure to indoor gunshot emissions induces bronchitic reactions due to repeated irritation of the airways. Higher levels of exposure lead to more negatively impacted lung function and higher blood lead levels with the possible reason that more frequent exposure may mean shorter regeneration phases for the respiratory mucous membrane. We recommend a reduction of exposure to gunshot emissions in order to decrease symptoms and avoid any-even small-deterioration in spirometry.

Controlling inversion disorder in a stoichiometric spinel magnet.

In the study of frustrated quantum magnets, it is essential to be able to control the nature and degree of site disorder during the growth process, as many measurement techniques are incapable of distinguishing between site disorder and frustration-induced spin disorder. Pyrochlore-structured spinel oxides can serve as model systems of geometrically frustrated three-dimensional quantum magnets; however, the nature of the magnetism in one well-studied spinel, ZnFe2O4, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate simultaneous control of both stoichiometry and inversion disorder in the growth of ZnFe2O4 single crystals, directly yielding a revised understanding of both the collective spin behavior and lattice symmetry. Crystals grown in the stoichiometric limit with minimal site inversion disorder contravene all the previously suggested exotic spin phases in ZnFe2O4. Furthermore, the structure is confirmed on the [Formula: see text] space group with broken inversion symmetry that induces antiferroelectricity. The effective tuning of magnetic behavior by site disorder in the presence of robust antiferroelectricity makes ZnFe2O4 of special interest to multiferroic devices.

Air quality in Germany as a contributing factor to morbidity from COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been spreading in Germany since January 2020, with regional differences in incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Long-term exposure to air pollutants as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen monoxide (NO), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (<10 µm PM10, <2.5 µm PM2.5) has a negative impact on respiratory functions. We analyze the association between long-term air pollution and the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Germany. METHODS: We conducted an observational study in Germany on county-level, investigating the association between long-term (2010-2019) air pollutant exposure (European Environment Agency, AirBase data set) and COVID-19 incidence, morbidity, and mortality rate during the first outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (open source data Robert Koch Institute). We used negative binominal models, including adjustment for risk factors (age, sex, days since first COVID-19 case, population density, socio-economic and health parameters). RESULTS: After adjustment for risk factors in the tri-pollutant model (NO2, O3, PM2.5) an increase of 1 µg/m³ NO2 was associated with an increase of the need for intensive care due to COVID-19 by 4.2% (95% CI 1.011-1.074), and mechanical ventilation by 4.6% (95% CI 1.010-1.084). A tendency towards an association of NO2 with COVID-19 incidence was indicated, as the results were just outside of the defined statistical significance (+1.6% (95% CI 1.000-1.032)). Long-term annual mean NO2 level ranged from 4.6 µg/m³ to 32 µg/m³. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that long-term NO2 exposure may have increased susceptibility for COVID-19 morbidity in Germany. The results demonstrate the need to reduce ambient air pollution to improve public health.

Atomic View of Aqueous Cyclosporine A: Unpacking a Decades-Old Mystery.

An atomic view of a main aqueous conformation of cyclosporine A (CycA), an important 11-amino-acid macrocyclic immunosuppressant, is reported. For decades, it has been a grand challenge to determine the conformation of free CycA in an aqueous-like solution given its poor water solubility. Using a combination of X-ray and single-crystal neutron diffraction, we unambiguously resolve a unique conformer (A1) with a novel cis-amide between residues 11 and 1 and two water ligands that stabilize hydrogen bond networks. NMR spectroscopy and titration experiments indicate that the novel conformer is as abundant as the closed conformer in 90/10 (v/v) methanol/water and is the main conformer at 10/90 methanol/water. Five other conformers were also detected in 90/10 methanol/water, one in slow exchange with A1, another one in slow exchange with the closed form and three minor ones, one of which contains two cis amides Abu2-Sar3 and MeBmt1-MeVal11. These conformers help better understand the wide spectrum of membrane permeability observed for CycA analogues and, to some extent, the binding of CycA to protein targets.

Asthma and COPD exacerbation in relation to outdoor air pollution in the metropolitan area of Berlin, Germany.

BACKGROUND: Ambient air pollution poses a major risk for the development and aggravation of respiratory diseases. Evidence suggests that even in low-level air pollution environments there is a risk for an increase in adverse respiratory symptoms. We examined whether variations in daily air pollution levels of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, or particulate matter in Berlin, Germany were associated with hospital admissions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma patients in a time series analysis. METHODS: We calculated single and multi-pollutant models, investigated possible lags in effect, and analysed the influence of meteorological variables on the results. Data from January 2005 through December 2015 were used to quantify the concentration-response. RESULTS: The risk ratio for asthma patients to be hospitalised on the same day of NO2 exposure was 1.101 per 10 µg/m3 NO2 increase (95% CI: 1.013 to 1.195), for COPD patients 1.123 (95% CI: 1.081 to 1.168). Neither the exposure to ozone (95% CI: 0.904 to 1.020), PM10 (95% CI: 0.990 to 1.127), nor PM2.5 (95% CI: 0.981 to 1.148) was associated with an increased risk ratio for asthma patients to be hospitalised. Risk ratios for the hospital admission of COPD patients were also not increased due to ozone (95% CI: 0.981 to 1.033), PM10 (95% CI: 0.988 to 1.032), or PM2.5 (95% CI: 0.966 to 1.019) exposure. The presented risk ratios and confidence intervals relate to the day of exposure. We found no increased hospitalisation risks with a delayed occurrence on subsequent days. CONCLUSIONS: A quantifiable, statistically significant increase in risk for asthma and COPD exacerbations owing to NO2 exposure at levels well below European regulatory limit values was observed.

PEGylation and folic-acid functionalization of cationic lipoplexes-Improved nucleic acid transfer into cancer cells.

Efficient and reliable transfer of nucleic acids for therapy applications is a major challenge. Stabilization of lipo- and polyplexes has already been successfully achieved by PEGylation. This modification reduces the interaction with serum proteins and thus prevents the lipoplexes from being cleared by the reticuloendothelial system. Problematically, this stabilization of lipoplexes simultaneously leads to reduced transfer efficiencies compared to non-PEGylated complexes. However, this reduction in transfer efficiency can be used to advantage since additional modification of PEGylated lipoplexes with functional groups enables improved selective transfer into target cells. Cancer cells overexpress folate receptors because of a significantly increased need of folate due to high cell proliferation rates. Thus, additional folate functionalization of PEGylated lipoplexes improves uptake into cancer cells. We demonstrate herein that NHS coupling chemistries can be used to modify two commercially available transfection reagents (Fuse-It-DNA and Lipofectamine® 3000) with NHS-PEG-folate for increased uptake of nucleic acids into cancer cells. Lipoplex characterization and functional analysis in cultures of cancer- and healthy cells clearly demonstrate that functionalization of PEGylated lipoplexes offers a promising method to generate efficient, stable and selective nucleic acid transfer systems.

An adaptation strategy to urban heat: hospital rooms with radiant cooling accelerate patient recovery.

BACKGROUND: Patients with respiratory diseases are vulnerable to the effects of heat. Therefore, it is important to develop adaptation strategies for heat exposure. One option is to optimise the indoor environment. To this end, we equipped hospital patient rooms with radiant cooling. We performed a prospective randomised clinical trial to investigate potentially beneficial effects of the hospitalisation in rooms with radiant cooling on patients with a respiratory disease exacerbation. METHODS: Recruitment took place in June, July and August 2014 to 2016 in the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. We included patients with COPD, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, interstitial lung disease and pneumonia. 62 patients were allocated to either a standard patient room without air conditioning or a room with radiant cooling set to 23°C (73°F). We analysed the patients' length of stay with a Poisson regression. Physiological parameters, fluid intake and daily step counts were tested with mixed regression models. RESULTS: Patients hospitalised in a room with radiant cooling were discharged earlier than patients in standard rooms (p=0.003). The study participants in chambers with radiant cooling had a lower body temperature (p=0.002), lower daily fluid intake (p<0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (p<0.001) and an increased daily step count (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that a radiant cooling system in hospital patient rooms provides clinical benefits for patients with respiratory disease exacerbations during the warm summer months, which may contribute to an earlier mobilisation. Radiant cooling is commended as a suitable adaptation strategy to reduce the clinical impact of climate warming.

Strain-induced mechanoresponse depends on cell contractility and BAG3-mediated autophagy.

Basically, all mammalian tissues are constantly exposed to a variety of environmental mechanical signals. Depending on the signal strength, mechanics intervenes in a multitude of cellular processes and is thus capable of inducing simple cellular adaptations but also complex differentiation processes and even apoptosis. The underlying recognition typically depends on mechanosensitive proteins, which most often sense the mechanical signal for the induction of a cellular signaling cascade by changing their protein conformation. However, the fate of mechanosensors after mechanical stress application is still poorly understood, and it remains unclear whether protein degradation pathways affect the mechanosensitivity of cells. Here, we show that cyclic stretch induces autophagosome formation in a time-dependent manner. Formation depends on the cochaperone BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 3 (BAG3) and thus likely involves BAG3-mediated chaperone-assisted selective autophagy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that strain-induced cell reorientation is clearly delayed upon inhibition of autophagy, suggesting a bidirectional cross-talk between mechanotransduction and autophagic degradation. The strength of the observed delay depends on stable adhesion structures and stress fiber formation in a Ras homologue family member A (RhoA)-dependent manner.

Weyl-mediated helical magnetism in NdAlSi.

Emergent relativistic quasiparticles in Weyl semimetals are the source of exotic electronic properties such as surface Fermi arcs, the anomalous Hall effect and negative magnetoresistance, all observed in real materials. Whereas these phenomena highlight the effect of Weyl fermions on the electronic transport properties, less is known about what collective phenomena they may support. Here, we report a Weyl semimetal, NdAlSi, that offers an example. Using neutron diffraction, we found a long-wavelength helical magnetic order in NdAlSi, the periodicity of which is linked to the nesting vector between two topologically non-trivial Fermi pockets, which we characterize using density functional theory and quantum oscillation measurements. We further show the chiral transverse component of the spin structure is promoted by bond-oriented Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions associated with Weyl exchange processes. Our work provides a rare example of Weyl fermions driving collective magnetism.

Improved Acquisition and Reconstruction for Wavelength-Resolved Neutron Tomography.

Wavelength-resolved neutron tomography (WRNT) is an emerging technique for characterizing samples relevant to the materials sciences in 3D. WRNT studies can be carried out at beam lines in spallation neutron or reactor-based user facilities. Because of the limited availability of experimental time, potential imperfections in the neutron source, or constraints placed on the acquisition time by the type of sample, the data can be extremely noisy resulting in tomographic reconstructions with significant artifacts when standard reconstruction algorithms are used. Furthermore, making a full tomographic measurement even with a low signal-to-noise ratio can take several days, resulting in a long wait time before the user can receive feedback from the experiment when traditional acquisition protocols are used. In this paper, we propose an interlaced scanning technique and combine it with a model-based image reconstruction algorithm to produce high-quality WRNT reconstructions concurrent with the measurements being made. The interlaced scan is designed to acquire data so that successive measurements are more diverse in contrast to typical sequential scanning protocols. The model-based reconstruction algorithm combines a data-fidelity term with a regularization term to formulate the wavelength-resolved reconstruction as minimizing a high-dimensional cost-function. Using an experimental dataset of a magnetite sample acquired over a span of about two days, we demonstrate that our technique can produce high-quality reconstructions even during the experiment compared to traditional acquisition and reconstruction techniques. In summary, the combination of the proposed acquisition strategy with an advanced reconstruction algorithm provides a novel guideline for designing WRNT systems at user facilities.

A Qualitative Study on Concerns, Needs, and Expectations of Hospital Patients Related to Climate Change: Arguments for a Patient-Centered Adaptation.

This study explores the concerns, needs, and expectations of inpatients with the goal to develop a patient-centered climate change adaptation agenda for hospitals. Statements of patients from geriatrics, internal medicine, psychiatry, and surgery (N = 25) of a German tertiary care hospital were analyzed using semi-structured interviews and the framework method. Areas of future adaptation were elaborated in joint discussions with transdisciplinary experts. Concerns included the foresight of severe health problems. The requested adaptations comprised the change to a patient-centered care, infrastructural improvements including air conditioning, and adjustments of the workflows. Guidelines for the behavior of patients and medical services appropriate for the climatic conditions were demanded. The patient-centered agenda for adaptation includes the steps of partnering with patients, reinforcing heat mitigation, better education for patients and medical staff, and adjusting work processes. This is the first study demonstrating that hospital patients are gravely concerned and expect adjustments according to climate change. Since heat is seen as a major risk by interviewees, the fast implementation of published recommendations is crucial. By synthesizing inpatients' expectations with scientific recommendations, we encourage patient-centered climate change adaptation. This can be the start for further collaboration with patients to create climate change resilient hospitals.

Cyclically stretched ACL fibroblasts emigrating from spheroids adapt their cytoskeleton and ligament-related expression profile.

Mechanical stress of ligaments varies; hence, ligament fibroblasts must adapt their expression profile to novel mechanomilieus to ensure tissue resilience. Activation of the mechanoreceptors leads to a specific signal transduction, the so-called mechanotransduction. However, with regard to their natural three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment cell reaction to mechanical stimuli during emigrating from a 3D spheroid culture is still unclear. This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the reaction profile of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-derived fibroblasts exposed to cyclic uniaxial strain in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture and during emigration from 3D spheroids with respect to cell survival, cell and cytoskeletal orientation, distribution, and expression profile. Monolayers and spheroids were cultured in crosslinked polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) elastomeric chambers and uniaxially stretched (14% at 0.3 Hz) for 48 h. Cell vitality, their distribution, nuclear shape, stress fiber orientation, focal adhesions, proliferation, expression of ECM components such as sulfated glycosaminoglycans, collagen type I, decorin, tenascin C and cell-cell communication-related gap junctional connexin (CXN) 43, tendon-related markers Mohawk and tenomodulin (myodulin) were analyzed. In contrast to unstretched cells, stretched fibroblasts showed elongation of stress fibers, cell and cytoskeletal alignment perpendicular to strain direction, less rounded cell nuclei, increased numbers of focal adhesions, proliferation, amplified CXN43, and main ECM component expression in both cultures. The applied cyclic stretch protocol evoked an anabolic response and enhanced tendon-related marker expression in ACL-derived fibroblasts emigrating from 3D spheroids and seems also promising to support in future tissue formation in ACL scaffolds seeded in vitro with spheroids.

Substrate Elasticity Exerts Functional Effects on Primary Microglia.

Microglia-the brain's primary immune cells-exert a tightly regulated cascade of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects upon brain pathology, either promoting regeneration or neurodegeneration. Therefore, harnessing microglia emerges as a potential therapeutic concept in neurological research. Recent studies suggest that-besides being affected by chemokines and cytokines-various cell entities in the brain relevantly respond to the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. For example, we lately reported considerable effects of elasticity on neural stem cells, regarding quiescence and differentiation potential. However, the effects of elasticity on microglia remain to be explored.Under the hypothesis that the elasticity of the microenvironment affects key characteristics and functions of microglia, we established an in vitro model of primary rat microglia grown in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer-based cell culture system. This way, we simulated the brain's physiological elasticity range and compared it to supraphysiological stiffer PDMS controls. We assessed functional parameters of microglia under "resting" conditions, as well as when polarized towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) by interleukin-4 (IL-4). Microglia viability was unimpaired on soft substrates, but we found various significant effects with a more than two-fold increase in microglia proliferation on soft substrate elasticities mimicking the brain (relative to PDMS controls). Furthermore, soft substrates promoted the expression of the activation marker vimentin in microglia. Moreover, the M2-marker CD206 was upregulated in parallel to an increase in the secretion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1). The upregulation of CD206 was abolished by blockage of stretch-dependent chloride channels. Our data suggest that the cultivation of microglia on substrates of brain-like elasticity promotes a basic anti-inflammatory activation state via stretch-dependent chloride channels. The results highlight the significance of the omnipresent but mostly overlooked mechanobiological effects exerted on microglia and contribute to a better understanding of the complex spatial and temporal interactions between microglia, neural stem cells, and glia, in health and disease.

Health effects of heating, ventilation and air conditioning on hospital patients: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: In the face of climate change, the protection of vulnerable patients from extreme climatic conditions is of growing interest to the healthcare sector and governments. Inpatients are especially susceptible to heat due to acute illness and/or chronic diseases. Their condition can be aggravated by adverse environmental factors. Installing air conditioning can be seen as an element of public health adaptation because it was shown to improve mortality rates of hospital patients experiencing hot temperatures. Still, the mediating factors and resulting health effects are largely unknown. METHOD: The PRISMA-ScR guideline was followed for this scoping review. Available evidence on the health effects of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC) and fans was searched in Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library. The focus of the search strategy was on inpatients of the hospital. Grey literature was screened on 14 relevant websites. English and German publications were eligible without restrictions on publication date. Results were charted according to the categories population, intervention, control and outcome together with a qualitative description. RESULTS: The review process yielded eleven publications of which seven were issued after 2003. Seven were clinical trials, three cross-sectional studies and one was a case report. The publications described the installation of HVAC on general wards and in intensive care units. Main topics were heat stress protection and support of thermoregulation, but also the rewarming of hypothermic patients. HVAC use resulted in a recovery effect shown by improved vital signs, reduced cardiac stress, accelerated recuperation and greater physical activity. This protective effect was demonstrated by a shorter hospital stay for patients with respiratory disease and a reduction of mortality for heat illness patients. CONCLUSION: This scoping review summarises the fragmented evidence on health effects of HVAC and fan utilisation for inpatients. Installing HVAC has the potential to improve patients' outcomes and to make hospital treatment more efficient during heat waves. The application of HVAC could be a promising adaptation measure to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on health and healthcare systems.

Strong hydrogen bonding in a dense hydrous magnesium silicate discovered by neutron Laue diffraction.

A large amount of hydrogen circulates inside the Earth, which affects the long-term evolution of the planet. The majority of this hydrogen is stored in deep Earth within the crystal structures of dense minerals that are thermodynamically stable at high pressures and temperatures. To understand the reason for their stability under such extreme conditions, the chemical bonding geometry and cation exchange mechanism for including hydrogen were analyzed in a representative structure of such minerals (i.e. phase E of dense hydrous magnesium silicate) by using time-of-flight single-crystal neutron Laue diffraction. Phase E has a layered structure belonging to the space group R 3 m and a very large hydrogen capacity (up to 18% H2O weight fraction). It is stable at pressures of 13-18 GPa and temperatures of up to at least 1573 K. Deuterated high-quality crystals with the chemical formula Mg2.28Si1.32D2.15O6 were synthesized under the relevant high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. The nuclear density distribution obtained by neutron diffraction indicated that the O-D dipoles were directed towards neighboring O2- ions to form strong interlayer hydrogen bonds. This bonding plays a crucial role in stabilizing hydrogen within the mineral structure under such high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. It is considered that cation exchange occurs among Mg2+, D+ and Si4+ within this structure, making the hydrogen capacity flexible.

Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of H2 and N2 binding to bimetallic nickel-group 13 complexes and neutron structure of a Ni(η2-H2) adduct.

Understanding H2 binding and activation is important in the context of designing transition metal catalysts for many processes, including hydrogenation and the interconversion of H2 with protons and electrons. This work reports the first thermodynamic and kinetic H2 binding studies for an isostructural series of first-row metal complexes: NiML, where M = Al (1), Ga (2), and In (3), and L = [N(o-(NCH2PiPr2)C6H4)3]3-. Thermodynamic free energies (ΔG°) and free energies of activation (ΔG ‡) for binding equilibria were obtained via variable-temperature 31P NMR studies and lineshape analysis. The supporting metal exerts a large influence on the thermodynamic favorability of both H2 and N2 binding to Ni, with ΔG° values for H2 binding found to span nearly the entire range of previous reports. The non-classical H2 adduct, (η2-H2)NiInL (3-H2), was structurally characterized by single-crystal neutron diffraction-the first such study for a Ni(η2-H2) complex or any d10 M(η2-H2) complex. UV-Vis studies and TD-DFT calculations identified specific electronic structure perturbations of the supporting metal which poise NiML complexes for small-molecule binding. ETS-NOCV calculations indicate that H2 binding primarily occurs via H-H σ-donation to the Ni 4p z -based LUMO, which is proposed to become energetically accessible as the Ni(0)→M(iii) dative interaction increases for the larger M(iii) ions. Linear free-energy relationships are discussed, with the activation barrier for H2 binding (ΔG ‡) found to decrease proportionally for more thermodynamically favorable equilibria. The ΔG° values for H2 and N2 binding to NiML complexes were also found to be more exergonic for the larger M(iii) ions.