Finnish translation, validation, and reproducibility of BREAST-Q modules relevant to breast cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer and its treatments can have a marked impact on the patient health-related quality of life. The aim of this study was to produce and validate Finnish versions of the breast-conserving treatment, mastectomy and breast reconstruction modules of the BREAST-Q, a patient-reported outcome tool designed specifically for women undergoing treatment for breast cancer. METHODS: The relevant BREAST-Q modules were translated to Finnish according to established guidelines. Altogether 777 preoperative women were recruited at the Breast Surgery Unit and the Plastic Surgery Unit of Helsinki University Hospital between December 2019 and March 2021. This included 541 patients scheduled for breast-conserving surgery, 86 for mastectomy, and 150 for breast reconstruction. Postoperative patients were recruited through a postal survey, approaching 500 women operated for breast cancer in 2017, including 250 women who had undergone breast-conserving surgery and 250 women who had undergone mastectomy, as well as 339 women who had undergone breast reconstruction between August 2017 and July 2019. The patients were invited to fill the BREAST-Q modules relevant to their treatment and the general health-related quality-of-life instrument SF-36. A repeat administration of the BREAST-Q was done 2 weeks later. RESULTS: A total of 665 (41%) women participated in the study, 339 (44%) preoperatively and 326 (39%) postoperatively. The BREAST-Q subscales showed high internal consistency with most Cronbach's alphas > 0.8. The repeatability of the subscales was excellent with most intra-class correlation coefficients > 0.75. Low or negligible correlation was observed between BREAST-Q subscales and SF-36 domains. CONCLUSIONS: The Finnish version of the BREAST-Q modules breast-conserving treatment, mastectomy, and breast reconstruction performs well in assessing the health-related quality of life of women undergoing surgery for breast cancer or breast reconstruction.

An Update on the Survival of the First 50 Face Transplants Worldwide.

Importance: Since 2005, a total of 50 face transplants have been reported from 18 centers in 11 countries. The overall survival of the grafts has not yet been established. Objective: To assess the survival of the face transplant grafts and evaluate factors potentially influencing it. Design, Setting, and Participants: Data on all the transplants included in this multicenter cohort study were collected at participating transplant centers for updated nonpublished data, supplemented with literature review for nonparticipating centers. Data from 2005 until September 2023, were included. Data were analyzed from November 11, 2005, through September 18, 2023. Patients included the first 50 patients in the world to have received a face transplant. Exposure: Face transplant graft. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the overall survival of the face transplant graft, defined as either transplant loss or patient death. The secondary outcome was the number of acute rejection episodes per year. Results: The 50 transplants were performed on 39 men (81%) and 9 women (19%) with a median age of 35 (range, 19-68) years at the time of the transplant. The median follow-up time was 8.9 (range, 0.2-16.7) years. During the follow-up, 6 transplants were lost with 2 patients retransplanted. There were 10 patients who died, 2 of whom had lost a transplant. The 5- and 10-year survival of the transplants was 85% (SD, 5%) and 74% (SD, 7%), respectively. The sequential number of the transplant in the world was a significant predictor of survival (hazard ratio, 95; 95% CI, 90-100; P < 05). The median number of acute rejection episodes per year was 1.2 (range, 0-5.3) for the transplants that were lost and 0.7 (range, 0-4.6) for the transplants that survived. No correlation with patient and transplant variables was detected for either the transplant survival or the number of rejection episodes. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, the overall survival of the face transplants is encouraging. These data suggest that the acceptable long-term survival of face transplants makes them a reconstructive option for extensive facial defects.

Immediate versus delayed breast reconstruction: Long-term follow-up on health-related quality of life and satisfaction with breasts.

INTRODUCTION: Health-related quality of life (HRQL) can be improved by breast reconstruction following mastectomy. The optimal timing of the reconstruction remains unclear. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on 338 women who had undergone immediate or delayed breast reconstruction between 08/2017 and 07/2019 was performed. The postoperative HRQL was assessed using the BREAST-Q Reconstruction Module and the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36). Regression analysis was performed for group-wise comparison. RESULTS: A total of 146 (43%) patients participated. Seventy-seven patients (53%) had undergone immediate, and 69 patients (47%) had delayed reconstruction. The median age was 55 years (interquartile ratio [IQR] 50-62) for the Immeda group te, and 60 years (IQR 54-65) for the delayed reconstruction group. The median follow-up time was 2.3 years (IQR 1.8-2.9). No difference between the groups was detected in satisfaction with breasts (median 61, IQR 53-71 vs. 62, IQR 46-71, p = 0.62), physical well-being of the chest (median 100, IQR 80-100 vs. 100, IQR 80-100, p = 0.95) or psychosocial well-being (median 69, IQR 54-83 vs. 62, IQR 54-74, p = 0.19). No difference was detected in the SF-36 domains either. CONCLUSIONS: The timing of the breast reconstruction does not affect the postoperative HRQL. Patients with both immediate and delayed breast reconstruction reported high satisfaction with the breast and psychosocial well-being.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in clean and clean-contaminated plastic surgery: A critical review.

Antibiotic prophylaxis is frequently used in plastic surgery procedures, despite the generally low rates of infection and few guidelines on the practice. The increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics calls for a reduction in unnecessary antibiotic use. The aim of this review was to create an updated summary of the available data on the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing the postoperative infection in clean and clean-contaminated plastic surgery. A systematic literature search was performed on the databases Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus, limited to articles published January 2000 onward. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the primary review, whereas older RCTs and other studies were sought if 2 or fewer relevant RCTs were identified. Overall, 28 relevant RCTs, 2 nonrandomized trials, and 15 cohort studies were identified. Although the number of studies for each type of surgery is limited, the data suggest that prophylactic systemic antibiotic may be unnecessary in noncontaminated facial plastic surgery, reduction mammaplasty, and breast augmentation. In addition, no benefit is apparent from extending the antibiotic prophylaxis over 24 h in rhinoplasty, aerodigestive tract reconstruction, and breast reconstruction. No studies assessing the necessity of antibiotic prophylaxis in abdominoplasty, lipotransfer, soft tissue tumor surgery, or gender affirmation surgery were identified. In conclusion, limited data are available on the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in clean and clean-contaminated plastic surgery. More studies on this topic are needed before strong recommendations can be made on the use of antibiotics in this setting.

Patterns of Metastatic Recurrence of Genetically Confirmed Myxoid Liposarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Most sarcomas metastasize predominantly to the lungs, and chest x-ray, or computed tomography, is the most commonly used staging investigation. Myxoid liposarcomas (MLSs) are rare tumors with a tendency to metastasize to extrapulmonary loci. The aim of this study was to assess the locations of the first metastases in MLS patients, to guide the design of effective staging and follow-up imaging protocols. METHODS: Patients treated for MLS between 1987 and 2017 were identified in a prospectively maintained register. Histology of the tumors was reassessed. In addition, the presence of one of the pathognomonic gene translocations was confirmed, uniquely for a retrospective series. The surgical and oncological outcomes were reviewed. A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on the metastatic pattern of MLS, including series with 10 or more MLS patients with metastatic disease. RESULTS: A total of 32 patients with genetically confirmed MLS were identified, with a median follow-up of 7.6 years. Seven patients (22%) developed metastatic disease, five initially intra-abdominally and only one to the lungs. The comprehensive review included 14 series with 1853 patients, 348 (19%) of whom had metastases. The location of the first metastases was soft tissues in 32% of patients, intra-abdominal in 26%, pulmonary in 24%, and bone in 17%. CONCLUSIONS: MLSs metastasize often intra-abdominally and to extra-abdominal soft tissues. Thus, whole-body imaging may be indicated during the initial assessment and follow-up of these patients.

Finnish Translation and Linguistic Validation of the CLEFT-Q Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) can have long-lasting effects on the appearance, function, and psychosocial wellbeing of patients. The CLEFT-Q questionnaire is a patient-reported outcomes instrument specifically designed to assess the health-related quality of life of patients with CL/P. The aim of this study was to produce and linguistically validate a Finnish version of the CLEFT-Q questionnaire. DESIGN: The CLEFT-Q questionnaire was translated into Finnish following guidelines of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. Pilot testing with cognitive debriefing interviews was conducted on patients of the target age range of the questionnaire, 8-29, and with various cleft types. RESULTS: The CLEFT-Q questionnaire translated readily into Finnish. A review of the backward translation led to two words being changed. Thirteen patients - ten females and three males - with a median age of 14 years, participated in the cognitive debriefing interviews. The interviews led to further nine word changes. The pilot study data suggested that the performance of the Finnish version of the instrument is in line with the original CLEFT-Q questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: The Finnish version of CLEFT-Q produced here is linguistically valid and ready for use in the evaluation of the health-related quality of life of patients with CL/P. However, future work is needed to further assess the validity and the reliability of the CLEFT-Q in the Finnish patient population.

Total Breast Reconstruction with Lipofilling after Traditional Mastectomy without the Use of Tissue Expanders.

BACKGROUND: Lipofilling can be used to reconstruct a breast without additional implants or autologous composite grafts. However, methods to maximize retention of the transferred fat remain under debate. Here, the authors present their experience of breast reconstruction with lipofilling without concomitant use of tissue expanders. METHODS: Patients who had completed breast reconstruction with lipofilling between June of 2010 and June of 2016 were reviewed. Those with obtainable follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scans were included in this cross-sectional study. The hospital records were reviewed for details of the lipofilling operations. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were evaluated for the volume retention and quality of the transferred fat. The patients were asked to assess the appearance and sensitivity of the reconstructed breast, the recovery time, and any adverse effects at the fat donor area. RESULTS: Thirty-eight women with 41 reconstructed breasts were included in the study. The median age at follow-up was 62 years (range, 48 to 78 years). They had undergone a median of four (range, two to six) lipofilling procedures with a median total volume 690 mL (range, 369 to 1350 mL). After a median follow-up of 2.1 years (range, 0.4 to 6.8 years), the median proportion of transferred fat retained was 58% (range, 14% to 119%), representing a reconstructed breast volume of 76% (range, 17% to 100%) of the contralateral breast. Oil cysts larger than 10 mm were detected in 7%. Most patients reported being satisfied with the reconstructed breast and experienced few side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Breast reconstruction with lipofilling can be performed with an acceptable number of procedures and no preoperative skin expansion. It extends the option of autologous breast reconstruction to women unsuited for major reconstructive procedures. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

Health-Related Quality of Life After Breast Reconstruction: Comparing Outcomes Between Reconstruction Techniques Using the BREAST-Q.

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of the breast following mastectomy can improve patients' health-related quality of life (HRQL). We aimed to assess HRQL in women after mastectomy and breast reconstruction and to identify differences in HRQL related to the reconstruction method used. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on patients who had undergone breast reconstruction in Helsinki University Hospital between 08/2017 and 7/2019. The postoperative HRQL was assessed using the BREAST-Q (2.0) Reconstruction Module. The results were compared between patients with different reconstruction methods using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: A total of 146 patients were identified. Microvascular flaps (n = 77) were the most common method for primary breast reconstruction, followed by latissimus dorsi (LD) flaps (n = 45), fat grafting (n = 18) and implant reconstruction (n = 6). The satisfaction with breasts was high in all groups (median 61, IQR 49-71). The physical well-being of the chest was high regardless of the reconstructive method (median 100, IQR 80-100). However, women with fat grafting reported more adverse effects of radiation (median 17, IQR 14-17 vs. 18, IQR 17-18 for other groups, p = 0.02). Donor site morbidity was low, and patients reported high satisfaction with the back (median 66/100, IQR57-90) and abdomen (median 9/12, IQR 8-10), and physical well-being of the back (median 61/100, IQR 53-70) and abdomen (median 65/100, IQR 60-86). CONCLUSIONS: The patient-reported HRQL after breast reconstruction is high. Most women report being satisfied with the reconstruction, irrespective of the reconstruction method used. The reconstruction method can thus be chosen individually in cooperation between the patient and the surgeon.

Reconstruction of the superficial femoral vessels with muscle flap coverage for soft tissue sarcomas of the proximal thigh.

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection of soft tissue sarcoma with a margin of healthy tissue may necessitate resection and reconstruction of major blood vessels together with soft tissues of the proximal thigh to preserve the limb. The long-term functional outcomes of these reconstructions remain unestablished. The aim of this report was to assess the vascular and functional outcomes of soft tissue sarcoma patients with femoral vessel reconstructions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who had undergone oncovascular reconstruction during the treatment of proximal thigh soft tissue sarcoma in 2014-2020 were reviewed for details of the vascular and soft tissue reconstructions, and the oncological and functional outcomes. This included eight patients of a median age 59 (range 19-77) years. All had a reconstruction of at least the superficial femoral artery and vein as well as soft tissue reconstruction with a muscle flap. All vessel reconstructions were done with either autologous vein (six grafts/four patients) or allograft (10 grafts/six patients). A microvascular latissimus dorsi flap, with a skin island, was incorporated to cover the vascular grafts in five patients. A pedicled sartorius or gracilis muscle flap was used to fill the defect in three patients. RESULTS: Graft patency was assessed in seven patients with a median follow-up of 48 (1-76) months. The arterial graft was patent in 6/8 and the vein graft in 2/8 patients. The gait had returned to normal in five of the six patients assessed. The median MTSS was 70 (43-87)% and the TESS 90 (75-100)%. No local recurrence of the sarcoma was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular reconstruction combined with soft tissue reconstruction enables limb-sparing surgery in patients with soft tissue sarcoma involving proximal femoral vessels. Although the surgeries are complex with high early morbidity, the achieved long-term functional outcomes are worthwhile.

Health-related quality of life in patients having undergone abdominoplasty after massive weight loss.

BACKGROUND: Due to lack of validated body contouring-specific patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments, the outcomes of abdominoplasty after massive weight loss have been evaluated rather rarely and mainly using generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments. The aim of the current study was to examine, using body contouring-specific (BODY-Q) and generic (15D) HRQoL instruments, the HRQoL, and key factors related to HRQoL among patients having undergone massive weight loss and abdominoplasty. METHODS: Altogether 52 patients who underwent abdominoplasty due to massive weight loss completed the BODY-Q and the 15D HRQoL instruments. The 15D scores were compared to those of age-, gender-, and BMI-adjusted control sample of the general population. RESULTS: The mean score of the BODY-Q Abdomen scale was 50.7 out of 100 (SD 24.4). The HRQoL of abdominoplasty patients was lower than that of age-, gender-, and BMI-adjusted general population (p = 0.001). Sleeping, discomfort and symptoms, depression, excretion, and sexual activity were the patients' main concerns. Body image and psychological well-being were strongly associated with the perceived HRQoL. The satisfaction with appearance of the abdominal area was not associated with generic HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: The HRQoL of abdominoplasty patients is lower than that of general population with similar age, gender and BMI. The most important factors associated with the HRQoL of the patients were body image, psychological well-being, and physical function.

Finnish translation and validation of the FACE-Q Eye module.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to first produce and cross-culturally validate a Finnish version of the FACE-Q Eye module, a patient-reported outcome measure designed for patients undergoing eyelid surgery for esthetic reasons, and second assess the suitability of this instrument for use in a university hospital setting. METHODS: The FACE-Q Eye module and the general FACE-Q components Satisfaction with Facial Appearance, Appearance-Related Psychosocial Distress, and Satisfaction with Outcome were translated according to established guidelines. A postal survey study was conducted with the translated instrument and the generic health-related quality of life instrument 15D on 245 patients operated in the Helsinki University Hospital between 2009 and 2019. Cronbach's alpha, floor and ceiling effects, measurement reliability with repeat administration, and convergence with 15D dimensions were analyzed. RESULTS: The FACE-Q Eye module and general components translated readily into Finnish. Eighty-one patients (33%) responded to the survey, most of whom (78%) had undergone blepharoplasty. Most subscales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency with Cronbach's alphas 0.79-0.96. A ceiling effect was observed for four of the seven subscales evaluated. Intra-class correlation coefficients were high (0.82-0.91) indicating good reliability. Results of the FACE-Q subscales correlated at best moderately with the 15D dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The Finnish versions of the FACE-Q Eye module and the FACE-Q components Satisfaction with Facial Appearance, Appearance-Related Psychosocial Distress, and Satisfaction with Outcome perform well when assessing outcomes relevant to patients after eyelid surgery. However, when used in patients operated on for mainly functional reasons, subtle variations may be missed.

Multidisciplinary Oncovascular Surgery is Safe and Effective in the Treatment of Intra-abdominal and Retroperitoneal Sarcomas: A Retrospective Single Centre Cohort Study and a Comprehensive Literature Review.

OBJECTIVE: Radical excision of retroperitoneal or intra-abdominal soft tissue sarcomas may necessitate vessel resection and reconstruction. The aim of this study was to assess surgical results of retroperitoneal or intra-abdominal sarcomas involving major blood vessels. METHODS: This was a retrospective single centre cohort study and a comprehensive review of literature. Patients with retroperitoneal or intra-abdominal sarcomas treated by the oncovascular team in Helsinki University Hospital from 2010 to 2018 were reviewed for vascular and oncological outcomes. A comprehensive literature review of vascular reconstructions in patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma was performed. RESULTS: Vascular reconstruction was performed in 17 patients, 11 of whom required arterial reconstructions. Sixteen of the operations were sarcoma resections; the post-operative diagnosis for one patient was thrombosis instead of the presumed recurrent leiomyosarcoma. Early graft thrombosis occurred in two venous and one arterial reconstruction. Late thrombosis was detected in three (18%). The median follow up was 27 (range 0-82) months. Of the patients with sarcoma resections 5 (31%) died of sarcoma and further 4 (25%) developed local recurrence or new distant metastases. The comprehensive review of literature identified 37 articles with 110 patients, 89 of whom had inferior vena cava reconstruction only. Eight arterial reconstructions were described. Late graft thrombosis occurred in 14%. The follow up was 0-181 months, during which 57% remained disease free and 7% died of sarcoma. CONCLUSION: Vascular reconstructions enable radical resection of retroperitoneal and intra-abdominal sarcomas in patients with advanced disease. The complex operations are associated with an acceptable rate of serious peri-operative complications and symptomatic thrombosis of the repaired vessel is rare. However, further studies are needed to assess the performance of the vascular reconstructions in the long term.

Single centre 30-year experience in treating retroperitoneal liposarcomas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Liposarcomas form a diverse group of tumors that represent the majority of retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas. Radical excision of these retroperitoneal liposarcomas is often challenging due to their large size and proximity to visceral organs and major vessels. Here we present the 30-year experience of our multidisciplinary sarcoma team in the treatment of these tumors and analysis of factors influencing survival. METHODS: Patients with retroperitoneal liposarcomas treated in Helsinki University Hospital from 1987 to 2017 were reviewed. Local recurrence-free survival, metastases-free survival, and disease-specific survival were assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis, and factors influencing survival were evaluated with Cox regression. RESULTS: A total of 107 patients were identified. The median follow-up time was 5.4 years (interquartile range: 2.2-8.8 years). Local recurrence developed in 72% and metastases in 15% during follow-up. The 5-year disease-free survival was 31% and disease-specific survival was 66%. The multifactorial analysis revealed histological type and grade as predictors of disease-specific survival (P < .01) while multifocality carried a poor prognosis for local recurrence (P = .02) and higher histological grade for metastases (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneal liposarcomas rarely metastasize but tend to recur locally. For tumors that have been resected with macroscopically clear margins, histological, type, and grade are significant predictors of survival.

Three cases of fulminant cellulitis caused by non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae in Southern Finland.

Background: Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae is endemic in temperate waters. Most often encountered as the pathogen in transient gastroenteritis, it can also cause severe soft tissue infections. While normally a rare pathogen in Finland, we observed seven cases of non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae infections in Helsinki University Hospital during the hot summer of 2018. Here we present three of these cases with fulminant V. cholerae cellulitis in detail.Methods: Patients with tissue culture positive soft tissue infections between 2017 and 2019 were identified using a local laboratory database. Patients with severe infections requiring surgical revision were included in this series.Results: Three patients with tissue culture positive non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae cellulitis were identified. All were treated in the summer of 2018 for fulminant lower leg cellulitis. Two patients were febrile and hemodynamically unstable at presentation. One had septicaemia. Surgical revisions were done within the first week of admission, and defects covered with partial-thickness skin grafts several weeks later. Antibiotic treatment varied and continued until the wounds were healed, between one and over two months in total.