Lippia sidoides essential oil at concentration of 0.25% provided improvements in microbiota and intestine integrity of Danio rerio.

The study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with Lippia sidoides essential oil on the microbiota and intestinal morphology of Danio rerio. For this, 448 fish were randomly distributed in 28 tanks divided into a control group fed a commercial diet without supplementation, a group fed a commercial diet containing grain alcohol and five groups fed a commercial diet containing essential oil of L. sidoides (LSEO) at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00% and 1.25%. After the period of dietary supplementation, biological materials were collected for microbiological and histological analyses. There were no significant differences regarding the microbiological count between the groups. Diversity of the microbiome was higher in 0.25% group than in control group. LSEO inhibited the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Fish fed LSEO0.25% showed greater intestinal histomorphometric indices. The inclusion of LSEO at 0.25% in the diet of D. rerio provided improvements in fish microbiota and intestine integrity.

O estudo avaliou os efeitos da suplementação dietária com óleo essencial de Lippia sidoides sobre a microbiota e a morfologia intestinal de Danio rerio. Para isso, 448 peixes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 28 tanques divididos em grupo controle alimentado com dieta comercial sem suplementação, grupo alimentado com dieta comercial contendo álcool de cereais e cinco grupos alimentados com dieta comercial contendo óleo essencial de L. sidoides (LSEO) em concentrações de 0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00% e 1,25%. Após o período de suplementação alimentar, foram coletadas amostras biológicas para análises microbiológicas e histológicas. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto à contagem microbiológica entre os grupos. A diversidade do microbioma foi maior no grupo de 0,25% do que no grupo controle. LSEO inibiu o crescimento de bactérias potencialmente patogênicas. Peixes alimentados com LSEO 0,25% apresentaram maiores índices histomorfométricos intestinais. A inclusão de LSEO a 0,25% na dieta de D. rerio proporcionou melhorias na microbiota e na integridade intestinal dos peixes.

In vitro evaluation of nanocomposites of linseed mucilage and k-carrageenan loaded with Achyrocline satureioides nanoemulsion: a gradual-release candidate of antimicrobials for the treatment of bovine mastitis.

This research paper presents the development and evaluation of pioneering nanocomposites (NCs) based on the combination of k-carrageenan and linseed mucilage. When loaded with macela extract nanoemulsion they present an innovative approach for the sustained release of antimicrobial herbal constituents, specifically tailored for bovine mastitis treatment. The NCs, encompassing various ratios of k-carrageenan and linseed mucilage polymers (8:2, 7:3, and 5:5 w/w) with 1.25 mg of macela extract/g of gel, underwent in vitro assessment, emphasizing viscosity, degradation speed, release of herbal actives from macela nanoemulsion and antimicrobial activity. The NCs exhibited thermoreversible characteristics, transitioning from liquid at 60°C to a gel at 25°C. NCs allowed a gradual release of phenolic compounds, reaching approximately 80% of total phenolics release (w/v) within 72 h. NCs inhibited the growth of MRSA (ATCC 33592) until 8 h of incubation. No toxic effect in vitro of NCs was found on MAC-T cells. Thus, the developed materials are relevant for the treatment of bovine mastitis, especially in the dry period, and the data support future evaluations in vivo.

Preclinical Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Investigation of 5'-Methoxynobiletin from Ageratum conyzoides: In vivo and In silico Approaches.

PURPOSE: 5'-methoxynobiletin (5'-MeONB), a polymethoxyflavone isolated from A. conyzoides, has shown anti-inflammatory property. Nevertheless, the antinociceptive activity and pre-clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) characteristics of 5'-MeONB remain unknown. Considering the anti-inflammatory potential of the 5'-MeONB, this study aimed to investigate the pre-clinical PK behavior of 5'-MeONB, as well as its time course antinociceptive activity. METHODS: 5'-MeONB plasma concentrations were determined in Wistar rats after intravenous (i.v.) (10 mg/kg) and oral (50 mg/kg) administration, and in Swiss mice after oral administration (100 mg/kg). Plasma samples were deproteinization and 5'-MeONB quantified by a validated UPLC-MS method. Additionally, the antinociceptive activity of 5'-MeONB was evaluated after 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min following oral administration on the acute nocifensive behavior of mice induced by formalin. RESULTS: 5'-MeONB rats and mice plasma concentration-time profiles were best one-compartment model. After i.v. administration to rats, a short half-life, a high clearance and moderate volume of distribution at steady state were observed. Similar results were obtained after oral administration. The oral bioavailability ranged from 8 to 11%. Additionally, 5'-MeONB exhibited antinociceptive activity in both formalin phases, especially in the inflammatory phase of the model, inhibiting 68% and 91% of neurogenic and inflammatory responses, respectively, after 30 min of oral administration. CONCLUSIONS: The results described here provide novel insights on 5'-MeONB pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effect, serving as support for future studies to confirm this compound as anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effective agent.

Simple and fast UPLC-MS method for quantifying the anti-inflammatory candidate 5'-methoxynobiletin in rat plasma: Validation and application in a preliminary pharmacokinetic study.

This study presents the development and validation of a fast and simple bioanalytical ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) method intended for quantifying the anti-inflammatory candidate 5'-methoxynobiletin (5'-MeONB) in rat plasma. Standard of 5'-MeONB was purified from A. conyzoides extract by using preparative HPLC. After a pretreatment of plasma samples with acetonitrile, chromatographic separations were efficiently achieved with a C18 column using a 9 min gradient system of 0.1% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile as eluent. Drug candidate 5'-MeONB and chrysin (internal standard, IS) detection were carried out using ESI+ through the extracted ion chromatograms approach, monitored at m/z 433.1494 (for 5'-MeONB, tR:1.78 min) and m/z 255.0657 (for IS, tR:1.57 min). Method was validated according to US FDA guidelines, presenting linearity (R2 > 0.999) over concentration range of 30-750 ng/mL. Relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeatability and intermediary precision respectively ranged between 1.93-3.65% and 2.16-7.54%, considering lower limit of quantitation (30 ng/mL) and quality control (90, 360 and 600 ng/mL) samples, while accuracy was between 82.51 and 109.44%. Moreover, no interference from plasma endogenous substances, no carryover effect, and no influence of extraction method even in hemolyzed blood samples were observed. Sample stability in auto-sampler and long-term -80 °C storage, as well as matrix effect were within acceptable limits. For the first time, using the validated UPLC-MS bioanalytical method, the plasma pharmacokinetics of 5'-MeONB following 2 mg/kg intravenous bolus dosing to Wistar rats was characterized allowing the determination of the parameters describing drug distribution and elimination.

Seasonal variation of propolis from southern Brazil: phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity, and effects on bovine mammary epithelial cells / Variação sazonal da própolis do Sul do Brasil: screening fitoquímico, atividade antimicrobiana e efeitos em células epiteliais mamária bovina

Previous studies have reported on the phytotherapeutic potential of propolis from southern Brazil (Urupema, Santa Catarina State), in particular, its efficacy in the treatment of bovine mastitis. The present study evaluates the effect of seasonal variation on the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil and its resultant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities in the context of treating bovine mastitis. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed, along with the cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cells. With the exception of spring propolis, the flavonoid quercetin was the main compound present in all samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of propolis against S. aureus from mastitic milk was 140 µg/mL for samples collected during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons, but 280 µg/mL for samples collected in summer. For MAC-T cells, the spring propolis extract was more toxic with an IC50 of 120 µg/mL. However, for 120 µg/mL of spring propolis extract, only 0.77% of necrotic and 37% of apoptotic MAC-T cells were found, respectively. Nonetheless, the induction of cell death through apoptosis by propolis extract suggests less severe damage to bovine mammary glands. Moreover, only negligible seasonal variation was found in the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil, and no biological activities were determined to be harmful. Therefore, this propolis shows promise as an alternative to commercial antimicrobials in the control of bovine mastitis, offering support for organic milk production.(AU)

Estudos prévios tem demonstrado o potencial terapêutico da propolis do Sul do Brasil (Urupema, Santa Catarina), em particular no tratamento da mastite bovina. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da variação sazonal sobre a composição química da própolis de Urupema do Sul do Brasil e suas atividades antimicrobiana e citotóxica visando o tratamento da mastite bovina. A atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus aureus foi avaliada, juntamente com a citotoxicidade e indução de apoptose em células epiteliais mamárias bovina da linhagem MAC-T. Com exceção da própolis da primavera, o flavonóide quercetina foi o composto majoritário em todas as amostras. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) da propolis contra S. aureus de leite mastítico foi 140 µg/mL para as amostras de primavera, outono e inverno e 280 µg/mL para a amostra coletada no verão. Para as células MAC-T, o extrato de própolis da primavera foi o mais tóxico, sendo a IC50 120 µg/mL. Entretanto, com 120 µg/mL do extrato de própolis primaveril, somente 0,77% de células MAC-T necróticas e 37% apoptóticas foram encontradas. Portanto, a indução da morte celular por apoptose pelo extrato de própolis sugere danos possivelmente menos graves a glândula mamária bovina. Além disso, somente uma pequena variação sazonal foi encontrada para a composição química da propolis do Sul do Brasil, a qual não prejudicou suas atividades biológicas. Portanto, esta própolis mostra como uma alternativa promissora ao uso de antimicrobianos comerciais no controle da mastite bovina e uma opção para subsidiar a produção orgânica de leite.Palavras-chave: Células MAC-T. Mastite bovina. Propolis brasileira. Staphylococcus aureus.(AU)

Farm Management in Organic and Conventional Dairy Production Systems Based on Pasture in Southern Brazil and Its Consequences on Production and Milk Quality.

Pasture-based dairy production is used widely on family dairy farms in Southern Brazil. This study investigates conventional high input (C-HI), conventional low input (C-LI), and organic low input (O-LI) pasture-based systems and their effects on quantity and quality of the milk produced. We conducted technical site visits and interviews monthly over one year on 24 family farms (n = 8 per type). C-HI farms had the greatest total area (28.9 ha), greatest percentage of area with annual pasture (38.7%), largest number of lactating animals (26.2) and greatest milk yield per cow (22.8 kg·day(-1)). O-LI farms had the largest perennial pasture area (52.3%), with the greatest botanical richness during all seasons. Area of perennial pasture was positively correlated with number of species consumed by the animals (R² = 0.74). Milk from O-LI farms had higher levels of fat and total solids only during the winter. Hygienic and microbiological quality of the milk was poor for all farms and need to be improved. C-HI farms had high milk yield related to high input, C-LI had intermediate characteristics and O-LI utilized a year round perennial pasture as a strategy to diminish the use of supplements in animal diets, which is an important aspect in ensuring production sustainability.

Teat order affects postweaning behaviour in piglets / A ordem da teta afeta o comportamento pós-desmame em leitões

The objective of this study was to investigate if piglets that suck anterior teats differ from the others in the litter in birth weight, if they have higher growth rate during lactation, and if this affects behaviour and post-weaning weight gain, when piglets change to a solid diet. For this, the teat order of 24 litters was determined during suckling. Piglets were weaned on the 28^thday of age, and 24 groups were formed, composed of one piglet that sucked on the first two pairs of teats (AT) and three piglets that sucked on the other teats (OT). Even though weight at birth did not vary according to teat order, weight gain at weaning differed between the groups (AT: 6.64, S.E. 0.20kg, OT: 5.73, S.E. 0.13kg; P<0.001). After weaning, AT piglets spent more time lying (P<0.01) and less time eating (P<0.01) and vocalizing (P<0.01), than the other piglets. Other behaviours (agonistic interaction, escape attempt and drinking) did not differ between the groups. Piglets that sucked anterior teats gained more weight until weaning, suggesting they took in more milk; this fact might have lead them to have less contact with solid food before weaning, influencing their post-weaning alimentary behaviour.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se leitões que mamam nas tetas anteriores diferem dos demais da leitegada no peso ao nascimento e tem maior taxa de crescimento durante a lactação, e se isso influencia o comportamento e ganho de peso pós-desmame, quando os leitões passam a receber dieta exclusivamente sólida. Para isso, a ordem da teta foi determinada durante a fase de amamentação em 24 leitegadas. Aos 28 dias de idade, os leitões foram desmamados e foram formados 24 grupos, compostos por um leitão que mamava nos dois primeiros pares de tetas (AT) e três leitões que mamavam nas demais tetas (OT). Embora o peso ao nascimento não tenha diferido de acordo com a ordem da teta, o ganho de peso até o desmame diferiu entre os grupos (AT: 6,64, EP 0,20kg, OT: 5,73, EP 0,13kg; P<0,001). Após o desmame, AT passaram mais tempo em repouso (P<0,01) e menos tempo comendo (P<0,01) e vocalizando (P<0,01), quando comparado com os demais. Outros comportamentos (interação agonística, tentativa de fuga e bebendo) não diferiram entre os grupos. Os leitões que mamavam nas tetas anteriores ganharam mais peso até o desmame, o que sugere que ingeriam mais leite; isso pode ter levado a um menor contato com alimento sólido antes do desmame, por sua vez, influenciando o comportamento alimentar pós-desmame

The effect of gastrointestinal nematode infection level on grazing distance from dung.

Avoiding grazing near feces is an efficient strategy to prevent parasitic infection and contamination; therefore, in the evolution of herbivorous species, this behavior may have developed as a mechanism to protect the host against infection by gastrointestinal nematodes. The aim of this study was to assess whether grazing distance from dung is related to the level of parasitic infection in cattle. Based on Fecal Egg Count (FEC) means, 18 castrated male steers, aged 18 months, were divided into three groups: High (FEC ≥ 315); Medium (FEC = 130-160); and Low (FEC = 40-70). To analyze the response to a new natural infection by gastrointestinal nematodes and to standardize infection levels, all animals received anthelmintic treatment at twenty days prior to field observation. Three observers simultaneously collected data on grazing behavior for 2.5 hours/week for 12 weeks. Observers recorded the distance when grazing occurred at less than one meter from dung. Every two weeks, fecal samples were collected for FEC, as well as serum samples to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels against larvae and adult antigens of the parasitic species Haemonchus placei. All groups grazed farther from the dung on days of greater insolation (r = 0.62; P = 0.03). Animals with high levels of parasitism grazed farther from the dung (P < 0.05) but had lower levels (P < 0.0001) of IgG serum levels compared to those with medium and low levels of infection. FEC values varied over the experiment, remaining below 200 for the low and medium group and reaching 1000 (P < 0.01) for the animals with the highest rates of parasitism. Our results indicate that cattle showing high levels of parasitism are more likely to avoid contaminated areas than animals with lower infection levels, and the immune system seems to be involved in such behavior.

Construção e uso de indicadores para avaliação do manejo da ordenha: uma proposta metodológica participativa / Construction and use of indicators to assess milking management: a participatory methodology proposal

O objetivo deste trabalho foi adaptar e testar uma metodologia participativa para promover e avaliar as mudanças de percepção e de atitude dos agricultores com relação às práticas de manejo sanitário da ordenha, através da construção e uso de indicadores que permitissem aos agricultores um processo de ação-avaliação constante. Foi realizado um estudo de caso em quatro Unidades de Produção Familiar (UPF), no município de Guaraciaba (SC), envolvidas na atividade leiteira. Após a caracterização das UPF e diagnóstico sanitário do rebanho, foi feita a construção participativa de indicadores de manejo sanitário de ordenha, a qual foi utilizada pelos agricultores ao longo de três meses para avaliação de suas práticas de manejo. Ao final desse período, foram realizadas entrevistas com as famílias participantes para apreender a sua percepção a respeito da metodologia empregada. Os agricultores avaliaram positivamente o uso da metodologia, destacando a melhoria de vários indicadores, devido às mudanças de atitudes. Destacaram também que a eficiência da metodologia se deve ao fato de ela proporcionar uma reflexão sobre aspectos reais da vida dos agricultores. Assim, a proposta metodológica participativa utilizada neste trabalho, dentro de uma perspectiva emancipadora, mostrou-se uma importante ferramenta de avaliação de sistemas, coerente com as premissas da Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural - PNATER.

The aim of this study was to adapt and test a participatory methodology to promote and assess changes in perception and attitude of farmers regarding management sanitary milking practices, through the construction and use of indicators that may allow farmers a constant process of self-evaluation. We conducted a case study in four Family Farms (UPF), in the municipality of Guaraciaba (SC) involved in the dairy business. First a characterization of the UPF and diagnosis of herd health were carried out. The second step was the construction of participatory indicators for sanitary milking management, which were used by farmers over three months for evaluation of their management practices. After this period participating families were interviewed with to grasp their perceptions towards the methodology employed. Farmers gave a positive assessment of the use of the methodology, highlighting the improvement of various indicators due to changes in attitudes promoted by the use of the methodology. They also highlighted that the efficiency of the method is due to the fact that it can provide a reflection on real aspects of the farmers' life. Thus, the participatory methodology used in this study within an emancipatory perspective, proved to be an important tool for evaluating systems, consistent with the assumptions referred in the National Technical Assistance and Rural Extension - PNATER.

Particularidades relevantes da interação humano-animal para o bem-estar e produtividade de vacas leiteiras / Particularities of the human-animal interactions relevant to the welfare and productivity of dairy cows

Mudanças na qualidade da relação entre os animais e as pessoas podem influenciar substancialmente na produtividade e no bem-estar dos animais e, potencialmente, dos humanos envolvidos na atividade leiteira. Importantes alterações no sentido da melhoria dessas relações podem ser obtidas através de programas de treinamento, ou outras formas de extensão. Para que isso tenha efetividade, é necessário conhecer como interagem os aspectos dessa relação, que incluem além dos animais e os homens, o ambiente em que eles se inserem. A maioria dos estudos publicados confirma o modelo de retroalimentação positiva de atitudes e comportamentos humanos e comportamento dos animais. Porém, esses estudos têm sido desenvolvidos em países da Europa ou na Austrália, na maioria das vezes, sob condições de criação intensiva confinada e, geralmente, com o intuito de indicar um perfil ideal de empregado para trabalhar com os animais. Nesta revisão, mostra-se que o sistema de criação pode exercer uma forte interferência nesse processo e conclui-se sugerindo o desenvolvimento de estudos voltados a compreender as relações entre humanos e animais em diferentes sistemas de criação, enfocando as diversas realidades do nosso país. Esses estudos devem procurar entender de que modo características como o manejo alimentar e sanitário empregado, a qualidade das instalações, a genética, o tamanho e a composição dos rebanhos, e as peculiaridades culturais regionais influenciam na qualidade dessas relações.

Changes in the quality of interactions between animals and humans have a profound influence on the productivity and welfare of animals and, potentially, of humans involved in the dairy activity. Important alterations in these interactions can be obtained through training programs, or other forms of extension. To do so effectively, it is necessary to understand how interact the several aspects of this relationship, which includes besides the animals humans, and the environment where they are inserted. Most of published studies confirm the model of positive feedback human behavior and attitudes, and animal behavior. However, these studies have been carried out mostly in European countries or Australia, mostly under intensive, confined systems, and usually with the aiming of indicating an ideal worker profile. In this review we show that the rearing system may exert a strong influence in this process and conclude suggesting the development of studies with the objective of understanding the relationships between humans and animals in different farming systems, focusing on the diverse realities of Brazil. These studies should search understanding how characteristics such as feeding and health management, quality of facilities, genetics, size and composition of herds, and cultural regional peculiarities, influence the quality of these relationships.

Homeopathic remedies in a semi-intensive alternative system of broiler production / Medicamentos homeopáticos em um sistema alternativo de produção de frangos

This experiment had the objective of evaluating the influence of homeopathic remedies on the performance and health of broilers in a semi-intensive alternative system of production. Two groups of 90 Cobb strain broilers were randomly allocated, at 21 days of life, to three treatments: Control, Calcarea carbonica 12cH and Calcarea phosphorica 12cH, in a randomized block design in two stages. The medication was administered in the birds' drinking water with a 5% hydro-alcohol extract solution in 5 drops per bird daily during 28 days, beginning at 22 days of age. Each stage comprised three blocks, totalizing six replications per treatment. Each treatment group consisted of 10 broilers. Birds were weighed at 21 days and weekly thereon, up to slaughter at 49 days. After slaughtering, carcasses, hearts, livers, gizzards and feet were also weighed. Differences among stages in weight gain (Stage 1 = 2,576 +/- 38 g; Stage 2 = 2,825 +/- 38 g; P<0,0004) and in final weight (Stage 1 = 3,470 +/- 38 g, Stage 2 = 3,348 +/- 40 g; P<0.03) were noted. There were no differences between stages or treatments for the variables of carcass, feet and gizzard weights (P>0.40). The liver and heart, however, weighed significantly more in stage 2 (P<0.01), which may be interpreted as an indicator of greater metabolic activity of these organs coincident with greater weight gain within the same period. When compared to the other two treatments, liver weight proved lower (P<0.05) in the Calcarea carbonica treatment group, as expected and in accordance to reports of the materia medica of this medicine. In conclusion, there was no effect of homeopathy applied for the purpose of growth. Lower liver weights of the Calcarea carbonica-treated birds may be associated to a lower susceptibility to stress. This possibility, however, calls for new studies for verification.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência de medicamentos homeopáticos no desempenho e saúde de frangos, em um sistema alternativo semi-intensivo de produção. Dois grupos de 90 frangos Cobb foram randomicamente distribuídos, aos 21 dias de vida, entre 3 diferentes tratamentos: controle, Calcárea carbonica 12cH e Calcarea phosphorica 12 ch, em 2 fases. A medicação foi administrada usando-se uma solução hidroalcoólica (água potável) 5%, numa razão de 5 gotas por animal, diariamente durante 28 dias, começando aos 22 dias de vida. Cada fase incluiu 3 blocos, totalizando 6 replicações por tratamento, cada grupo de tratamento continha 10 animais. Os frangos foram pesados aos 21 dias de vida e depois, semanalmente, até o abate, aos 49 dias. Depois do abate, carcaça, coração, fígado, moela e patas foram pesadas. Foram registradas diferenças de aumento de peso entre as diversas fases (Fase 1= 2.576 ± 38 g; Fase 2 = 2.825 ± 38 g; p < 0,0004) e no peso final (Fase 1 = 3.470 ± 38 g, Fase 2 = 3.348 ± 40 g; p < 0.03). Não houve diferença entre as fases e tratamentos para o peso da carcaça, patas e moela (p>0,4). Por outro lado, coração e fígado apresentaram aumento significativo de peso na fase 2 (p < 0,01), que pode ser interpretado como indicador de maior atividade metabólica nestes órgãos, coincidente com o maior aumento de peso no mesmo período. Quando comparados os 2 tratamentos, o peso do fígado foi menor (p < 0,05) no grupo tratado com Calcarea carbonica, conforme esperado e de acordo com a descrição da matéria médica deste medicamento. Concluímos que o tratamento homeopático não teve efeito quando aplicado com finalidade de crescimento. O menor peso do fígado no tratamento com Calcarea carbonica pode estar associado a menor susceptibilidade ao estresse. Essa possibilidade exige novos estudos e protocolos, específicos.